柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)外文翻譯-其他專業(yè)

1、中文3214字外文原文The Diesel EngineIn 1892 Rudolf Diesel developed and obtained the German patent for the diesel engine. His goal was to create an engine that was highly efficient. Much more efficient than the gasoline engine that was invented in 1876 and was not very efficient at all, especially at that p

2、oint in time. There are two main differences between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine: (1) A gasoline engine intakes a mixture of gas and air, compresses it and ignites the mixture with a spark. A diesel engine takes in just air, compresses it and then injects fuel into the compressed air. The

3、heat of the compressed air lights the fuel spontaneously.(2) A gasoline engine compresses at a ratio of 8:1 to 12:1, while a diesel engine compresses at a ratio of 14:1 to as high as 25:1.The higher compression ratio of the diesel engine leads to better efficiency. Gasoline engines use either a carb

4、uretor or a fuel injection system to deliver the fuel to the cylinder. With a carburetor the fuel is mixed as it enters the intake manifold, long before it gets to the cylinders. In a fuel injection system the fuel is injected just before the intake stroke at the intake valve.Diesel engines use dire

5、ct fuel injection (DI), that is to say the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. The diesel engine has no spark plugs. The air it takes in is compressed and the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder where the heat caused by the air compression ignites the fuel. In the old days th

6、is meant that it exploded and expanded very quickly, making a noisy engine. This is why most diesel cars were IDI (indirect injection); the rough behavior was fixed by injecting the fuel into a small pre-combustion chamber that is connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage.This slows down the exp

7、losion, as the gasses have to escape from through the narrow passage into the cylinder. This gives a softer bang and a smoother engine, but the gasses have to work harder, which lowers the efficiency a little. However the newer breed of DI engines use other techniques to tame the behavior of the eng

8、ine, such as two stage injection, electronic control.The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component and has been the subject of a great deal of development and innovation. On any specific engine it may be located in a variety of places. The injector has to be able to withstand the tem

9、perature and pressure inside the cylinder and still deliver the fuel in a fine mist. Getting the mist circulated in the cylinder so that it is evenly distributed is also a problem, so some diesel engines employ special induction valves, pre-combustion chambers or other devices to swirl the air in th

10、e combustion chamber or otherwise improve the ignition and combustion process.One major difference between a gas engine and a diesel engine is in the injection process. Most car engines use port injection or a carburetor rather than direct injection. In a car engine all of the fuel is loaded into th

11、e cylinder during the intake stroke and then compressed. The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the compression ratio of the engine. If it compresses the air too much, the fuel/air mixture spontaneously ignites and causes knocking. A diesel compresses only air, so the compression ratio can b

12、e much higher. The higher the compression ratio, the more power is generated.In the United States and Canada, diesel engines are most commonly found in trucks and buses. In Europe, where fuel prices fluctuate around $3.00 to $4.00 per gallon, the fuel efficiency of the diesel has made it a popular c

13、hoice for cars, and most European-market cars are available with a diesel or a turbo-diesel engine.Compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, diesels are more fuel efficient. Diesel engines produce more torque, and they tend to be more durable. They don't need an electric ignition system, which redu

14、ces their complexity. However, they also create more noise, they can be difficult to start in extremely cold weather and they sometimes require more frequent routine maintenance than gasoline engines.Most passenger car diesel engines have a glow plug of some type. When a diesel engine is cold, the a

15、ir compression may not raise the air to a high enough temperature to ignite the fuel. The glow plug is an electric heater that glows red-hot and helps to ignite the fuel when the engine is cold so that the engine can start.The amount of power which an engine can produce is limited by how much fuel i

16、t can burn, and the amount of fuel it can burn is limited by the amount of oxygen in the cylinder. The amount of oxygen in the cylinder is limited by the amount of air in the cylinder. So, if more power is wanted then more air is needed, how do we achieve this? Well a large engine has more air, so i

