句子成分及五種基本句型

1、句子成分及五種基本句型一、句子成分組成句子的各個(gè)組成部分叫句子成分：主、 謂、 表、 賓、 定、 狀 、補(bǔ)1. 主語(yǔ):是一個(gè)句子的主干部分之一,主語(yǔ)表明是“什么人” ， “ 什么事”.通常由名詞,代詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞來(lái)充當(dāng).1.Lucy likes her new bike. 2.We work hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.2 .謂語(yǔ):說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么或怎么樣。通常由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng).動(dòng)詞常分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞.1.they

2、work very hard. 2.Tom likes reading. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ),必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ).They can speak English well. They are playing over there.3. 表語(yǔ)：跟在連系動(dòng)詞后面的詞語(yǔ)或從句,用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份,特征,狀態(tài).My sister becomes a nurse. The trees turn green.The flower is beautiful . To see is to believe .4. 賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么。一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后面.由名

3、詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞和賓語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成.1.We study English. 2.I saw him yesterday.3.He wanted to have a pen. 4.She likes playing basketball.5.Our teacher said that he would go there.雙賓語(yǔ)：指人的是間接賓語(yǔ)，指物的是直接賓語(yǔ)。 He gave me two books. She teaches me English.5. 定語(yǔ):用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞的詞.充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的有：形容詞,形容詞性物主代詞,名詞,不定式,介詞短語(yǔ),不定代詞,從句等. 1、Thi

4、s is a red car. 2、The building is their teaching building. 3、The woman doctor is my wife. 4、I have something to tell you. 5、The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. 6、Every student has an English book. 7、I know the boy who is playing basketball on the playground.6. 狀語(yǔ):說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征修飾用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或整個(gè)句子.副詞

5、,介詞短語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞不定式,以及 after, when, as soon as , until, if, before等引起的從句作狀語(yǔ).1、You are quite right. 2、They often draw in the park. 3、We came here in order to learn English. 4、If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.7. 賓補(bǔ)：補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)。(賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）“賓語(yǔ)+ 賓補(bǔ)”叫復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)有以下幾種類型：1.Jim made his brother cry. 2.I fo

6、und him standing at the gate .3.We made him our monitor.4.He spoke slowly in order to make himself understood.5.We must keep the cold air out of the room6. We found her busy. 練習(xí)題：劃分句子成分。1. The weather changes very often in England.2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 3. Things of a kind comes tog

7、ether.4. He asks me when I will go home.5. There is an old saying that a friend in need is a friend indeed.6. That he is a good student makes us happy.二、英語(yǔ)句子的種類簡(jiǎn)單句 (simple sentence) 并列句 (compound sentence)復(fù)合句 (complex sentence)簡(jiǎn)單句 (simple sentence)A. 只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)Mary opened the door.B. 兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)Steve a

8、nd his friend are coming to dinner. C. 一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)Mary opened the door and greeted the guests.簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型（一）、 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（不及物動(dòng)詞）（S+Vi型）He came. She dances.Birds sing. I cry. He runs.不及物動(dòng)詞本身能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思 后面可以跟副詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等作狀語(yǔ)。如：The machine works smoothly. 機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)順暢。(副詞)He is standing by the window. 他站在窗戶邊。翻譯下列句

9、子。1. 太陽(yáng)在照耀著。 2.你應(yīng)當(dāng)努力學(xué)習(xí)。 3.她昨天回家很晚。 4.那天早上我們談了很多。 5.會(huì)議將持續(xù)兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 6. 每天八時(shí)開始上課。 7. 五年前我住在北京。 8. 愛(ài)麗絲很會(huì)游泳。 9. 秋天有些鳥飛到南方去。 10.我的奶奶早晨起得很早。 （二）、 主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)(S+V+P)I am a student. She looks very young.He is a boy. We become friends.該句型中, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思, 必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ), 才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞有：1. 系動(dòng)

10、詞be。2. 表感官的系動(dòng)詞。如look, sound,taste, smell, feel, seem, appear等3. 表變化的系動(dòng)詞。如become, get, turn, grow,等。4. 表持續(xù)的系動(dòng)詞。如remain, keep, stay,等。作表語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等。如：1.He is a boy. 2.The book is hers. 3.He is tall. 4.John is in good health.5.We were excited at the good news. 6.My hobby is collecting coins.7.The r

