32張表格搞定英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

1、、名詞I.名詞的種類(lèi)專(zhuān)有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名地名人名團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves,

2、 kni fe-k ni ves, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞， 或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Hen ry-He nrys6以輔音字母加-o 結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-h

3、eroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來(lái)詞加-spia no-pia nos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volca no-volca no es/ volca nos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, mon th-m on ths, path-pa

4、ths2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woma n-wome n, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yua n, jin,3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, tha nks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle, s

5、taff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體） 也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audie nee, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, gover nment, populati on, crew, team, public, en emy, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義Customs（海關(guān)）,forces （車(chē)隊(duì)）,times（時(shí)代）,spirits （情緒），drinks （飲料），sands （沙灘），papers （文件報(bào)紙），manners （禮貌）,looks （外表），brains（頭腦智力），greens （青菜），ruins

6、（廢墟）7表示 “某國(guó) 人”加-sAmerica ns, Australia ns, Germa ns, Greeks, Swedes, Europea ns單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chin ese, Japa nese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改 為-me n,-wome nEn glishme n, Fren chwome n8合成名 詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy frie nds無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分 變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grow n-ups, housewives,

7、stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)wome n sin gers, men serva ntsIII.名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jack s book, her-saw sphoto,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twi ns mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe children s toys, women s rights以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加S或者D

8、icke ns no vels, Charles job, the Smithshouse表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末尾均 須加sJapan s and America s problems, Jane Mary s bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末 力nsJapan and America s problems, Jane and Mary father表示“某人家” “店鋪”，所有格后名 詞省略the doctor s, the barber s, the tailor1.所有格的構(gòu)成:s ands, my uncle2.所有格的用法:表示時(shí)間today s newspaper

9、, five weeks hoday表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth s atmosphere, the tree s branches表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞表示工作群體the country s plan, the worldChina s industrythe ship s crew, majority s view, thevictorys population.team表示度量衡及價(jià)值a mile s journey, five dollars applesworth of與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the life s time, the play s pot某些固定詞組a bird

10、 s eye view, a stone s throw, at one wit s en不知所措）3. of所有格的用法：用于無(wú)生命的東西： the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed二、冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an ），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：1指一類(lèi)人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA pla ne is a machi ne

11、 that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is wait ing for you.3表示每一相當(dāng)于 every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示 相同 相當(dāng)于the sameWe are n early of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某 名人有類(lèi)似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you whe n you were out.That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a

12、 hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so（as, too, how）+ 形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法:1表示某一類(lèi)人或物The horse is a useful ani mal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前the uni verse, the moon, the Pacific Ocea n3表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文

13、提到過(guò)的 人或事Would you mind ope ning the door?4用于樂(lè)器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類(lèi)人the reach, the liv ing, the woun ded6表示一家人”或夫婦”the Gree ns, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)刖He is the taller of the two childre n.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島 的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Fr

14、ench9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was inven ted in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年in the 1990 s代11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí) 間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法:1專(zhuān)有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地 名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, e

15、very 等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日二餐前March, Sun day, Natio nal Day, spri ng4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Li ncoln was made Preside nt of America.5學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類(lèi)，棋類(lèi)名詞前He likes play ing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husba nd and wife,

16、knife and fork, day and n ight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful ani mals.三、代詞:I代詞可以分為以下七大類(lèi):1人稱(chēng)代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, theyr賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞:形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itse

17、lf, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ ano ther, all/ both, n eithe

18、r/ eitherII.不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1. one, some 與 any :1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為 ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don thave any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me so

19、me money?3) some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示 大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each 禾口 every :each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)

20、以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. /Each (of us) has a dictionary. /We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. /Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 禾口 no :no等于not any,作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù) 數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much

21、water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 禾口 another :1) other 泛指另外的，別的常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way。the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為 the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two stud

22、ents in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) an other指又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指別的人或事”如：I don tlike this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither

23、和 eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四、形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1）形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置:1修飾 some,

