跨文化商務(wù)溝通復(fù)習(xí)資料(共6頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上跨文化商務(wù)溝通復(fù)習(xí)資料第1章一文化適應(yīng)的四個維度P9Dimensions of AcculturationIntegration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integritySeparation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new cultureAssimilation - persons are absorbed into the

2、ir new culture and withdraw from their old cultureDeculturation - individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture第2章 不作為考試重點第三章一不同文化的人們對待女性，道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及工作的態(tài)度不同P47P56Attitudes Toward Women： Influenced by cultural roots;U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men;Kenya w

3、omen are considered subordinate to men;Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies；U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men;In France, one-f

4、ifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third；The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.Percentage of Women in Top Management Posit

5、ions:The Russian Federation42%，European Union 30%,Australia 23%,United Kingdom 21%,United States20%,Japan 7%.Cultural Attitudes Toward Work:Work ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negatively.U.S. persons value work; executives work-56 hours per week.-take 14 days of v

6、acation a year.European persons work-36 to 41 hours per week.-take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year. Europeans:Relaxed;Vacation during month of August;Do not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.)Australians:Value free time; Value short work wee

7、kJapanese :Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day;Work until their boss leavesAttitudes Toward Ethics:Ethical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness, trust, courage, and responsibility.Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is perc

8、eived to be correct or incorrect behavior by most people in a society.Ethics: The Four-Way Test:Is it the truth?Is it fair to all concerned?Will it build goodwill and better friendships?Will it be beneficial to all concerned?2 個人主義和集體主義P57Individualism - attitude of valuing ourselves as separate ind

9、ividuals with responsibility for our own destinies and actions.Collectivism - emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence.第四章1 文化沖擊的階段P69Stages of Cultural Shock:Stage 1: Excitement and fascination with the new culture; the "honeymoon" stage.Stage 2: Crisis or

10、 disenchantment period; excitement has turned to disappointment.Stage 3: Adjustment phase; you begin to accept the new culture, try new foods, see the humor in situations. Stage 4: Acceptance or adaptation phase; feel at home in the new culture and become involved in activities of the culture. Stage

11、 5: Reentry shock; follows the stages identified earlier: initial euphoria, crisis or disenchantment, adjustment, and adaptation. 2 如何緩解文化沖擊P71P74To alleviate cultural shock, try to see the environment from the perspective of the host nationals.慎重挑選外派人員Alleviating Cultural Shock by Careful Selection

12、 of Overseas Personnel(Sensitive, cooperative, able to compromise;Open to others' opinions;Reaction to new situations; appreciation of cultural differences;Understanding of own values and aware-ness of values in other cultures;Reaction to criticism;Understanding government system;Ability to deve

13、lop contacts in new culture;Patience and resiliency.)提供出國前培訓(xùn)Intellectual or classroom model - involves giving facts about the host country using a variety of instructional methods;Area training or simulation model - emphasizes affective goals, culture specific content, and experiential processes;Sel

14、f-awareness or human relations model - based on the assumption that the trainee with self-understanding will be more effective in the overseas assignment;Cultural awareness model - emphasizes cultural insight and stresses affective goals and an experiential process;Interaction approach - participant

15、s interact with people in the host country;Multidimensional approach - attempts to combine cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of training;提供反饋和獎勵Reward systems include special allowances for housing, hardship, home leave, medical, taxes, etc.Appraisal and reward system must reflect the pur

16、pose and expectations of the assignment (profit or building a presence in the country).Reward system must compensate for what persons are leaving behind and must be based on the idea of equity 發(fā)揮員工的最大潛力Developing Employees to Their Potential:Plan for repatriation, including reasons for the assignmen

17、t and how the employee will contribute to the company upon his/her return.Allow adequate time for readjustment before employee reports to work.Provide appropriate compensation for transition expenses.Assist in locating proper housing.Show appreciation to family for their contributions.第五章1 高語境和低語境的語

18、言P86High Context-Establish social trust first-Value personal relations and goodwill-Agreement by general trust-Negotiations slow and ritualisticLow Context-Get down to business first-Value expertise and performance-Agreement by specific, legalistic -contract-Negotiates as efficiently as possible-Non

19、verbal; cultural aspects are important-Language transmits little of explicit messageExample: Japanese language Chinese language-Restricted code - speech coding system of high-context languages; spoken statement reflects the social relationshipHigh-Context Language特點：-Message is explicit-May be given

20、 in more than one way to assure understanding-Very direct and verbalExample: U.S. English (high-context language viewed as a waste of time)Example: Spanish language-Elaborated code - speech coding system of low-context languages; verbal elaboration is necessary due to few shared assumptionsLow-Conte

