基于簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的復(fù)雜中壓配電網(wǎng)分析可靠性評(píng)估算法

1、2006年8月Power System Technology Aug. 2006 文章編號(hào):1000-3673(200615-0072-04 中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TM712 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 學(xué)科代碼:470·4051基于簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的復(fù)雜中壓配電網(wǎng)分析可靠性評(píng)估算法衛(wèi)志農(nóng)1,周封偉1,肖川凌2,馮虎2,戴浩2(1.河海大學(xué)電氣工程學(xué)院,江蘇省南京市 210098;2.宿遷供電公司,江蘇省宿遷市 223800A New Algorithm of Reliability Evaluation for Complex Medium VoltageDistribution Networks Base

2、d on Implified Network ModelWEI Zhi-nong1,ZHOU Feng-wei1,XIAO Chuan-ling2,FENG Hu2,DAI Hao2(1.College of Electrical Engineering,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,Jiangsu Province,China;2.Suqian Power Supply Company,Suqian 223800,Jiangsu Province,ChinaABSTRACT: A simplified network mode based algorithm

3、 to evaluate the reliability of complex medium voltage distribution networks (MVDN is proposed. To simplify the network model, the authors divide the distribution network into sections due to the features of complex MVDN. The components constituting a section exist as a whole and their failure cause

4、 same results. Then these sections are replaced by some equivalent simple branches to form the simplified network model. With the simplified network model, the fault can be flexibly and efficiently searched by minimal cutset method, and the network reconstruction of and power flow calculation can be

5、 conducted. Applying the proposed algorithm in the evaluation of RBTS-BUS6 system, the results show that this algorithm is flexible, efficient, practicable and informative.KEY WORDS:complex medium voltage distribution networks;reliability evaluation;simplified network model; power flow;minimal cutse

6、t摘要:提出一種基于簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的復(fù)雜中壓配電網(wǎng)可靠性評(píng)估算法。為使網(wǎng)絡(luò)簡(jiǎn)化,首先根據(jù)復(fù)雜配網(wǎng)特點(diǎn)將網(wǎng)絡(luò)分塊,塊具有整體性,且塊內(nèi)元件故障后果一致,然后將塊等效為簡(jiǎn)單的支路,形成簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型。在簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型基礎(chǔ)上可靈活、高效地用最小割集法搜索故障、進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)重構(gòu)和潮流計(jì)算。應(yīng)用該算法對(duì)RBTS-BUS6系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行可靠性評(píng)估,算例表明該算法靈活、高效、實(shí)用、信息豐富。關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)雜中壓配網(wǎng);可靠性評(píng)估;簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型;潮流;最小割集0引言與發(fā)輸電系統(tǒng)相比,配電系統(tǒng)可靠性的模擬和評(píng)估問(wèn)題遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有受到重視,而實(shí)際上配電系統(tǒng)對(duì)用戶(hù)供電的無(wú)效度影響最大,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),80%的停電事故由配電系統(tǒng)的故障引起。因此,研究配

7、電網(wǎng)供電可靠性具有重要意義1-16。配電網(wǎng)的可靠性評(píng)估方法一般分為模擬法和解析法。模擬法1-2可求取可靠性指標(biāo)的概率分布,提供信息量大,但計(jì)算時(shí)間較長(zhǎng);解析法3-16計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)單,計(jì)算速度較快,在配電網(wǎng)可靠性評(píng)估中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。傳統(tǒng)的解析法是故障模式影響分析法3-4,該方法對(duì)所有可能的故障事件進(jìn)行分析,并確定故障事件對(duì)負(fù)荷點(diǎn)的影響,找出系統(tǒng)的故障模式集合,得到可靠性指標(biāo)。故障模式分析法適用于簡(jiǎn)單網(wǎng)絡(luò),對(duì)于帶有復(fù)雜分支饋線的系統(tǒng),由于其故障模式增多,計(jì)算量將呈指數(shù)倍增長(zhǎng)。為簡(jiǎn)化分析,網(wǎng)絡(luò)等值法5-6、單向等值法7、區(qū)域劃分法8-9和分塊法10在建模時(shí)簡(jiǎn)化了配電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu);回溯算法11、故障遍歷算法12