11、eason for my failure was that I hadnt put my heart into my study. 翻譯下列句子。1.冬季白天短，夜晚長(zhǎng)。 2.布朗夫人看起來(lái)很健康。 3.十五歲他就成為有名的鋼琴家了。4. 樹葉已經(jīng)變黃了。 5. 這個(gè)報(bào)告聽起來(lái)很有意思。 （三）、主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語(yǔ)(S+Vt+O)I saw her. They like watching TV. I like football. He eats an apple.及物動(dòng)詞本身需要一個(gè)動(dòng)作的接受者(賓語(yǔ)), 才可以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。做賓語(yǔ)的可以是名詞、代詞、不定式等。如：1.Mary

12、 enjoys music. 2.He loves her.3.I want to get your help. 4.I dont know what to do. 5.The old man enjoys living in the countryside. 6.I dont think hes right 翻譯下列句子。1昨晚我寫了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3這本書他讀過(guò)多次了。 4那位先生能流利地說(shuō)三種語(yǔ)言。 5我收到了筆友從澳大利亞寄來(lái)的信。 6Jim 還不會(huì)自己穿衣服。 7我們大家都相信Jack 是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)男孩。 8他不知道說(shuō)什麼好。 9我開窗戶你在意嗎？ 10. 我忘了要

13、在哪兒接她了。（四）、 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)+ 間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ) (S+Vt+IO+DO) (IO indirect object)I gave her a book. She showed her friends all the pictures.該句型中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整的意思。一個(gè)是表示人的間接賓語(yǔ); 一個(gè)是表示物的直接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般在前面, 直接賓語(yǔ)在后面。如：Tom left Mary a message. 湯姆給瑪麗留下了口信。This will save you much time. 這將為您節(jié)約大量的時(shí)間。有時(shí)直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)可以對(duì)調(diào), 這時(shí), 間接賓語(yǔ)前應(yīng)

14、加上介詞to,或 for。1. 主+及物動(dòng)詞+物(直賓)+to+人(間賓)。如：He offered a job to her. 他向她提供了一份工作。I owe my success to you. 我的成功要?dú)w功于您。間接賓語(yǔ)前要用to的常用動(dòng)詞有：give, tell, lend, sell, teach, send, write, show, return, bring, pass, leave, offer, hand等。2. 主+及物動(dòng)詞+ 物(直賓)+for+人(間賓)。如：He ordered some food for the two of them. 他為他們倆點(diǎn)了一些食物

15、。Mother made a nice dress for the little girl. 媽媽給小女孩做了條美麗的裙子。間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞for的動(dòng)詞有：buy， choose, get, make, order, sing, do, play, save等。翻譯練習(xí)：1. Mr Smith教我們數(shù)學(xué)。 2. 奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。3. Mary把錢包交給校長(zhǎng)了。 4. 請(qǐng)把那本字典遞給我好嗎？5. 那個(gè)老人給我們指路。 6. 這個(gè)學(xué)期我已經(jīng)給父母寫過(guò)三封信了。7. 我父親已經(jīng)給我買了一輛新自行車。 8. Robinson Crusoe 給自己做了一只小船。（五）、 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+

16、賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ) (S+Vt+O+OC)I asked Mary to help me. We call our headmaster a wise man.本句型中的動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分，如形容詞、名詞、副詞(僅限少數(shù)幾個(gè))、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ),才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在意義有一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在“意義上”是一種主謂關(guān)系。如：We elected Li Yang our monitor. 我們選李陽(yáng)做我們的班長(zhǎng)。(Li yang is our monitor)The news made us s

17、ad. 這新聞使我傷心。(We were sad)根據(jù)賓補(bǔ)的不同可分為以下幾種情況：1. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+名詞。如：President appointed John manager of Marketing. 總裁任命約翰為營(yíng)銷部經(jīng)理。2. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+形容詞。如：The news made me happy. 那消息使我很高興。3. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)。如：I found myself in dark. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己還蒙在鼓里。4. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式。如：He encouraged her to work harder. 他鼓勵(lì)他努力工作。要求用to d

18、o作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, order, permit, persuade, request, tell, want, warn, wish等。5.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形He always has others wait for him. 他總是要?jiǎng)e人等他。要求用do作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: 使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have等; 感官動(dòng)詞observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, see

19、, watch等。I saw him enter the classroom.6. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+分詞。如：Dont leave the water running after you have washed your hands. I heard my name called. 我聽到有人叫我的名字。I hear her singing the song.7. 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + it + 賓補(bǔ) + 真正賓語(yǔ)。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 我覺(jué)得與你家人相處令人愉快。I think it difficult t