17、t can produce more power, or we can compress the air before it gets to the cylinders.This is what a super-charger does; it is a simple air compressor. A super-charger is a mechanically driven compressor run by a belt off the crankshaft.A diesel engine has no spark plugs. Because the air is so compre

18、ssed and hot at the top of the stroke, the fuel ignites right away when it is injected. This is why a diesel engine is called a "Compression Ignition" engine and gasoline engines are called "Spark Ignition" engine. This also means that there are no ignition breakers, ignition coi

19、ls, distributors and ignition wires to go bad. This allows diesel engines to start no matter if it is dry or rainy and wet.The key to fuel efficiency is to squeeze as much energy as possible out of a given amount of fuel by burning it as completely as possible. Diesel fuel itself has the potential t

20、o produce more power than a like quantity of gasoline. Furthermore, high compression ratios help diesels to burn their fuel more completely than gasoline engines. And because diesels always intake a full charge of air while varying the amount of fuel, the air-fuel mixture tends to be a very lean mix

21、ture at lower power outputs, which helps burn the fuel more completely.Some modern diesel engines are starting to come out with electronically controlled injection pumps, but the vast majority of them out there have purely mechanical pumps. No electricity is required to make a diesel engine run, exc

22、ept for a simple fuel cut off solenoid so that you can hut the engine down.Turbo-charging a diesel is easier than turbo-charging a gasoline engine. One problem for a gasoline engine is that if the compression ratio is too high, and the pressure in the cylinder gets too high during the inlet stroke,

23、then the fuel/air mixture can start to burn too soon, while the piston is still on the way up. A turbo increases the pressure in the cylinder making this problem worse. With a diesel engine, there is no fuel in the cylinder during the compression stroke, so a turbo can be used to pack as much air in

24、 there as desired without causing problems.The process of starting a diesel engine is less affected by temperature. When a gasoline engine is started from cold it needs a lot of fuel to make it run properly. If you do short trips all the time then you'll get far below the fuel economy that you&#

25、39;d normally get. Since emissions are proportional to the amount of fuel consumed, you'll be producing higher pollution levels. Diesel engines are ideal for short journeys because their efficiency is almost as high cold as when they are hot.Diesel engines last a lot longer than gasoline engines

26、. This is because gasoline destroys lubrication and diesel fuel doesn't. Cold start-ups are a real killer for gasoline engines because of all that extra gasoline needed to start a cold engine.A compression ratio of 19:1 to 25:1 gives significant engine braking, but it also makes the engine hard

27、to start. You'll need a good battery, one of very high amperage, and starter motor.Glow plugs are needed. Diesel engines rely on the heat of compressed air to ignite their fuel. When the engine is cold, compression alone may not produce enough heat for the fuel to burn, so most car and truck die

28、sels use glow plugs, electric elements that heat up the cylinder before a cold engine is started These electric heaters are switched on for anywhere from 5 to 10 seconds to make the engine easier to start. They use about 15 amps each (you have one for each cylinder). This is why you need a high ampe

29、rage battery. For areas with severe winters, a block heater is a good idea. Many diesels have them as standard or optional equipment.Torque is a measure of twisting force, and in the automotive world it translates to the ability to get a load moving.This makes a diesel engine good for towing, trucks

30、 and buses, but will never be great in the 0 to 60 ranges.Because of their high compression ratios, diesel engines have to be built with more durable components than gasoline engines. Diesel fuel is a lubricant, and as it is sprayed into the engine during the combustion cycle, it lubricates the cyli

31、nder walls. As a result, diesels are subject to less internal wear than gasoline engines, and will usually run many more miles before requiring an overhaul. It can make a car more stable, but will handle and corner differentaly than a gasoline engine. It also makes the steering heavy as well, I woul

32、d recommend buying a diesel car with power steering.Diesel engines are nosier than gasoline engines. If you open the hood of a gasoline car with the engine running, you know that gasoline engines are fairly quiet. With diesel engines, there's a great deal of mechanical noise, mostly due to the e