8、-13和最短路法14加快了分析速度,但是上述算法均沒(méi)有定量給出網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的特定部分對(duì)整個(gè)配電網(wǎng)可靠性的影響,而這些信息對(duì)于識(shí)別網(wǎng)絡(luò)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)具有重要意義。最小割集算法15可分析每個(gè)元件對(duì)負(fù)荷點(diǎn)可靠性的影響,但求解最小割集或最小路集需進(jìn)行大量計(jì)算。文獻(xiàn)16采用先等值,將復(fù)雜配電系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)化為主饋線系統(tǒng)后,再用最小路算法求取可靠性指標(biāo)的方法,但這樣會(huì)使分析單個(gè)元件對(duì)系統(tǒng)可靠性的影響變得困難。文獻(xiàn)17將模擬法和解析法結(jié)合起來(lái),文獻(xiàn)18用貝葉斯網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型進(jìn)行可靠性評(píng)估。此外,文獻(xiàn)3,4,8-15提出的方法在進(jìn)行潮流分析時(shí)都采用原有的精確網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型,計(jì)算量較大,評(píng)估效率不高;而文獻(xiàn)5-7,16提出的方法無(wú)法對(duì)簡(jiǎn)化后

9、的網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行潮流分析,評(píng)估過(guò)程不完整。 本文根據(jù)配電網(wǎng)的具體特點(diǎn),利用分塊、等效的方法對(duì)配電網(wǎng)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化,并基于簡(jiǎn)化的配電網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型對(duì)故障事件進(jìn)行搜索和潮流計(jì)算分析,進(jìn)而得出系統(tǒng)的可靠性指標(biāo)。1 簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型1.1 網(wǎng)絡(luò)分塊配電網(wǎng)呈輻射狀運(yùn)行,因此可以用有向圖對(duì)其進(jìn)行描述。首先以開(kāi)關(guān)為界對(duì)饋線分塊,為保證供電可靠性,一般在饋線上每隔一定距離安裝1個(gè)分段開(kāi)關(guān),而含子饋線的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)在子饋線入口處也會(huì)安裝開(kāi)關(guān),如果此處沒(méi)有安裝開(kāi)關(guān),則可虛設(shè)開(kāi)關(guān)設(shè)備。然后用深度優(yōu)先遍歷的方法對(duì)饋線進(jìn)行訪問(wèn),相鄰兩個(gè)饋線開(kāi)關(guān)設(shè)備間的饋線為1個(gè)饋線塊,分塊完成后將虛設(shè)的開(kāi)關(guān)去除。分支線入口處一般安裝有熔斷器,發(fā)生故障時(shí)熔斷器動(dòng)

10、作,不影響網(wǎng)絡(luò)其他部分,所以分支線連同分支線上的設(shè)備構(gòu)成1個(gè)分支線塊(沒(méi)有安裝熔斷器的分支線作同樣處理。塊內(nèi)元件的故障后果相同,且具有整體性,運(yùn)行方式的變化不會(huì)打破塊的結(jié)構(gòu)。母線和饋線上的開(kāi)關(guān)設(shè)備不并入1個(gè)塊。圖1為簡(jiǎn)單配電網(wǎng),其中饋線2、3為1個(gè)饋線塊,饋線1、4各為1個(gè)饋線塊。而負(fù)荷點(diǎn)(load point ,LP ,即LP1、LP2、LP3和LP4所在的分支線各為1個(gè)分支線塊。 圖1 一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單中壓配電網(wǎng)絡(luò)Fig. 1 A simple MV distribution network圖中:饋線2、3等效為一條簡(jiǎn)單饋線支路;饋線1、4也各作同樣等效;4個(gè)分支線塊等效為4條簡(jiǎn)單分支線支路。簡(jiǎn)化

