英語結(jié)構(gòu)語法之情態(tài)動詞

1、王祖元 英語結(jié)構(gòu)語法之情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞一、結(jié)構(gòu)說明n情態(tài)動詞的基本用法情態(tài)動詞的基本用法n情態(tài)動詞的比較情態(tài)動詞的比較n情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+ +完成時完成時n情態(tài)動詞的情態(tài)動詞的“度度”二、情態(tài)動詞的基本用法二、情態(tài)動詞的基本用法n1.can 和和could的用法。的用法。n(1)表示驚訝，常用在否定句和疑問句中表示驚訝，常用在否定句和疑問句中。nHow could you do such a silly thing?n(2)cannot.too/enough表示表示“無無論論也不過分；也不過分；nYou cant be too careful while driving.(3)表示能力表示能力

2、I can speak English.2may和和might的用法。的用法。n(1)may和和might表示表示“許可許可”，“可能性可能性”，“祝祝愿愿”等意義。等意義。nMay I play basketball this afternoon?nNo，you may not.(2) “may/might as well動詞原形動詞原形”意為意為“最好，倒不如最好，倒不如”。nFor environmental reasons，we may as well take these waste products and have them recycled.n(3)may作作“可以可以”講時，

3、其疑問句的否定回答常用講時，其疑問句的否定回答常用“mustnt/cant”表示表示“禁止禁止”；must作作“必須必須”講時，講時，其疑問句的否定回答用其疑問句的否定回答用“neednt”，表示，表示“不必不必”。nMay I use your car？我可以用你的車嗎？我可以用你的車嗎？nNo，you mustnt.不，不可以。不，不可以。(委婉的拒絕可委婉的拒絕可用：用：Sorry，but I am using it now.或或Youd better not.等等) nMust I work out the problem tonight?n我今晚必須解決這個問題嗎？我今晚必須解決這個

4、問題嗎？nNo，you neednt.不，你不必。不，你不必。3must的用法。的用法。n(1)表示禁止表示禁止(用于否定句用于否定句)。n“You mustnt smoke in the bedroom，”Rose said to her husband and pushed him out of the room.n(2)表示表示“偏執(zhí)偏執(zhí)”，“固執(zhí)固執(zhí)”。nCould I have a word with you，Mum？nOh dear，if you must.n好吧，親愛的，如果你偏要談的話。好吧，親愛的，如果你偏要談的話。nMust you make so much noise?n

5、你非得弄出這么大的聲嗎？你非得弄出這么大的聲嗎？4shall的用法。的用法。n(1)用于第一、第三人稱疑問句中，表示說話用于第一、第三人稱疑問句中，表示說話人征求對方人征求對方nShall we begin our class？nShall the driver wait outside？n(2)用于第二、第三人稱陳述句中，表示說話用于第二、第三人稱陳述句中，表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。人給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。nI promised he shall get a present for his birthday.n我許諾給他一件生日禮物。我許諾給他一件生日禮物。nYou

6、 shall not get my support if you do such a thing.5will和和would的用法。的用法。n(1)表示自愿做或主動提出做什么，如意表示自愿做或主動提出做什么，如意志、愿望或決心等。志、愿望或決心等。would用于過去的用于過去的情況。情況。nJohn promised his doctor he would not smoke，and he has never smoked ever since.(北京高考北京高考)nI have told him again and again to stop smoking，but he will not l

7、isten.n(2)would 可以表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作，可以表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作，比比used to正式，但沒有正式，但沒有“現(xiàn)已無此習(xí)慣現(xiàn)已無此習(xí)慣”的含義。的含義。n Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class.n 去年我們的英語老師常常課后給我們?nèi)ツ晡覀兊挠⒄Z老師常常課后給我們講英語故事。講英語故事。三、情態(tài)動詞的比較n(1)can(具備具備) 和和be able to(具體具體)nI can swim.nLast night, a fire broke out

8、, but they were able to escape.n(2)must(主觀主觀)和和have to(客觀客觀)nYou must go now.nI have to go now, because they are waiting for me.情態(tài)動詞的比較n(3)will(意愿意愿)和和be going to(打算打算)nI will help you whenever you are in trouble.nI was going to your party last Saturday, but I had an unexpected guest.情態(tài)動詞的比較n(4)must

9、 (肯定推測)和 can not (否定推測)nHe must be a teacher.nHe must be sleeping now.nHe must have arrived in Beijing then.nHe can not be a teacher.nHe can not be sleeping now.nHe can not have arrived in Beijing then.nMr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?情態(tài)動詞的比較n(3)wil

10、l和和 shall疑問句疑問句肯定句肯定句will第二人稱第二人稱（征詢意見）（征詢意見）所有人稱所有人稱（意愿）（意愿）shall一三人稱一三人稱（征詢意見）（征詢意見）二人稱二人稱（指令、承諾）（指令、承諾）will和和 shallnI will do it for you.nWill you come right away?nShall he come in or wait outside?nYou shall clean the whole classroom.nFather promises that Tom shall get a new bicycle for his birth

11、day.四、情態(tài)動詞+have donen1can/could have done表示表示“本來可以做，本來可以做，而實際上未做而實際上未做”或者或者“過去可能過去可能”，疑問或否定，疑問或否定形式表示對過去發(fā)生的行為表示懷疑或不肯定，形式表示對過去發(fā)生的行為表示懷疑或不肯定，其中其中cant have done多用于語氣強烈的否定，多用于語氣強烈的否定，意為意為“不可能做過不可能做過”。nShe cant have left school，for her bike is still here.nThe accident could have been avoided.(2)may/might

