高考英語定語從句講解與練習(課件)

1、定語從句定語從句1定語從句定語從句：2先行詞先行詞：3關系詞關系詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。關系詞通常有下列三個關系詞通常有下列三個作用作用：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。所修飾的先行詞之后。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；關系副詞有等；關系副詞有when,where,why等。等。A、引導定語從句；、引導

2、定語從句；B、代替先行詞；、代替先行詞；C、在定、在定語從句中擔當一個成分。語從句中擔當一個成分。 關系代詞的一般用法關系代詞的一般用法先行詞是人，在從句中作主語用who，作賓語用whom或who，作定語用whose；先行詞是物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語都用which，作定語用of which或whose均可。在限制性定語從句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。關系代詞作賓語時常被省略。This is the man _helped me yesterday. The teacher (_) you want to see is coming. I met a boy _fa

3、ther was a astronaut. Here is the coat _will be made to you. This is the factory (_) we visited last year. He has a book _ cover (=the cover_) is very beautiful. whowho/whom/thatwhosewhich/thatwhich/thatwhoseof which（作定語）（作定語）(作主語)(作see的賓語，可以省略)(作定語)(作主語）(作visited的賓語，可以省略)關系副詞的一般用法關系副詞的一般用法關系副詞有when

4、, where, why，在定語從句中作狀語，分別表示時間、地點和原因。when的先行詞通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等時間名詞；where的先行詞通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地點或情形名詞；why的先行詞只能是reason。關系副詞when和where有時可用“介詞which”代替，why可用for which代替。There are occasions _ one must yield. （屈服）Beijing is the place _ I was b

5、orn.Is this the reason _ he refused our offer?when (=on which)where (=in which)why (=for which)注意注意：先行詞雖然是時間或地點，但若：先行詞雖然是時間或地點，但若在定語在定語從句中作主語或賓語時，要用關系代詞。(1)The factory _his father worked has closed. 比較：The factory _was built in 1978 has closed. (2) Ill never forget the days _ we lived together. 比較：I

6、ll never forget the days (_) we spent in Australia. (3) The reason (_) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 比較：The reason (_ ) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated. where(作狀語)which/that(作主語)when(作狀語)that(作及物動詞spent的賓語)why(作狀語，用關系副詞)that(作gave的賓語，用關系代詞)在定語從句中，關系代詞 which 和 that 都可指

7、物，一般情況下，可以互換使用。但在下列情況下值得注意：只能用只能用that而不能用而不能用which的情形的情形(1) 當先行詞為：all, little, few, much, none 及 some-, any-, no-, every- 與 thing 所組成的復合單詞時，只能用that。如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress.(2)當先行詞前面有當先行詞前面有only,some,any,no,every,little,few,much,all,very等形容詞修飾時，只能等形容詞修飾時，只能用用that。如：。如：Thi

8、s is the only problem that we cant work out. (3) 當先行詞由形容詞的最高級或序數詞修飾時，當先行詞由形容詞的最高級或序數詞修飾時，只能用只能用that。如：。如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. (4) 當先行詞同時包括人和物時，只能用當先行詞同時包括人和物時，只能用that。如：。如：Luxun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. (5) 當先行詞在當先行詞在定語從句中作表語時，

9、只能用that。如：This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. (6) 當主句是以 which 開頭的特殊疑問句時，只能用 that。如：Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? 只能用只能用which而不能用而不能用that的情形的情形(1)當非限制性定語當非限制性定語從句中的先行詞指物時，只能用 which。如： The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. (2)關系代詞前面有介詞時，只能用whic

10、h。如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. (3)先行詞為代詞先行詞為代詞that或或that所修飾時，只能用所修飾時，只能用which。如：。如：I dont take that which is too expensive. who (whom) 和和that的用法區(qū)別詳解的用法區(qū)別詳解 在定語從句中，關系代詞who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情況下，可以互換使用，一、用一、用who (whom) 而不用而不用that的情形的情形(1) 在在非限制性定語從句中的先行詞指人時，只能用w