20、o finish the work in two days.翻譯下列句子。1. 我們要使學(xué)校變得更美麗。 2. 他請(qǐng)我們參加游戲。3. 我要你把真相告訴我。 4. 明天我要找人來(lái)修理機(jī)器。5. 每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語(yǔ)。6. 我們必須保持身體健康。(in good condition) 7. 他每個(gè)月理一次發(fā)。 8. 他感到很難跟你交談。9. 我想乘船去那里更舒服些。(六)、There be句型句型“There + be + 主語(yǔ) +定語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)/同位語(yǔ)”, 用以表達(dá)在某處或某時(shí)“存在”某人某物。其中, there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞, 并無(wú)實(shí)際意義; be 與其后的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,

21、有時(shí)態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如：There will be a meeting tomorrow. 明天有場(chǎng)會(huì)議。There used to be a well in the village. 村里過(guò)去有一口井。不同時(shí)態(tài)、情態(tài)的there be句型：1. there used to be .曾經(jīng)有(但現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有了)2. there is/are going to be .將有 3. There has been .已有4. there happens to be .碰巧有5. there seem(s)/ appear(s) to be .好像有6. there is/are likely to be很可

22、能有 7. there must be .一定有翻譯下列句子。1. 這個(gè)學(xué)校有一名音樂(lè)老師 2. 二月份有二十八天。3.下午有大風(fēng)。 4. 過(guò)去這兒有家電影院的。5. 恰好那時(shí)房里沒(méi)人。 6.你和你的好朋友之間一定有誤會(huì)7.碰巧在測(cè)試中有一道數(shù)學(xué)題很難。Exercises:1.Its difficult to get a car (go) on a cold morning.2.I have had my bike (repair) and Im going to have my brother (repair) my radio tomorrow.3.Dont leave the water

23、 (run) while you brush your teeth.4.I saw a thief (steal) a purse from a woman.5.She was found (lie) at the corner,dead.6.When I came in,I found many parents (seat) in the classroom.7.He raised his voice to make himself (hear).8.He shouldnt be made (learn).He always works hard.9.I often hear this so

24、ng (sing),but I have never heard him (sing)it.Listen!I can hear him (sing) it now.10.With a lot of problems (settle),he will have a hard time.11. With a lot of problems (settle),he now feels relaxed.12.With his fans (surround)him,he felt excited.13.It is clear that a thief was seen into the room tha

25、t night. A.went B.go C.going D.to go14.Ill get my secretary the letter. A.copy B.to copy C.copies D.copied15.In the living room,we found her at a desk,with her attention on a book. A.sitting,fixing B.to sit,fixed C.seating,fixing D.seated,fixed16.My parents have always made me . A.feeling well B.fee

26、ling good C.feel well D.feel good17.Ill have Bob you to your room. A.show B.shows C.to show D.showing18.When I read this book,I found some pages . A.missed B.going C.losing D.missing19.We are trying our best to attract visitors and keep them . A.interested B.interesting C.interest D.to interest20.Af

27、ter a knock at the door,he heard his mother him. A.calling B.called C.being called D.to call21.這書很暢銷。22.蛋糕味道很好。23.我不知道明天他是否來(lái)。24.我母親給我買了一塊手表。25.我要你把真相告訴我。26.你必須去理發(fā)。27.我認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)很容易學(xué)。28.下周將有一次會(huì)議。29.有人抓住他在商店里偷東西。30.他出去了，門開著。（一）1.The sun is shining. 2. You should study hard. 3. She went home very late yester

28、day evening/last night. 4. That morning we talked a great deal/a lot. 5. The meeting will last two hours. 6. Classes begin at eight every day. 7. I lived in Beijing five years ago.8. Alice swims very well. 9. In autumn, some birds fly to the south. 10. My grandmother gets up early in the morning. （二

29、）1.In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 2.Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 3At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 4.The leaves have turned yellow. 5.The report sounds interesting. （三）1.I wrote a letter last night. 2.I want to talk with you this afternoon.3.He has read this

30、 book many times. 4.That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.5.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia.6.Jim cannot dress himself. 7.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 8.He did not know what to say. 9.Do you mind my opening the window? 10. I forget where to pick her up. （四）1. Mr Smith teaches us math. 2.Grandma told me a