英文摘要翻譯

1、The denifition of abstractsw Abstracts is a brief and general statements of the research process, research purpose , research methods and findings w It generally contains:w 1、titlew 2、name of the author w 3、 unit of the author/address w 4、text of the abstract w 5、keywords Structured abtracts(1)目的目的(

2、objective )：A brief description of the purpose of research; shows the scope, content and importance of stucy(2)方法方法(methods)：A brief description of research design ideas, materials and methods used, how to deal with the data 。(3)結(jié)果結(jié)果(results)：A brief description of the major findings ，data ， new dis

3、covery, and the value of its limitations. (4)結(jié)論結(jié)論(conclusion) analysis or discussion of the finding, then the scientific conclusions Translation of Abstracts Since abstracts comprise various types which cover a vast range of categories,we can hardly summarize the translation skills.however,we may pu

4、t forward a few points , and I would like to used the translation of the abtracts of the medical papers as an example to explain them.Translation of titlesw Fetures:have many profesional terms and ofen they are longw For their translation: 1、to be faithful to the original 2、literal translation is ge

5、nerally used methods 3、should pay attention to the relationship between the various componentsw Eg:針刺對(duì)冠心病心絞痛患者左心功能狀態(tài)的影響 w The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris分析分析：“影響”為中心詞中心詞，但它在本文中的意思為“療效療效”, 因?yàn)椤搬槾獭笔欠N治療治療疾病的方法疾病的方法, “針刺的療效”可

6、譯為“acupuncture effect”。“左心功能狀態(tài)”是表類屬的定語，應(yīng)緊跟“影響”，“患者”修飾“左心功能狀態(tài)”，“冠心病心絞痛”修飾“患者”。層層修飾關(guān)系在譯文中均以介詞連接，譯文簡(jiǎn)潔而明晰。The voice of AbtractswIn the translation of medical abstract, often using the third person passive voice w采用Western blotting技術(shù)檢測(cè)37例食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織、癌旁組織、區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)和相應(yīng)正常食管組織中P73蛋白的表達(dá)，并探討與食管臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。w翻譯：翻譯：The e

7、xpression of P73 protein was detected by Western blotting in 37 cases of esophageal tumor tissues、paracancer tissues、regional lymphnodes and matched esophageal normal tissues and their relation to clinical pathologic characteristics of esophageal cancer was explored.w分析：分析：(P73蛋白的)“表達(dá)”和“關(guān)系”是兩個(gè)中心詞，只有

8、使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，才能突出這兩個(gè)詞?！皺z測(cè)”和“探討”都是科學(xué)研究的過程。Tense in abtractsw 論文摘要中所采用的時(shí)態(tài)主要是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)，偶爾也會(huì)出現(xiàn)完成時(shí)。w 功能很明確:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（偶爾有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）使用于摘要的目的與結(jié)論當(dāng)中。對(duì)于摘要的目的，現(xiàn)在常常省略主語，只用不定式短語進(jìn)行表達(dá)。如“to study; to evaluate; to understand”等；一般過去時(shí)（偶爾有過去完成時(shí)）則常常用于摘要的方法和結(jié)果之中 w The preliminary results suggest that the expression of heparanase gene

9、 may be one of the reliable markers for the metastastic activity gained by the lung cancer cells and can be used clinically in predicting the prognosis of patients.w 分析：這是摘要“結(jié)論”中的一句，是論文作者對(duì)研究工作進(jìn)行的總結(jié)，并指出其對(duì)當(dāng)前實(shí)際工作的指導(dǎo)意義，因此使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。當(dāng)然，使用何種時(shí)態(tài)不能一概而論。在翻譯時(shí)，要根據(jù)原文中所要表達(dá)的意思來最后確定。Long and hard sentence in abstrac