11、網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)圖2。圖中,4 條等效分支線支路連接在相應(yīng)的等效饋線支路的末節(jié)點(diǎn)上。圖2 簡(jiǎn)化后的網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型Fig. 2 A simplified network model1.2 等效處理饋線塊可等效為1條饋線支路,等效后饋線支路的可靠性參數(shù)計(jì)算公式為s 1ni i = (11s sni ii r r = (2式中:n 為塊內(nèi)包含元素?cái)?shù);i 、i r 分別為第i 個(gè)元件的總體故障率和修復(fù)時(shí)間;s 、s r 分別為等效饋線支路故障率和等效平均修復(fù)時(shí)間。其中,等效 饋線支路的活動(dòng)故障率s,a 為塊中所有元件活動(dòng)故障率之和,切除時(shí)間s,c r 為各元件切除時(shí)間,c i r 的平 均值。等效后饋線支

12、路的電氣參數(shù)計(jì)算公式為s 1ni i R R = (3s 1ni i X X = (4式中:s R ,s X 分別為等效饋線支路的電阻和電抗;i R ,i X 分別為塊內(nèi)元件的電阻和電抗。分支線塊同樣可等效為一條簡(jiǎn)單的分支線支路。分支線塊等效后的可靠性參數(shù)、電氣參數(shù)計(jì)算公式與饋線塊的一致。特別地,當(dāng)分支線入口有熔斷器時(shí),等效后分支線支路的活動(dòng)故障率為0。 1.3 簡(jiǎn)化配網(wǎng)模型經(jīng)過(guò)分塊、等效后,網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的節(jié)點(diǎn)、元件數(shù)目都有變化,因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)調(diào)整。等效后各母線、各饋線支路和開(kāi)關(guān)仍按原關(guān)系連接。分支線分連接在2個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)之間或連接在某個(gè)饋線塊內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)上2種情況。前者等效分支線支路保持原關(guān)系

13、連接,后者等效分支線支路一律連接在等效饋線支路的末節(jié)點(diǎn)上。以潮流方向?yàn)闇?zhǔn),則支路的第1個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)為首節(jié)點(diǎn),另一個(gè)為末節(jié)點(diǎn),即負(fù)荷點(diǎn)。為提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)可靠性,可適當(dāng)增加開(kāi)關(guān)設(shè)備,但單純?yōu)樘岣呖煽啃远黾油顿Y是不合理、不經(jīng)濟(jì)的。因此應(yīng)該以可靠性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性相協(xié)調(diào)的原則確定開(kāi)關(guān)設(shè)備數(shù),本文提出的模型具有實(shí)用意義。2 基于簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的潮流計(jì)算分析配網(wǎng)部分失去連續(xù)性事件(partial loss of continuity ,PLOC須進(jìn)行潮流計(jì)算,具體步驟如下:(1故障發(fā)生后根據(jù)相應(yīng)策略形成新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)74 衛(wèi)志農(nóng)等:基于簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的復(fù)雜中壓配電網(wǎng)分析可靠性評(píng)估算法V ol. 30 No. 15拓?fù)?負(fù)荷點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)使用

14、峰值負(fù)荷;(2計(jì)算網(wǎng)絡(luò)潮流;(3檢驗(yàn)是否違反網(wǎng)絡(luò)約束。如果違反則采取切負(fù)荷策略,并跳到(2;否則計(jì)算結(jié)束,得到各負(fù)荷點(diǎn)最大負(fù)荷。在簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行潮流計(jì)算時(shí),拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的變化會(huì)使計(jì)算結(jié)果存在一定的誤差。通過(guò)對(duì)某40節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)和IEEE 37節(jié)點(diǎn)測(cè)試系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化并計(jì)算潮流,發(fā)現(xiàn)線路流量和節(jié)點(diǎn)電壓的最大誤差約為2%,這種誤差對(duì)于可靠性評(píng)估是可以接受的。另外饋線的合理分段,不僅可提高供電可靠性,還可減小這種誤差。同時(shí),簡(jiǎn)化的網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型對(duì)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)重構(gòu)有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力。由于塊的整體性,重構(gòu)時(shí)只需調(diào)整饋線塊的連接關(guān)系。因此本文潮流計(jì)算方法可適用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)重構(gòu)的情況。3 算法流程3.1 算法流程(1讀入網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)

