定語從句的翻譯方法與技巧

1、Lecture 11語序調(diào)整之定語從句的譯法英漢定語從句對比 1. This is the cat. 這就是那只貓。 2. This is the cat that killed the rat. 這就是那只捕殺了老鼠的貓。 3. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake. * 這就是那只捕殺了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的貓。 4. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house. * 這就是那只捕殺了偷吃了放在房間里的蛋糕的老

2、鼠的貓。 5. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built. * 這就是那只捕殺了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房間里的蛋糕的老鼠的貓。 英語中的定語從句有兩種：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。 限制性定語從句限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；例如 This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性） 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說

3、明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開 。例如 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性） 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或由物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garde

4、n. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)

5、水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā) 定語從句的譯法（一） 前置法（二） 后置法（三） 融合法（四） 譯成狀語（一）（一） 前置法前置法u把英語原文的定語從句翻譯成帶“的”的定語詞組, 放置于被修飾的詞之前, 將英語原文的復(fù)合句翻譯成漢語的簡單句, 這種方法一般用于限制一般用于限制性定語從句比較短性定語從句比較短的情況。u 一些較短的具有描述性的非限制性定語從句也可采用前置法, 但沒有限制性定語從句使用得普遍。 (1) The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. (2) There will come a day when peop

6、le all over the world will live a happy life under the sun of socialism. 全世界人民在社會主義陽光下過幸福生活全世界人民在社會主義陽光下過幸福生活的一天是會到來的。 在他手下工作在他手下工作的人對他怕得要死。 前置法前置法(3) The sun , which had hidden all day , now came out in all its splendor. (4) But Miggles laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence. 那個整天躲在云層里

7、的太陽那個整天躲在云層里的太陽，現(xiàn)在又光芒四射地露面了。 但密格爾的富有感染力的富有感染力的笑聲打破了靜默。前置法前置法（二）（二） 后置法后置法u當(dāng)定語從句較長定語從句較長時, 如果翻譯成前置的定語, 就會不符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 在這種情況下, 往往把該定語從句翻譯成并列的分句, 放置于原來它所修飾詞的后面。翻譯時可以用三種方法來處理。譯成并列分句，重復(fù)先行詞 譯成并列分句，省略先行詞譯成獨(dú)立句（非限制性定從） 1)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for whic

8、h , in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.2) I told the story to John , who told it to his brother. 他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人曾為了這個理想國人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人曾為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命而犧牲了自己的生命。 我把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。 譯成并列分句，重復(fù)先行詞3) World War was, however, more complex tha

9、n World War, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)是帝國主義列強(qiáng)之間爭奪市場、資源和領(lǐng)土第一次世界大戰(zhàn)是帝國主義列強(qiáng)之間爭奪市場、資源和領(lǐng)土的沖突的沖突，而第二次世界大戰(zhàn)卻比第一次復(fù)雜。譯成并列分句，重復(fù)先行詞1)It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.2)He saw in front tha

10、t haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury. 他看見前面那個憔悴的白發(fā)老人，眼睛里憤怒地閃著紅光眼睛里憤怒地閃著紅光。 是他接到那封信，說你的叔叔去世了說你的叔叔去世了。譯成并列分句，省略先行詞1)He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.2) One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had eve

11、r seen, which obscured my objective.他和副總統(tǒng)尼克松談過話。副總統(tǒng)向他擔(dān)保，凡是能副總統(tǒng)向他擔(dān)保，凡是能夠做到的都將竭盡全力去做夠做到的都將竭盡全力去做。有一次是暴風(fēng)驟雨，猛烈的程度實(shí)為我生平僅所見。這陣暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)這陣暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)。譯成獨(dú)立句（非限制性定從） （三）（三） 融合法融合法u融合法是指翻譯時把主句和定語從句融合在一起譯成一個簡單句。由于限制性定語從句與主句關(guān)系較緊密，所以融合法多用于翻譯限制性定語從多用于翻譯限制性定語從句，尤其是句，尤其是“therethere bebe ”結(jié)構(gòu)帶有定語從句的句結(jié)構(gòu)帶有定語從句的句型型。 1)T