10、tsw 英語句子特別強(qiáng)調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，絕大多數(shù)句子需要主語英語句子特別強(qiáng)調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，絕大多數(shù)句子需要主語和謂語。這就要求在漢譯英過程中注意句意的轉(zhuǎn)換，和謂語。這就要求在漢譯英過程中注意句意的轉(zhuǎn)換，學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)會(huì)抓找中心詞抓找中心詞和使用英語中的和使用英語中的各個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞各個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞。w “這些感受器是神經(jīng)末梢，它們嵌入血管壁，根據(jù)該血管擴(kuò)張的程度發(fā)出沖動(dòng)?！眞 翻譯：翻譯：These receptors are nerve endings that discharge impulses according to the extent of stretch in the wall of the vessels

11、 in which they are imbedded.w 分析：分析：原文雖然不是太長(zhǎng)但如果按照中文結(jié)構(gòu)去譯就顯得很幼稚。因此就應(yīng)使用英語中的各個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞及關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)。本句中采用的是定語分譯法定語分譯法即用一個(gè)主即用一個(gè)主句帶上一個(gè)定語從句，該定語從句又帶上它自己的定句帶上一個(gè)定語從句，該定語從句又帶上它自己的定語從句語從句這不僅符合英文習(xí)慣，而且邏輯性很強(qiáng)。整個(gè)譯文層次明晰、流暢自然 Conclusionw1. Be aware of the purpose of the abstract to be translated. Make sure whether it serves to hel

12、p the reader by offering him/her a brief summary of the document, or to provide an abbreviated basis for decision making2.Be familiar with the entire document whose abstract is to be translated. Before settling down to translation work, try to have a global survey of the document, grasping its main

13、idea, major sections and some key words.3.Be succinct （簡(jiǎn)潔） in wording. Abstracts are characterized by their brief and concise nature, and so should be the Chinese version. Faithfulness（忠實(shí)）, Conciseness（簡(jiǎn)明） and Consistency（統(tǒng)一）Principles of Chinese-English Translation of Abstracts By YvonneTranslation

14、 of Index(索引）索引）The key to the translation of indexs lies in tackling proper names of people and places,especially, due attention to the translation of professional terms of different branches of learning. For a certain word of common use in English may have different meanings according to different

15、 specialties and : professions. For instance:“vector” is translated as “向量” in mathematics, but “矢量” in physics; “electric potential” is called “電勢(shì)” in physics,but “電位” in electronics Some words may even have more than a dozen Chinese instance, “l(fā)oad”: 負(fù)荷、負(fù)載、載荷、加載、荷重、輸入、填充，etc.Sometimes, the same En

16、glish term may find sevel Chinese equivalents of the same meaning. For instance, “l(fā)aser”:激射光輻射放大、光受輻射放大、萊塞、激光; “internet”: 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、交互網(wǎng)、國(guó)際網(wǎng)、國(guó)際聯(lián)網(wǎng)、國(guó)際網(wǎng)絡(luò)、英特網(wǎng)、因特網(wǎng)In such case, the standard established version should be we use “激光” for “l(fā)aser”, and “因特網(wǎng)” for “internet”.Translation of Bibliographies(文獻(xiàn)目錄) Gener

17、ally speaking,the translation of bibliographies is unnecessary. However,sometimes we do have to translate them in order to facilitate international titles in Chinese can be classified into five types:1.Titles made up of phrases馬恩早期著作中關(guān)于科學(xué)技術(shù)的思想 Marxs and Engels Views on Science and Technology as Refl

18、ected in Their Earlier Words2.Titles of verb-object structure論蔡鍔 On cai E, a Leader of the Revolt Against the Restoration of Monarchy in 19153.Titles containing a statement農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化是擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ) Modernization of Agriculture as the Material Basics for Enlarged Employment4.Titles with a question mark章太炎是什么派？ The Political Stand of Zhang Taiyan5.Titles plus a subtitle再現(xiàn)人物神韻的典范王佐良譯雷雨欣賞 On Wang Zuoliangs English Version of the Chinese Play ThunderstromOn the other hand ,when dealing with English bibliographic titles, we may use either literal translation or free translation, depending on different cer