24、 any, every, no 和 body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞 時(shí)n obody abse nt, everyth ing possible2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形谷詞可置于 有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only soluti on possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置the only pers on awake4 :和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置a huge room s

25、imple and beautiful6形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序:代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前 的形容 詞冠詞指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì) 狀態(tài)大小 長(zhǎng)短 形狀新舊 溫度顏色國(guó)籍 產(chǎn)地材料 質(zhì)地名 詞all both suchthe a this ano ther yoursecond n extone fourbeautiful good poorlarge short squarenew coolblack yellowChin ese Londonsilk stone3）復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成

26、:1形容詞+名詞+edkin d-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-lo ving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分 詞ordin ary-look ing8名詞+過(guò)去分詞sno w-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-work ing9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過(guò)去分詞n ewly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twe nty-yearII.副詞副詞的分類(lèi):1時(shí)間副詞soon, now, early, fin ally, on ce, rece ntly5頻度副詞always, ofte n, freque nt

27、ly, seldom, n ever2地點(diǎn)副詞here, n earby, outside, upwards, above6疑問(wèn)副詞how, where, whe n, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, whe n, where, why, whether, however, mea nwhile4程度副詞almost, n early, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII.形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高

28、級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加 er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。1.同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用asas以及not so(as)as女口： I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a greatdeal 。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“themorethe more”句型。女口： The harder you work, the more progress

29、 you will make.4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如： I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our scho ol is four times the size of yours.表示最高程度的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。 女口： favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 。五、介詞I.介詞分

30、類(lèi):1簡(jiǎn)單介詞about, across, after, aga in st, among, around, at, below, bey ond, duri ng, in, on2合成介詞in side, in to, on to, out of, outside, throughout, upon, withi n, without3短語(yǔ)介詞accord ing to, because of, i nstead of, up to, due to, owing to, tha nks to4雙重介詞from among, from beh ind, from un der, till af

31、ter, i n betwee n5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering（就而論），including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII.常用介詞區(qū)別:1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時(shí)間 n表示段的時(shí)間 on 總是與日 子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的si nee,romsince指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用， from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始3表示時(shí)間的in, afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in,on, toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)， on指與什么毗鄰， to

32、指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示在上”的on,non只表示在某物的表面上 n表示占去某物一部分6表示穿過(guò)”的 through, acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與in有關(guān) across表示在表面上通過(guò)，與 on有關(guān)7表示關(guān)于”的about,onabout指涉及到on指專(zhuān)門(mén)論述8between 與 among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間among用于二者或二者以上的中間9besides 與 except 的區(qū)別besides指除了還有再加上” except指除了，減去什么”不放在句首10表示用”的in, withwith表示具體的工具n表示材料，方式，方法，度里，單位，語(yǔ)言，聲音11as

33、與like的區(qū)別as意為作為，以地位或身份 like為象一樣”指情形相似12n與into區(qū)另廿in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)）into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置六、動(dòng)詞I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有 16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下:現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are aski ngwas/were ask ingshall/will be ask ingshould/would be ask ing完成have/has askedhad askedshall/wi

34、ll have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has bee n aski nghad bee n ask ingshall/will have bee n aski ngshould/would have bee n aski ng2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-f

35、amous writer.（已經(jīng)看過(guò)，且了解這本書(shū)的內(nèi)容 ）2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可 加過(guò)” 了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the no vel last mon th.（只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住）I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示 從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)

36、行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能 用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book.我讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書(shū)。4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式:將來(lái)時(shí)用法例句1will/shall+ 動(dòng)詞 原形表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten n ext year.2be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形含有打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或 表示很有口能要發(fā)生某事It s going to clear up. we re going to have a part

37、y toni ght.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā) 生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south. Are they leav ing for Europe?4be about to +表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生I was about to leave whe n the動(dòng)詞原形的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)bell rang.The meeti ng is about to close.5be to +動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)We re to meet