33、ngine's high compression ratios and the fuel injection systems. They are even nosier when they are cold.Diesel engines require more frequent routine maintenance than gasoline engines. On the plus side however, normal gasoline engine maintenance such as replacing the spark plugs, rotor and replac

34、ing ignition wires are not necessary on a diesel engine. You don't have to worry about an Ignition module or coil going bad. It's simply because a diesel engine has no ignition system.Is a diesel engine right for you? That is something you have to decide based on your needs and driving habit

35、s. A diesel powered vehicle will not handle or be as powerful as a gasoline powered vehicle. Diesel fuel is not as readily available as gasoline. I had more than a few times where I was sweating out finding a gas station with diesel. This, however, is starting to change with the increasing number of

36、 diesel powered vehicles now on the road. I know I love my diesel and once I adjusted to it, I can't think of driving anything else.中文翻譯柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 節(jié)選自about ：Auto Repair1892年，魯?shù)婪蜷_發(fā)研制出了柴油機(jī)，并取得了德國專利。His goal was to create an engine that was highly efficient.他的目標(biāo)是要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造一個(gè)高效率的引擎。早在1876年魯?shù)婪蚓蛣?chuàng)造了一個(gè)Much more eff

37、icient than the gasoline engine that was invented in 1876 and was not very efficient at all.比汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)更具效率的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，然而在那個(gè)特定的時(shí)間，效果并不是非常明顯。Especially at that point in time.柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)There are two main differences between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine.主要有兩個(gè)區(qū)別：1A gasoline engine intakes a mixture of gas

38、 and air, compresses it and ignites the mixture with a spark.汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是在通風(fēng)口引入汽油和空氣的混合氣體并將之壓縮，同時(shí)點(diǎn)燃混合氣體產(chǎn)生火花。而A diesel engine takes in just air, compresses it and then injects fuel into the compressed air.柴油機(jī)僅僅引入空氣，壓縮之后，將燃料注入到壓縮空氣中。The heat of the compressed air lights the fuel spontaneously.壓縮空氣產(chǎn)生了很高的熱量自發(fā)

39、的將燃料點(diǎn)燃。2A gasoline engine compresses at a ratio of 8:1 to 12:1, while a diesel engine compresses at a ratio of 14:1 to as high as 25:1.汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)壓縮比為8：1到12：1 ，而柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的壓縮比為14：1甚至可以高達(dá)25：1 。The higher compression ratio of the diesel engine leads to better efficiency.較高的壓縮比使柴油機(jī)擁有了更好的工作效率。Gasoline engines use

40、either a carburetor or a fuel injection system to deliver the fuel to the cylinder.汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用汽化器或燃油注入系統(tǒng)，向氣缸釋放燃料。在With a carburetor the fuel is mixed as it enters the intake manifold, long before it gets to the cylinders.氣化器的作用下燃料在進(jìn)入通風(fēng)口的時(shí)候就被混合，此時(shí)它還遠(yuǎn)未到達(dá)氣缸。通常情況下在一個(gè)燃料噴射系統(tǒng)中，燃料在通風(fēng)口閥門翻開的之前就應(yīng)當(dāng)被注入。In a fuel inj

41、ection system the fuel is injected just before the intake stroke at the intake valveDiesel engines use direct fuel injection (DI), that is to say the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.柴油引擎采用直接燃油噴射DI形式，這就是說，柴油燃料是被直接注射到氣缸的。The diesel engine has no spark plugs.柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)沒有火花塞。The air it tak

42、es in is compressed and the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder where the heat caused by the air compression ignites the fuel.空氣被壓縮后產(chǎn)生的熱量將直接注射到汽缸的燃料點(diǎn)燃。In the old days this meant that it exploded and expanded very quickly, making a noisy engine.在過去，這意味著氣體爆炸并極快的膨脹，所制造出的是一個(gè)具有巨大噪音的引擎。This is why