15、,進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)簡(jiǎn)化。(2搜索各負(fù)荷點(diǎn)的最小割集19,結(jié)合網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浜椭貥?gòu)策略,計(jì)算割集事件對(duì)負(fù)荷點(diǎn)造成的后果,并記錄通過(guò)重構(gòu)恢復(fù)供電的最小割集事件。(3對(duì)各負(fù)荷點(diǎn)最小路上所有的斷路器進(jìn)行分析,搜索在最小路之外能使斷路器動(dòng)作的活動(dòng)性故障,計(jì)算這些活動(dòng)故障事件對(duì)負(fù)荷點(diǎn)造成的后果。(4對(duì)所有通過(guò)重構(gòu)恢復(fù)供電的最小割集事件進(jìn)行故障后分析,并對(duì)重構(gòu)后的配電網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行潮流計(jì)算,得出各負(fù)荷點(diǎn)最大可能的負(fù)荷和相應(yīng)的負(fù)荷曲線,計(jì)算故障后果20。(5計(jì)算負(fù)荷點(diǎn)及系統(tǒng)指標(biāo)。3.2 算法分析配電網(wǎng)多為輻射狀運(yùn)行,饋線開(kāi)關(guān)數(shù)目較少,簡(jiǎn)化后的網(wǎng)絡(luò)元件數(shù)目大大減少,使得故障事件的總數(shù)減少,縮短了評(píng)估過(guò)程搜索和分析的時(shí)間。且由于塊具

16、有整體性,網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)行方式改變時(shí),不必重新進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)簡(jiǎn)化,有利于實(shí)時(shí)分析。常開(kāi)的聯(lián)絡(luò)開(kāi)關(guān)一般不會(huì)影響?zhàn)伨€正常供電,所以本文在進(jìn)行故障事件搜索時(shí)不考慮聯(lián)絡(luò)開(kāi)關(guān)。但當(dāng)發(fā)生故障時(shí),可利用聯(lián)絡(luò)開(kāi)關(guān)將負(fù)荷轉(zhuǎn)移,故障停運(yùn)時(shí)間即為開(kāi)關(guān)操作時(shí)間。另外負(fù)荷點(diǎn)通過(guò)聯(lián)絡(luò)開(kāi)關(guān)連接到另一饋線時(shí),可能由于該饋線的故障而再次失去電源,優(yōu)于上述相繼事件的可能性很小,本文予以忽略。上述算法流程中,步驟(2、(3均認(rèn)為負(fù)荷點(diǎn)全部失去連續(xù)性(total loss of continuity,TLOC,處理較簡(jiǎn)單。但實(shí)際配網(wǎng)正常運(yùn)行時(shí)不會(huì)違反網(wǎng)絡(luò)約束,發(fā)生故障后,負(fù)荷通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)重構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)移到另一條饋線,可能出現(xiàn)線路過(guò)載或電壓越限的現(xiàn)象,從而涉及

17、到減少負(fù)荷的問(wèn)題。步驟(4通過(guò)對(duì)重構(gòu)后的網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行潮流分析,即可正確解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。4 算例采用本文方法對(duì)RBTS-BUS6系統(tǒng)4進(jìn)行可靠性評(píng)估。該系統(tǒng)有1座33kV變電站,4條主饋線,其中饋線F4有3條子饋線。負(fù)荷點(diǎn)40個(gè),用戶(hù)2938戶(hù),總平均負(fù)荷為10.715MW。不考慮母線和變電站的故障。系統(tǒng)接線如圖3所示,網(wǎng)絡(luò)元件122個(gè)。將該系統(tǒng)分為22個(gè)饋線塊、40個(gè)分支線塊,保留母線和開(kāi)關(guān)。經(jīng)過(guò)簡(jiǎn)化,網(wǎng)絡(luò)元件數(shù)目減少近一半,故障搜索、網(wǎng)絡(luò)重構(gòu)和潮流分析時(shí)的效率有所提高,如采用非簡(jiǎn)化模型耗時(shí)725ms,而用本文的簡(jiǎn)化模型僅耗時(shí)47ms。系統(tǒng)指標(biāo)和部分負(fù)荷點(diǎn)指標(biāo)如表1、2所示。 圖3 RBTS-BUS

