中考英語詞匯知識精講(1)

1、中考英語詞匯知識精講重點、難點、考點一、重點是：(1)常見的構(gòu)詞法1)合成詞：合成詞是由兩個或兩個以上的詞構(gòu)成一個新的詞。如：blackboard(黑板)，newspaper(報紙)，afternoon(下午) ,pencil-box(鉛筆盒)。2)派生詞：派生詞是由詞根加派生詞綴構(gòu)成的詞，詞根是派生詞的基礎(chǔ)，同一詞根加不同的派生詞綴可以表示不同的意義，還可以表示不同的詞的詞性。動詞變名詞：后綴erdrive(駕駛)driver(駕駛員)teach(教)teacher(教師)read(閱讀)reader(讀者) 后綴orinvent(發(fā)明)inventor(發(fā)明家)visit(訪問)visit

2、or(訪問者) 后綴tioninvent(發(fā)明)invention(發(fā)明)operate(手術(shù))operation(手術(shù))名詞變形容詞：后綴ywind(風(fēng))windy(刮風(fēng)的)sun(太陽)sunny(晴朗的) 后綴fulhelp(幫助)helpful(有幫助的)care(小心)careful(小心的) 后綴lyfriend(朋友)friendly(友好的)形容詞變名詞：+后綴nessgood(好的)goodness(善良，美德)kind(和善的)kindness(和善)形容詞變副詞：后綴lybad(壞的)badly(糟糕地)quick(快的)quickly(迅速地)改變詞義：前綴unhapp

3、y(高興的)unhappy(不高興的)usual(平常的)unusual(不平常的)轉(zhuǎn)化詞：轉(zhuǎn)化詞是指由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)用作另一種詞類的詞。例如：hand(n .)手， hand(v .)傳遞， dry(adj .)干燥的， dry(v .) 烘干說明初中總復(fù)習(xí)中，詞匯的復(fù)習(xí)十分重要。掌握單詞和詞組的用法是學(xué)好語言的前提之一。沒有一定的詞匯量，不掌握詞語的基本用法，就失去了英語知識復(fù)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)，也就更談不上靈活運用和綜合分析能力了。(2)詞形變化英語詞匯的詞形變化除了前面講的詞根派生詞綴構(gòu)成的派生詞的變化外，還存在有一些單詞詞尾的屈折變化，它們是：1)表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞形變化。例如：handhands(

4、手)picturepictures(圖片)knifeknives(小刀)citycities(城市)2)表示形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級的詞形變化。例如：cheapcheapercheapest(便宜的)latelaterlatest(遲來的，遲來地)earlyearlierearliest(早的、早地)3)表示動詞一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)的詞形變化。例如：cleancleans(打掃)catchcatches(按住) carrycarries(攜帶)4)表示動詞過去時和-ed分詞的詞形變化。例如：catchcatched(捉住)carrycarried(搬運)closeclosea(關(guān)閉)st

5、opstopped(阻止)5)表示動詞-ing分詞的詞形變化。例如：walkwalking(走)makemaking(做)sitsitting(坐)二、難點是：如何運用詞或詞組。三、考點是：(1)單詞拼寫。(2)詞形變化。(3)對詞語的理解運用和相似詞語的辨析。有關(guān)詞匯的考題在中考中有10分左右?！窘?jīng)典范例引路】例1按要求寫出下列單詞的適當(dāng)形式。1 .Well(最高級)_2.begin(現(xiàn)在分詞)_3 .busy(反義詞)_4.he(反身代詞)_(2001年甘肅省中考題)簡析：此題是對詞形變化和單詞的正確拼寫的考查。要正確解答，應(yīng)熟練掌握規(guī)律性的變化形式，并牢固記憶一些特殊的詞形變化。第1小題

6、是考查副詞的最高級。形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。well的最高級屬于不規(guī)則變化，為best。第小題是考查現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成?，F(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成為：(1)直接在動詞原形后加-ing。(2)以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞，先去e ,再加-ing。(3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且末尾只有一個輔音字母，先雙寫這一輔音字母，再加-ing。此題符合第三條。故答案為beginning。第3小題是考查詞義及單詞拼寫。busy意為“繁忙的，忙的”它的反義詞應(yīng)為“空閑的，閑的”free。故答案為free。第小題是考查人稱代詞對應(yīng)的反身代詞。答案為himself。例2選擇與句中劃線部分意思相同或相近的詞或短

7、語。( )1 .Mary called him three times yesterday , but nobody answered .A .visitedB .gave a message to C .toldD .phoned( )2 .Jim comes to visit us sometimes . That is always the happiest time for the whole family .A .on timeB .all the time C .at timesD .many times( )3 .Jimmy tried hard , and in the end

8、 he did it well .A .at first B .at the beginningC .at the end D .at last( )4 .Oh , sorry . John . I forgot to post your letter . Thats all right . Ill post it myself.A .Never think about it B .It doesnt matterC .Dont be sorryD .I dont care( )5 .Hello !May I speak to the headmaster ? Hold on , please