43、 most diesel cars were IDI (indirect injection); the rough behavior was fixed by injecting the fuel into a small pre-combustion chamber that is connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage.這就是為什么大多數(shù)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)車采用間接的燃油注入方式;大致的固定模式是將燃料注入到一個(gè)小預(yù)燃室，這個(gè)預(yù)燃室與氣缸通過一條狹窄的通道相聯(lián)接。This slows down the explosion, as the gass

44、es have to escape from through the narrow passage into the cylinder.這樣做減緩了爆炸，同時(shí)氣體不得不通過狹窄的通道進(jìn)入氣缸。This gives a softer bang and a smoother engine, but the gasses have to work harder, which lowers the efficiency a little.爆炸變得溫和，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)也變得更順暢，然而氣體不能再劇烈碰撞爆發(fā)能量，所以系統(tǒng)效率會(huì)有所降低。However the newer breed of DI engines

45、use other techniques to tame the behavior of the engine, such as two stage injection, electronic control, and acoustic shrouds and shock absorbing engine mounts to mask the rattle.但新的直接燃油噴射引擎采用其他技術(shù)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的行為變得平順，如兩階段噴射，電子控制等。The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component and has been the

46、 subject of a great deal of development and innovation.噴油器是柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最復(fù)雜的組成局部，并一直得到極大的開展和創(chuàng)新。On any specific engine it may be located in a variety of places.對于不同的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，它可能位于不同的地方。The injector has to be able to withstand the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder and still deliver the fuel in a fine mi

47、st.噴油器必須能夠經(jīng)受住汽缸內(nèi)的溫度和壓力，并依然可以以細(xì)霧的形式釋放燃料。Getting the mist circulated in the cylinder so that it is evenly distributed is also a problem, so some diesel engines employ special induction valves, pre-combustion chambers or other devices to swirl the air in the combustion chamber or otherwise improve the

48、ignition and combustion process.薄霧在汽缸中流動(dòng)，如何使它均勻分布也是一個(gè)問題，所以有些柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用特殊感應(yīng)閥，預(yù)燃室或其他設(shè)備使空氣在燃燒室渦旋，或以其他方式改善點(diǎn)火和燃燒過程。One major difference between a gas engine and a diesel engine is in the injection process.燃?xì)獍l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的一個(gè)主要區(qū)別是在于噴射過程。Most car engines use port injection or a carburetor rather than direct inject

49、ion.大多數(shù)汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用端口噴射或汽化器噴射，而不是直接噴射。In a car engine all of the fuel is loaded into the cylinder during the intake stroke and then compressed.在一臺(tái)轎車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中所有的燃料被載入汽缸，進(jìn)入通風(fēng)口后進(jìn)行壓縮處理。The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the compression ratio of the engine.壓縮的燃料/空氣混合氣限制了引擎的壓縮比。If it compresses the air

50、too much, the fuel/air mixture spontaneously ignites and causes knocking.如果壓縮的空氣太多，燃料/空氣混合物自發(fā)地點(diǎn)燃和引起故障音。A diesel compresses only air, so the compression ratio can be much higher.柴油機(jī)壓縮的只有空氣，所以壓縮比可以高很多，The higher the compression ratio, the more power is generated.較高的壓縮比產(chǎn)生了較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)力。In the United States and

51、 Canada, diesel engines are most commonly found in trucks and buses.在美國和加拿大，柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是最常見于卡車和巴士。In Europe, where fuel prices fluctuate around $3.00 to $4.00 per gallon, the fuel efficiency of the diesel has made it a popular choice for cars, and most European-market cars are available with a diesel or a