21、xt Language特點：2 線性語言和非線性的語言P90Linear Language:Has a beginning and an end;Is logical;Is object oriented;Linear languages look at time on a continuum of present, past, and future (English).Nonlinear Language:Is circular;Is tradition oriented;Is subjective;Nonlinear languages view time as cyclical and

22、seasons as ever-repeating pattern (Chinese and Japanese).3 寓言和諺語P924 語言的性質(zhì)P94How Languages DifferSyntactic Rules arrangement of words in a sentence. Subject, verb, object can be combined in six possible ways. English follows mainly a subject-verb-object order (as do French and Spanish). Japanese and

23、 Korean have the preferred order of subject-object-verb. Hebrew and Welsh follow verb-subject-object. The object does not come first in any language.Meanings - Denotative (Japanese Spider Crab), Connotative (Alaskan King Crab), and Figurative (kicking the bucket)Variations in Verbal Style（了解）Japanes

24、e Verbal Style:The Japanese converse without responding to what the other person says. Emphasis is on nonverbal communication so they do not listen.They prefer less talkative persons and value silence.The Japanese prefer a person say something in as few words as possible.They make excuses at the beg

25、inning of a talk for what they are about to say. They do not want apologies for was already said.They use “yes” to mean many different things.Mexican Verbal Style:The Mexican style seems overly dramatic and emotional by U.S. persons.Mexicans rise above fact; they embellish facts; eloquence is admire

26、d.They like to use diminutives, making the world smaller and more intimate.They add suffixes to words to shrink problems. Mexicans come across as less than truthful.Their rationale involves two types of reality - objective and interpersonal. Mexicans want to keep people happy for the moment. When as

27、ked directions, if they do not know the answer, they will make up something to appear to be helpful.Chinese Verbal Style:The Chinese understate or convey meanings indirectly. They use vague terms and double negatives. Even criticism is indirect.Harmony is very important. During negotiations, the Chi

28、nese state their position in such a way that seems repetitious.They do not change their point of view without discussing it with the group.They speak humbly and speak negatively of their supposedly meager skills and those of their subordinates and their family.Verbal Styles in the Arab World:The Ara

29、bs encourage eloquence and “flowery” prose. They are verbose, repetitious, and shout when excited.For dramatic effect, they punctuate remarks with pounding the table and making threatening gestures.Arabs view swearing, cursing, and the use of obscenities as offensive.They like to talk about religion

30、 and politics but avoid talking about death, illness, and disasters. Emotional issues are avoided.The first name is used immediately upon meeting but may be preceded by the title “Mr.” or “Miss.”German Verbal Style:In the German language, the verb often comes at the end of the sentence. In oral comm

31、unication, Germans do not get to the point right away.Germans are honest and direct; they stick to the facts. They are a low-context people; everything is spelled out.Germans usually do not use first names unless they are close friends (of which they have few).They do not engage in small talk; their

32、 conversations are serious on a wide variety of topics. Avoid conversations related to their private lives.Language Variations in the U.S.Age - some words are specific to an age group (“cool”).Gender - men speak more, they repeat more, and more often than women; women are more emotional and use such

33、 terms as “sweet,” “darling,” and “dreadful.”Race - Black English includes such terms as rapping (a narration to a musical beat). Regional Variations - distinctive language patterns exist between various parts of the United States.5 語言和文化的相互影響P102Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - The main idea is that langua

34、ge functions as a way of shaping a persons experience, not just a device for reporting that experience. Both structural and semantic aspects of a language are involved. Linguistic determinism is the assumption that a persons view of reality stems mainly from his or her language. Ex: The absence of t

35、he word snow in Inuit, the language of the Eskimo people. The language does, however, have numerous words for types of snow, while other languages do not have the equivalent of flaky snow or crusty snow.Bernstein Hypothesis - explains how social structure affects language and is an extension of the

36、Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Bernstein considers culture, subculture, social context, and social system to be part of social structure. Speech emerges in one of two codes - restricted or elaborated. Channels used in the restricted code would be oral, nonverbal, and paralinguistic. Restricted codes would

37、include highly predictable messages. Elaborated codes are used with strangers; involve messages that are low in predictability. Give very explicit information. The verbal channel is important in elaborated codes, while restricted codes make use of nonverbal and paralinguistic cues.第6章 看案例第7章 不考第八章1

38、電子通訊禮儀P157Electronic Communication EtiquetteWhen communicating by telephone, the initial impression is formed more on vocal quality than on words spoken.Good telephone manners include answering the phone promptly, identifying yourself properly, and being courteous at all times.When using voice mail, be brief but compl