9、 .A .Speak louderB .Wait a momentC .Call againD .Speak out(2001年河北省中考題)簡析：選出能替換劃線部分的選項，這是一種常見題型。做此類題時應(yīng)注意以下幾點：(1)弄懂句意，特別是劃線部分意思，以及各選項的意思。(2)能替換劃線部分的選項與劃線部分意思要相同。(3)選項與劃線部分在句法功能上保持一致。第小題劃線部分called后接him(sb)，首先要知道它在句中的意思，為“給打電話”。選項意為“訪問”，選項意為“給捎口信”，選項意為“告訴”，只有選項 .phoned意人“給打電話”，與劃線部分意思相同。且phoned與called的

10、句法功能也相同。故答案為。第小題劃線部分sometimes意為“有時，某時”。A選項意為“準(zhǔn)時，按時”，B選項意為“一直總是”，C選項意為“有時，某時”，D選項意為“許多次”。故答案為C。第3小題劃線部分in the end意為“最后，終于”。A選項意為“起初，開始”，B選項意為“在開始時”，C選項意為“在末尾”，D選項為“最后，終于”。故答案為D。第4小題劃線部分Thats all right在此處意為“不要緊，沒關(guān)系”，用來回答別人道歉的用語。A、B、C、D四個選項中只有It doesnt matter與Thats all right意義相同。故答案為B。第5小題劃線部分Hold on在此

11、處意為“等一會兒”，是打電話時的交際用語。只有wait a moment與Hold on 意義相同，故答案為B。例3 單項選擇。( )1 .Students are usually interested in sports . Some like running ;some like swimming ;_like ball games .(2001年上海市中考題)A .the othersB .othersC .the otherD .other( )2 .Can you speak Chinese ,Peter ?(2001年北京市海淀區(qū)中考題) Yes , but only_ .A .l

12、ittleB .fewC .a littleD .a few( )3 .Dont worry ,Ill take good care Polly .(2001年天津市中考題)A .forB .ofC. withD .to簡析：此題是考查詞語意義和用法上的區(qū)別，以及詞語的固定搭配。在做此類題時，我們應(yīng)注意：(1)先讀懂題意，找出考查點。(2)觀察分析空格與它的前后部分的聯(lián)系及空格在句中的句法功能。(3)根據(jù)題意及分析結(jié)果，對比所有選項，選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項。(4)對于難度較大、很難直接從正面找到答案，就可采用排除法根據(jù)題意和所學(xué)知識排除錯誤答案。剩下的便是正確答案。第1小題是考查the others

13、 ,others ,the other ,other這四者在意義和用法上的區(qū)別：the others特指某一范圍內(nèi)的“其余的人(物)”而others泛指“其余的人(物)”它常和some對比使用，即“some . . .others . . .”，the other特指“(兩個中的)另一個”，other泛指“另一個”。故答案為B。第2小題是考查little ,few ,a little ,a few的用法：某一語言不可數(shù)，因此B、D兩選項不成立。而little是表示否定意義，a little表示肯定意義。根據(jù)題干的意思應(yīng)為肯定，故答案為C。第3小題是考查take care of這一固定詞組。故答

14、案為B?！揪C合能力訓(xùn)練】 .從下列A、B、C、D四個選項中找出恰當(dāng)?shù)淖帜富蜃帜附M合使單詞完整正確。( )1 .q terA .arB .orC .worD .uar( )2 .know geA .ledB .lidC .ladD .le( )3 .Sat dayA .erB .irC .urD .or( )4 .po bleA .siB .ssiC .seD .sse( )5 .lang geA .wiB .waC .ueD .ua( )6 .gr ndA .ouB .auC .oaD .ua( )7 .d ghterA .onB .auC .orD .ua( )8 .b t fulA .u

15、;eB .eu ;iC .eau ;eD .eau ;i( )9 .p c A .e ;cherB .i ;tureC .i ;cherD .e ;ture( )10 .d ction ryA .e ;eB .i ;eC .e ;aD .i ;a .下列每組單詞中，有一個單詞有拼寫錯誤，請指出。( )1 .A .caughtB .braughtC .taughtD .bought( )2 .A .hasB .havingC .hadD .haved( )3 .A .reechB .sweaterC .streetD .teacher( )4 .A .JapaneseB .machineC .p

16、oleceD .writer( )5 .A .careB .wearC .theirD .pare( )6 .A .afraidB .radioC .almistD .Canadian( )7 .A .foreignB .friendC .quietlyD .piece( )8 .A .ladderB .bottlerC .dangerD .farther( )9 .A .dirtyB .pianoC .WenesdayD .twelfth( )10 .A .suddenlyB .subjectC .sunshineD .student .根據(jù)所給英語釋義寫出單詞(首字母已給出)。1 .bec

17、ome a member ofj 2 .have (clothes) on the bodyw 3 .almost noth 4 .not any ,no onen 5 .at lastf 6 .the fourth day of a weekW 7 .the opposite of cheape 8 .father or motherp 9 .ice boxf 10 .go in a car or on a horse or a biker .根據(jù)句意和音標(biāo)寫單詞。1 .His sister is a li :g member.2 .Our teacher often pleiz games

