Oscar Wilde 奧斯卡·王爾德

1、Oscar Wilde(16October185430November1900)wasanIrishauthor,playwrightandpoet.Afterwritingindifferentformsthroughoutthe1880s,hebecameoneofLondonsmostpopularplaywrightsintheearly1890s.Heisrememberedforhisepigrams,hisnovelThe Picture of Dorian Gray,hisplays,aswellasthecircumstancesofhisimprisonmentandear

2、lydeath.Wildes parents were successful Anglo-Irish Dublin intellectuals. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life. At university, Wilde read Greats; he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for his involvement in the rising

3、 philosophy of aestheticism, led by two of his tutors, Walter Pater and John Ruskin. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles. As a spokesman for aestheticism, he tried his hand at various literary activities: he published a book of poems, lectured in the

4、United States and Canada on the new English Renaissance in Art, and then returned to London where he worked prolifically as a journalist. Known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversation, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day.Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Wes

5、tland Row, Dublin (now home of the Oscar Wilde Centre, Trinity College), the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde and Jane Wilde, two years behind William (Willie). Wildes mother, under the pseudonym Speranza (the Italian word for Hope), wrote poetry for the revolutionary Young Ireland

6、ers in 1848 and was a lifelongIrish nationalist. She read the Young Irelanders poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. Lady Wildes interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece and Rome in her home. William Wilde was Irel

7、ands leading oto-ophthalmologic (ear and eye) surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland. He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore.StatueofOscarWildeinMerrionSquare,Dublin.Thematerialsaregranite,g

8、reennephritejade,whitejadeiteandthulite.Trinity College, DublinMagdalen College, OxfordWilde left Portora with a royal scholarship to read classics at Trinity College, Dublin, from 1871 to 1874, sharing rooms with his older brother Willie Wilde. Trinity, one of the leading classical schools, placed

9、him with scholars such as R. Y. Tyrell, Arthur Palmer, Edward Dowden and his tutor, J. P. Mahaffy who inspired his interest in Greek literature. As a student Wilde worked with Mahaffy on the latters book Social Life in Greece. Wilde, despite later reservations, called Mahaffy my first and best teach

10、er and the scholar who showed me how to love Greek things. For his part, Mahaffy boasted of having created Wilde; later, he named him the only blot on my tutorship.The University Philosophical Society also provided an education, discussing intellectual and artistic subjects such as Rossetti and Swin

11、burne weekly. Wilde quickly became an established member the members suggestion book for 1874 contains two pages of banter (sportingly) mocking Wildes emergent aestheticism. He presented a paper entitled Aesthetic Morality. At Trinity, Wilde established himself as an outstanding student: he came fir

12、st in his class in his first year, won a scholarship by competitive examination in his second, and then, in his finals, won the Berkeley Gold Medal, the Universitys highest academic award in Greek. He was encouraged to compete for a demyship to Magdalen College, Oxford which he won easily, having al

13、ready studied Greek for over nine years.OscarWildeatOxfordAt Magdalen, he read Greats from 1874 to 1878, and from there he applied to join the Oxford Union, but failed to be elected.Attracted by its dress, secrecy, and ritual, Wilde petitioned the Apollo Masonic Lodge at Oxford, and was soon raised

14、to the Sublime Degree of Master Mason. During a resurgent interest in Freemasonry in his third year, he commented he would be awfully sorry to give it up if I secede from the Protestant Heresy. He was deeply considering converting to Catholicism, discussing the possibility with clergy several times.

15、 In 1877, Wilde was left speechless after an audience with Pope Pius IX in Rome. He eagerly read Cardinal Newmans books, and became more serious in 1878, when he met the Reverend Sebastian Bowden, a priest in the Brompton Oratory who had received some high profile converts. Debut in societyAmerica:

16、1882London life and marriageAfter graduation from Oxford, Wilde returned to Dublin, where he met again Florence Balcombe, a childhood sweetheart. She became engaged to Bram Stoker and they married in 1878. Wilde was disappointed but stoic: he wrote to her, remembering the two sweet years the sweetes

17、t years of all my youth they had spent together. He also stated his intention to return to England, probably for good. This he did in 1878, only briefly visiting Ireland twice. He had been publishing lyrics and poems in magazines since his entering Trinity College, especially in Kottabos and the Dub

18、lin University Magazine. In mid-1881, at 27 years old, Poems collected, revised and expanded his poetic efforts. The book was generally well received, and sold out its first print run of 750 copies, prompting further printings in 1882. It was bound in a rich, enamel, parchment cover (embossed with g

19、ilt blossom) and printed on hand-made Dutch paper; Wilde presented many copies to the dignitaries and writers who received him over the next few years. The Oxford Union condemned the book for alleged plagiarism in a tight vote. The librarian, who had requested the book for the library, returned the

20、presentation copy to Wilde with a note of apology. Richard Ellmann argues that Wildes poem Hlas! was a sincere, though flamboyant, attempt to explain the dichotomies he saw in himself.KellercartoonfromtheWaspofSanFranciscodepictingWildeontheoccasionofhisvisittherein1882America: 1882Aestheticism was

21、sufficiently in vogue to be caricatured by Gilbert and Sullivan in Patience (1881). Richard DOyly Carte, an English impresario, invited Wilde to make a lecture tour of North America, simultaneously priming the pump for the US tour of Patience and selling this most charming aesthete to the American p

22、ublic. Wilde journeyed on the SS Arizona, arriving 2 January 1882, and disembarking the following day. Originally planned to last four months, it continued for almost a year due to the commercial success. Wilde sought to transpose the beauty he saw in art into daily life. This was a practical as wel

23、l as philosophical project: in Oxford he had surrounded himself with blue china and lilies, and now one of his lectures was on interior design. When asked to explain reports that he had paraded down Piccadilly in London carrying a lily, long hair flowing, Wilde replied, Its not whether I did it or n

24、ot thats important, but whether people believed I did it. Wilde believed that the artist should hold forth higher ideals, and that pleasure and beauty would replace utilitarian ethics.In London, he had been introduced in 1881 to Constance Lloyd, daughter of Horace Lloyd, a wealthy Queens Counsel. She happened to be visiting Dublin in 1884, when Wilde was lecturing at the Gaiety Theatre. He proposed to her, and they married on 29 May 1884 at the Anglican St. James Church in Paddington in London. Constances annual allowance of 250 was generous for a young woman (equi