52、 turbo-diesel engine.在歐洲，燃料價(jià)格約在3.00 4.00歐元每加侖波動(dòng)，柴油機(jī)的燃油效率已使它成為很受歡送的選擇。汽車和大多數(shù)歐洲市場的轎車，都可以配備柴油或渦輪柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。Compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, diesels are more fuel efficient, and they can travel significantly farther on a tank of fuel than their gasoline counterparts.相比汽油動(dòng)力車，柴油機(jī)更省油。Diesel engines produc

53、e more torque, and they tend to be more durable.柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生更多的扭矩，并且作用往往更持久。They don't need an electric ignition system, which reduces their complexity.它們并不需要一個(gè)電子點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)，從而降低了其復(fù)雜性。However, they also create more noise, they can be difficult to start in extremely cold weather and they sometimes require mo

54、re frequent routine maintenance than gasoline engines.然而，它們制造了更多的噪音，也可能很難在極其寒冷的天氣狀況下啟動(dòng)，同時(shí)相比汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)它們需要更頻繁的例行養(yǎng)護(hù)。Most passenger car diesel engines have a glow plug of some type.大多數(shù)小客車的柴油引擎有一個(gè)類型不同的電熱塞。When a diesel engine is cold, the air compression may not raise the air to a high enough temperature to

55、ignite the fuel.當(dāng)柴油機(jī)受冷，空氣壓縮可能不會(huì)使空氣到達(dá)一個(gè)足夠高的溫度而引燃燃料。The glow plug is an electric heater that glows red-hot and helps to ignite the fuel when the engine is cold so that the engine can start這個(gè)發(fā)熱塞是一個(gè)可以產(chǎn)生炙熱的電子發(fā)熱器，有助于引燃燃料，當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)受冷時(shí)也能使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)。The amount of power which an engine can produce is limited by how muc

56、h fuel it can burn, and the amount of fuel it can burn is limited by the amount of oxygen in the cylinder.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)力大小受到燃料燃燒量的限制，燃料燃燒量又受到汽缸中氧氣含量的限制。So, if more power is wanted then more air is needed, how do we achieve this?所以，如果需要更多的動(dòng)力，那么需要更多空氣，我們?nèi)绾巫龅竭@一點(diǎn)？Well a large engine has more air, so it can pr

57、oduce more power, or we can compress the air before it gets to the cylinders.那么一個(gè)大型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)容納了更多的空氣，因此它能夠產(chǎn)生更多的動(dòng)力，或者我們可以把空氣在進(jìn)入氣缸之前就進(jìn)行壓縮。This is what a super-charger or turbo-charger does; they are a simple air compressor.這就是增壓充電器做的，它是一個(gè)簡單的空氣壓縮機(jī)，由A super-charger is a mechanically driven compressor run by a

58、 belt off the crankshaft.一個(gè)機(jī)械驅(qū)動(dòng)的壓縮機(jī)通過機(jī)軸帶動(dòng)運(yùn)行的。A turbo-charger is made to spin by blowing exhaust gasses over a turbine on one end of a shaft and compresses air with a turbine at the other end of the shaft.A diesel engine has no spark plugs.柴油機(jī)引擎沒有火星塞。Because the air is so compressed and hot at the to

59、p of the stroke, the fuel ignites right away when it is injected.因?yàn)榭諝庠跊_程的頂部被壓縮并釋放巨大的熱，當(dāng)燃料被注入時(shí)就馬上被點(diǎn)燃了。This is why a diesel engine is called a "Compression Ignition" engine and gasoline engines are called "Spark Ignition" engine.這就是為什么柴油機(jī)是一種被稱為“壓縮點(diǎn)火的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，而汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)那么被稱為“火花點(diǎn)火引擎。This also means that there are no ignition breakers, ignition coils, distributors and ignition wires to go bad.這也意味著不存在點(diǎn)火開關(guān)，點(diǎn)火線圈，點(diǎn)火導(dǎo)線不能正常工作的問題。This allows diesel engines to start no matter if it is dry or rainy and wet.這使得柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)無論在枯燥、多雨或潮濕的環(huán)境中都