18、 with us.3 .Bell inventid the telephone.4 .Do you bili :v what he said ?5 .Whats the we like today ?6 .They started climbing the mauntin.7 . u he was ill ,he went to school.8 .It took 300 workers a year to bild the railway bridge.9 .By the end of last month the writer had ritn 250 pages.10 .I will g

19、o shopping if I have ni to do this Sunday. .用括號中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1 .“Thank you ,”he said (polite).2 .Children must be stopped from (skate) on thin ice .3 .She spends one hour (watch) TV every day .4 .Keep (quietly) !They are listening to the teacher .5 .Would you please say it again more (loud) ?6 .Keep o

20、n (work) hard ,or youll fall behind other students .7 .Ive been on the Great Wall (two) .8 .Thank you for (lend) me the story book .9 .I often write “Best (wish) for Teachers Day !”on the cards .10 .Meimei did (badly) than Lucy in the high jump .11 .After ten minutes rest ,they went on (walk) .12 .I

21、 saw a wallet (lie) on the ground on my way home .13 .There is a fire (burn) in the fireplace .14 . (pick) apples is better than (have) classes .15 .They went to the park instead of (stay) at home last Saturday .16 .“See you” is another way of (say) “Goodbye” .17 .They enjoy (take) a walk after supp

22、er .18 .I dont feel like (eat) anything now .19 .The teachers are busy (get) ready for tomorrows work.20 .Dont forget to take the (shop) list with you.【創(chuàng)新備考訓(xùn)練】(選自2001年各地中考題) .根據(jù)句意，選擇與句中劃線部分意思相同或相近的解釋。1 .We are very glad to hear the good news .A .sorryB .sadC .pleased2 .I will go to see my grandma th

23、is evening .A .visitB .moveC .watch3 .They have a lot of apples and bananas in the basket .A .someB .manyC .much4 .Alice will go shopping with her aunt tomorrow .A .buy somethingB .borrow booksC .wash clothes5 .The little boy is good at drawing .A .is poor atB .is slow atC .does well in6 .What are t

24、he boys doing ?They are at work .A .are workersB .work hereC .are working7 .We were busy last week ,so we had a little rest .A .a smallB .a shortC .a few8 .Mrs Green usually goes for a walk after supper .A .has a walkB .walks aroundC .wants a walk9 .Jim arrived at the farm early.A .got onB .got upC

25、.got to10 .My grandma bought a big birthday present for both of us.A .both usB .we bothC .us both11 .Hello ,may I speak to Mr. White ,please ?Hold on for a moment ,please .A .WaitB .SitC .Stop12 .Its really difficult to learn maths well .A .wrongB .easyC .hard13 .Bob is very strong .He is able to ca

26、rry the box.A .mustB .canC .need14 .Han Meimei has a few American friends .A .manyB .someC .no15 .We are happy to see you again .A .worriedB .sadC .pleased .根據(jù)句意及漢語提示，在下列各句空缺處寫出各單詞的正確形式。1 .Can you answer my (三) question in English ?2 .Mary did (差) in the exam than Lucy .3 .Look !They are talking (高興

27、) in the room .4 .I (駕駛) my car to Beijing last summer .5 .My house is not far from my (叔叔) .6 .The sun is (照耀) brightly in the sky .7 .They will bring some (土豆) for a picnic tomorrow .8 .He gets on very well with his (父母) .9 .I like (淺) colours ,for example ,white .10 .Mr Wang (搬遷) here last week .

28、He is a new comer .11 .I usually go to work on (步行) .12 .There are ten (班級) in our grade .13 .Lucy studies (努力地) than Lily14 .Mr Smith will give us a talk at the (會議) .15 .Excuse me ,may I (借) your eraser ?Certainly .here you are .16 .It is an (容易的) question .I can answer it .17 .He wont do it .I wo

29、nt do it , (也) .18 .Is there a (書桌) in your room ?19 .Your hands are so (臟的) again .Go and wash them .20 .They have planted more than two (千) young trees this spring . .根據(jù)句子的意思和首字母提示，用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空，使句子的意思連貫與正確。1 .Whose is this T-shirt ?It isnt m .Its hers .2 .This bag is big .Please give me a s one .3 .My

30、father works in a hospital .He is a d .4 .April is the f month of the year .5 .When the lights are g ,the traffic can go .6 .Fifteen minutes is a q .7 .September 10th is T Day .8 .C is spoken by the largest number of people in the world .9 .When s comes ,everything begins to grow .Its my favourite s

31、eason of the year .10 .Pardon ,doctor ?I said ,“Take the m three times a day ,and youll be well soon .”11 .Mr Turner liked visiting some places of great interest ,but he didnt want to s too much money .12 .Have you watched the seven oclock CCTV news report ?Yes .There is a lot of i news in it .13 .You look w .Whats wrong with you ?14 .Do you mi