38、 at the school gate at noon.6般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表 示將來(lái)時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的 事情，可用般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)The meet ing starts at five o clock.The pla ne leaves at ten this eve ning.II.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has bee n asked3一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be asked8過(guò)去完成時(shí)had bee

39、 n asked4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/would be asked9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/would have bee n asked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 的can/must/may be asked注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)be going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。女口：Trees should not be pla nted in summer. / The boy was ma

40、de fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語(yǔ)有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：It is believed thatIt is gen erally con sidered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted thatIt is hoped

41、 that下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The wi ndow wan ts/needs/requires repairi ng.The book is worth read ing twice.The door won t shut. / The play won t actThe clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, en ter, reach, become, ben efit, cost, equa

42、l, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, con sist of, have on, 1 ose heart等等七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答cancould能力（體力，智力，技能） 允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用） 可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定句或疑 問(wèn)句中）can not / cannot /can t docouldn t doCando?

43、Yes,can.No,can t.maymight可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求） 可能，或許（表推測(cè)） 祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not domight not domust必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)）must not/mustn thave to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí) 態(tài)人稱(chēng)變化）don t have to doought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用shouldought not to/oughtn t to doMay do? Yes,may. No,mustn t/can t. Might伽?Yes,mightNo,might not.Must do

44、?Yes,must.No,needn t/don t ha to.Do have to do ?Yes,do. No,don t. Oughtto do ?Yes, ought.No, - oughtn t.veshallshouldwillwould將要，會(huì)用于一三人稱(chēng)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn) 用于二三人稱(chēng)表示許諾、命令、 告、威脅等 應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任） 本該（含有責(zé)備意味）意愿，決心 請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問(wèn)句中 would比 較委婉dare敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）n eedrfn必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）used to過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再）shall not/shan tshould no

45、t/should n dowill not/won t do would no t/would n dodare not/daren tneed not/needn tusedno t/used ndo didn t use to dot/use ntShould do?Will do?Yes,will. No,won t.t.II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must, may, might, could, can 表示推測(cè)：以must為例。must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。

46、1. must肯定，一定語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already a rrived there.2. may和might也許”后者語(yǔ)氣弱，更沒(méi)有把握?？捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň洹e may not be at home. /They might have finished their task.3. can和could可能” could表示可疑的可能性，不及can 語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中。The weather in tha

47、t city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.(推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生)Can he be in the office now? No, he can tbe there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語(yǔ)氣很 強(qiáng)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1. can和be able to:都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)某事終于成功”而can無(wú)法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2.

48、 used to和would: used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：needn t/daren db ; Need/dare do？做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為： need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)to do, don t(doesn t/didn netd/dare to do八、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)、意義及構(gòu)成:非謂語(yǔ)形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不

49、定式to do to be doing to havedoneto be done to have bee n done在非謂 語(yǔ)前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做主、兵、疋、表和狀語(yǔ)分詞現(xiàn)在分 詞doing hav ing donebeing done hav ing bee n done具有副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做疋、表、兵補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分 詞done動(dòng)名詞doing hav ing donebeing done hav ing bee n donesb s doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語(yǔ)II.做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較:情

50、況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做兵語(yǔ) 的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, l ong, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, prete nd, man age, agree, afford, determ ine, promise, happe n只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ) 的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practice, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, preve nt, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, con siderca

51、n t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be en gaged in, in sist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote on eself to, be worth, be busy, pay atte nti on to, stick to兩者 都可 以意義基本相 同beg in, start, like, love, ha

52、te, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）n eed, wan t, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do （指動(dòng)作尚 未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing （指動(dòng)作已 經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do （接著做另外一件 事）go on doing （接著做同一件事）try to do （設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）mean to do

53、（打算做，企圖做）try doing （試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean doing （意識(shí)是，意味著）can t help to do （不能幫忙做）can t help doing （忍不住要做）III.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概 念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, en courage主謂關(guān)系強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I heard him call me several times.have, no tice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成I found her liste ning to the radio.過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly cha n