12、here are many people who want to see the film.2)There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 3)We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.許多人要看這部電影。許多人要看這部電影。在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一個月有些人每天站在那里，站了一個月。我們駕駛的飛機(jī)幾乎每一個部件都有國籍的某些標(biāo)志幾乎每一個部件都有國

13、籍的某些標(biāo)志。（三）（三） 融合法融合法 （四）（四） 譯成狀語譯成狀語u英語中有些定語從句, 兼有狀語從句的職能, 在邏輯上與主句有狀語關(guān)系, 說明原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等關(guān)系, 翻譯時應(yīng)善于從原文的字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關(guān)系, 然后譯成漢語中相應(yīng)的偏正復(fù)合句。 1、譯成表、譯成表“因因”的分句的分句 We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night。我們知道由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬ξ崭嗟墓饩€由于貓的眼睛比我

14、們?nèi)说难劬ξ崭嗟墓饩€，所以貓?jiān)诤谝挂材芸春芮宄?、譯成表、譯成表“果果”的分句的分句 There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 這個方案富于創(chuàng)造性，獨(dú)出心裁，很有魄力，所以他們所以他們都很喜歡都很喜歡。3、譯成表“讓步”的分句 He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 他堅(jiān)持再造一幢房子，盡管他并無此需要盡管他并無此需要。4、譯成表“目的”的分句 The i

15、mperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant lands.帝國主義國家維持了龐大的陸海軍，用以壓迫和剝削遙遠(yuǎn)的用以壓迫和剝削遙遠(yuǎn)的他國人民他國人民。5、譯成表“條件”、“假設(shè)”的分句 Men become desperate for work, any work which will help them to keep alive their families. He would b

16、e a short sighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. 人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它有助只要它有助養(yǎng)活一家人就行養(yǎng)活一家人就行。誰如果只守城堡而不往遠(yuǎn)處看，那他就是一個目光短淺的指揮員。 Exercise AnswerAbout Homework Weak is he who permits his thoughts to control his actions. Strong is he who forces his actions to control his t

17、houghts. 潮起潮落，冬去春來，夏末秋至，日出日落，月圓月缺，雁來雁往，花飛花謝 How do the author follow the plan of battle before s/he is captured by sadness, self-pity and failure. General Introduction Restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses difference: the degree of restrictiveness Attribute in Chinese: in front of the

18、modified word no difference in terms of restrictive degree In English, oft. complicated attributive clauses In Chinese, seldom long and complicated attributesGeneral Principle Step 1: Splitting Step 2: Determining the position: Try all the cases, retain the better version a. sentence before the main

19、 clause b. sentence after the main clause c. modifiers before the antecedent Translating Techniques1. Inverted before the antecedent (pre-modification) a. He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 沒有吃過苦的人不知道什么是甜。 b. Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are tr

20、ying to explore. 太空和海洋是科學(xué)家們努力探索的新領(lǐng)域。 c. He liked sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜歡熱情活潑的妹妹，而不喜歡冷漠高傲的哥哥。 Translating TechniquesFunctions as descriptive or supplementary informationa. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.

21、他把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。b. We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在此我們對特別委員會表示滿意，特別委員會的工作應(yīng)該受到鼓勵。c. Bernard Shaw was a well-known English playwright, who wrote many plays. 蕭伯納寫過很多劇本， 是英國的一位著名的劇作家。 Translating TechniquesFunctions a

22、s adverbials1) Into adverbial of timea. A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded. 司機(jī)在開車時，不許和人談話，也不能走神。 2) Into Adverbial of causea. He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable. 他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太講話，因

23、為她現(xiàn)在異常無禮，令人厭煩。Translating Techniques3) Into adverbial of conditiona. Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。 4) Into adverbial of concessiona. He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for. 盡管他并沒有這樣的需要，他堅(jiān)持要再買一幢房子。 5) Into adverbial of purposea. He wishes to