18、6配電系統(tǒng)Fig. 3 The distribution system of RBTS-BUS6第30卷第15期電網(wǎng)技術(shù)75表1 RBTS-BUS6可靠性指標(biāo)Tab. 1 Reliability indices of RBTS-BUS6系統(tǒng)平均斷電頻率(次/戶(hù)a 0.965系統(tǒng)平均停電持續(xù)時(shí)間(h/戶(hù)a 6.422用戶(hù)平均停電持續(xù)時(shí)間(h/戶(hù)a 6.652平均供電可用率0.999系統(tǒng)平均電量不足期望(MWh/a 69.781用戶(hù)平均電量不足期望(MWh/戶(hù)a 0.0238表2RBTS-BUS6部分負(fù)荷點(diǎn)可靠性指標(biāo)Tab. 2 Part of reliability indices forloa

19、d points of RBTS-BUS6負(fù)荷點(diǎn)停運(yùn)率(次/a 年停運(yùn)時(shí)間(h/a 電量不足期望(MWh/a LP1 0.344 3.680 0.653LP8 0.387 3.775 0.626LP18 1.549 7.764 1.228LP24 1.598 8.008 2.448LP32 2.466 12.353 2.383LP40 2.388 14.849 4.539采用本文的方法還可得到各負(fù)荷點(diǎn)詳細(xì)的可靠性分析,負(fù)荷點(diǎn)LP18的停運(yùn)故障事件分析見(jiàn)表3。需要提及的是,簡(jiǎn)化配電網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型建立在系統(tǒng)分塊和等效的基礎(chǔ)上,但獲得系統(tǒng)可靠性評(píng)估結(jié)果時(shí),仍可還原各元件對(duì)系統(tǒng)可靠性的影響,這對(duì)系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃和日

20、常維護(hù)有非常重要的意義。表3負(fù)荷點(diǎn)LP18的停運(yùn)故障事件分析Tab. 3 Reliability analysis of LP18故障元件故障率(次/a 年停運(yùn)時(shí)間(h/a斷路器b6 0.002 0.008饋線35 0.052 0.260饋線36 0.163 0.183饋線37 0.104 0.520饋線38 0.059 0.293饋線39 0.104 0.520饋線40 0.163 0.183饋線42 0.104 0.520饋線44 0.059 0.29311 kV變壓器0.015 3.000饋線45(活動(dòng)故障 0.208 0.208饋線46(活動(dòng)故障 0.182 0.182饋線48(活動(dòng)故

21、障 0.228 0.228饋線49(活動(dòng)故障 0.104 0.104斷路器b7(活動(dòng)故障 0.002 0.002斷路器b8(活動(dòng)故障 0.002 0.002斷路器b9(活動(dòng)故障 0.002 0.002電量不足期望(MWh/a 1.2885 結(jié)論(1本文提出的基于簡(jiǎn)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的復(fù)雜中壓配電網(wǎng)可靠性評(píng)估算法可處理復(fù)雜的配電系統(tǒng),故障搜索效率高,且網(wǎng)絡(luò)分塊具有整體性,適用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)重構(gòu)的情況。(2該算法可得到豐富的可靠性信息,可還原各元件對(duì)系統(tǒng)可靠性的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),從而為網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃和日常維護(hù)提供參考。參考文獻(xiàn)1 Billinton R,Wang P.Teaching Distrib

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39、the CSEE,2005,25(3: 23-28(in Chinese.收稿日期:2006-04-17。作者簡(jiǎn)介:伏祥運(yùn)(1977-,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向?yàn)闊o(wú)功功率補(bǔ)償和諧波抑制,E-mail:fuxiangyun_2000;王建賾(1972-,男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向?yàn)殡娔苜|(zhì)量檢測(cè)和控制;曾繁鵬(1977-,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向?yàn)橛性措娏V波器;紀(jì)延超(1962-,男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要研究方向?yàn)殡娏﹄娮蛹夹g(shù)在電力系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用。(編輯杜寧(上接第75頁(yè)continued from page 75Xu Zhenxia,Zhou Jiangxin.An improve

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