12、 +have donen表示對過去行為的推測，意為表示對過去行為的推測，意為“可能做過可能做過”。might所表示的可能性比較弱，語氣較委婉。所表示的可能性比較弱，語氣較委婉。此外此外might have done可表示可表示“本可能做而實本可能做而實際上未做際上未做”。nSorrySorry，Im late. I might have turned Im late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.sleep ag

13、ain.nIf it had not been for the traffic jam, If it had not been for the traffic jam, I might have arrived on time.I might have arrived on time.(3)must +have donen表示對過去行為的推測，意為表示對過去行為的推測，意為“一定，想一定，想必必”，語氣十分肯定。，語氣十分肯定。nHe must have completed his work；otherwise，he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the sea

14、side.(4)should +have donen表示過去本來應(yīng)該做某事而實際上卻沒表示過去本來應(yīng)該做某事而實際上卻沒有做；有做；shouldnt have done表示過去表示過去本來不應(yīng)該做某事而實際上卻做了。這本來不應(yīng)該做某事而實際上卻做了。這一用法往往含有責(zé)備的意味。一用法往往含有責(zé)備的意味。nIm not feeling well in the stomach. I shouldnt have eaten so much fried chicken just now.(5)neednt +have donen表示本來不必做某事而實際上卻做了表示本來不必做某事而實際上卻做了.nCat

15、herine，I have cleaned the room for you.nThanks. You neednt have done it.I could manage it myself.五、情態(tài)動詞的“度度”nMustought toshouldmaymight n-When can I get the photos? I need it tomorrow.n-It should be ready by noon.nTom may come tonight. But he is not sure.n第十六組：情態(tài)動詞n151. 他昨天不可能到達(dá)了北京，因為他是昨天晚上出發(fā)的。（否定推測

16、）nHe couldnt have arrived in Beijing. Because he set out last night.n152. 他現(xiàn)在一定在圖書館看書。（肯定推測）nHe must be reading in the library now.n153. 他是進來呢，還是在外面等。（shall）nShall he come in or wait outside.n154. 父親承諾瑪麗在生日一定會得到哈利波特這本書。（shall）nFather promises that Mary shall get Harry Potter on her birthday.n155. 你不

17、必告訴我這件事情，我已經(jīng)知道了。（need）nYou neednt tell me that, Ive known it.n156. 任何人都可能犯錯。（may）nAnyone may make mistakes.n157. Tom今晚也許會來，但他不太有把握。（may）nTom may come tonight, but he is not sure.n158. 令人難以置信的，像他這樣的紳士居然對這位女士如此粗魯。（should）nIt was strange that a gentleman like him should be so rude to the lady.n159. 我有急

18、事要處理，車卻偏偏拋錨了。（must）nI have something urgent to deal with but my car must break down.n160. 他一定已經(jīng)到達(dá)了上海，是嗎？（反意疑問句）nHe must have arrived in Shanghai, hasnt he?解析：解析：考查情態(tài)動詞完成時的用法。表示對過去已考查情態(tài)動詞完成時的用法。表示對過去已發(fā)生動作的一種推測。發(fā)生動作的一種推測。have a hand 意為意為“參與，插參與，插手手”。 答案：答案： may/might/could have had a hand1(湖北高考湖北高考)It

19、 is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones，he_ (可可能參與能參與)in playing the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones.(hand)解析：解析：考查考查must完成式的用法，表示對過去已發(fā)生完成式的用法，表示對過去已發(fā)生的動作做出肯定性推測。的動作做出肯定性推測。stay up意為意為“熬夜熬夜”。答案：答案： have stayed up2(湖北高考湖北高考)He looks sleepy. He must_

20、(熬熬夜了夜了)last night, writing the essay.(stay)3(湖北高考湖北高考)Its said that they have swum to the island from the continent, but they _ (不可不可能做到能做到)because the ocean in between is too wide.(do)答案：答案： cant/couldnt have done so/it/this/that1(2011黃石調(diào)考黃石調(diào)考)Bad luck! But for my illness, I_ (一定在為你送行一定在為你送行) at t

21、he airport now. (see)答案：答案： must be seeing you off2(2011湖北部分重點中學(xué)聯(lián)考湖北部分重點中學(xué)聯(lián)考)The road outside is wet. It _ (準(zhǔn)是一準(zhǔn)是一直在下雨直在下雨) last night. (rain)答案：答案： must have been raining3(2011黃岡中學(xué)二模黃岡中學(xué)二模)My bicycle isnt where I put it. Who _ (可能移動可能移動)? (move)答案：答案： could/might/can have moved4(2011襄陽調(diào)考襄陽調(diào)考)It is

22、already 12 30 now, but Dad hasnt come back. He _ (肯肯定遇到定遇到) the traffic jam on his way home. (catch)答案：答案： must have been/got caught in5(2011湖北省部分重點中學(xué)聯(lián)考湖北省部分重點中學(xué)聯(lián)考) I was on the highway when a car passed me followed by a police car. It _ (肯定一直在肯定一直在) driving at least 150 miles per hour.(must)答案：答案：

23、must have been 6(2011宜昌模擬宜昌模擬)Based on the real story, the film _ (肯定會受到肯定會受到的歡迎的歡迎) the audience all over the country when it is shown. (must)答案：答案： must be popular with 7(2011荊州質(zhì)檢荊州質(zhì)檢)Everyone in my class has passed the exam. Oh, really? It _ (肯定不肯定不難難). (difficult) 答案：答案： cant/couldnt have been d

24、ifficult8(2011宜昌模擬宜昌模擬)Its said that she swam across the river ten years ago.She _ (不可能不可能做到做到) because she was too young. In addition, the river was over 100 meters wide. (swim)答案：答案： couldnt have done so/that9(2011荊州模擬荊州模擬)He _ (該該到了到了) there by now. He left two hours ago and its only a 20 minutes walk.(arrive)答案：答案： should/ought to have arrived10(20