11、ho (whom)。如：My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. (2) 當定語當定語從句對指人的先行詞進行隔位修飾時，只能用who (whom)。如：Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? (3) 當先行詞為當先行詞為people和和those時，只能用時，只能用who (whom)。Those who want to go ther

12、e come here please. (4)當先行詞為當先行詞為one,ones,anyone,everyone,none,all(指人指人)時，只能用時，只能用who(whom)。如：。如：Anyone who is against us is our enemy. (5)先行詞指人，而先行詞指人，而關系代詞在從句中作主語時，一般多用who。如：The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. (6)在there be句型中名詞的定語從句多用who (whom)。There are student

13、s in our class who / whom you have met. (7)當句子中有兩個指人的現行詞分別帶有兩個定語從句時，若一個定語從句的引導詞為that, 那么，另一個定語從句的引導詞必定為who。如：The boy that you met just now is Li Mings brother who just graduated from a university. 二、用二、用that 而不用而不用who (whom)的情形的情形(1) 當先行詞前面有形容詞的最高級或序數詞修飾時，引導詞只能用that。如：The tallest player that plays f

14、ootball for our team is from Shandong. (2) 當當先行詞前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等詞修飾時，引導詞只能用that。如：He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. (3) 當主句是以當主句是以who開頭的特殊疑問句時，引導詞開頭的特殊疑問句時，引導詞只能用只能用that。如：。如：Who is woman that you talked with just now? (4)thesameas與與the

15、 same thatthe same as所引導定語從句的內容與先行詞同類而不同物；the same that表示所引導的從句內容與先行詞同類同物，即：同一事物。如：She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句 形式上形式上 不用逗號不用逗號“ “ ，”與主句隔與主句隔開開用逗號用逗

16、號“ “ ，”與主句與主句隔開隔開 意義上意義上 是先行詞不可缺少的定語，是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整意思表達不完整 只是對先行詞的補充只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思。仍能表達完整的意思。 譯法上譯法上 譯成先行詞的定語：譯成先行詞的定語：“的的 ” ” 通常譯成主句的并通常譯成主句的并列句列句 關系詞關系詞的使用的使用上上 1. 1. 作賓語時可省略作賓語時可省略1. 1. 不可省略不可省略 2. 2. 可用可用that that 2. 2. 不用不用thatthat 3. 3. 可用可用wh

17、owho 代替代替whomwhom 3. 3. 不可用不可用who who 代替代替whom whom 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句應注意以下幾點：應注意以下幾點：一、 非限制性定語從句通常不能用that引導。如： 1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜歡這本書，這是昨天買的。 2. I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜歡昨天買的那本書。 二、 非限制性定語從句不能用why引導。要用for which代替why。如： 1. I had told them th

18、e reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我已經把理由告訴了他們，為此我沒有去開會。 2. I had told them the reason why I didnt attend the meeting. 我告訴了他們我不去開會的理由。(限制性定語從句“the reason why.”是常見搭配。) 三、 非限制性定語從句置于句首時，不能用which引導。關系代詞as引導非限制性定語從句位置比較靈活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。如： 1. As I expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所預料的，他不相信

19、我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她聽到一個可怕的聲音，這讓她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 四、 非限制性定語從句由“介詞+關系代詞”引導時，其中的關系代詞不能用as。如： 1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花兩萬多美元買了這輛車，他父親對此很生氣。 2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat some

20、time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，隨后我坐著看了一會兒報紙。 五、 在非限制性定語從句中，指人的關系代詞作賓語時，只能用賓格whom; 不能用who替換，也不能省略。如： 1. Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你認識湯姆嗎? 我們談到過他。 2. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 這本書會給你提供所有你需要的資料，它在任何一家書店都能買到。(非限制性定語從句中引導

21、詞在從句中作賓語，無論指人還是指物都不能省略。) 六 Which可指前面整個句子。 The sun sends out light and heat, which makes it possible for living things to exist on the earth.太陽發(fā)出光和熱，這使得生物能夠在地球上生存。 His father is an engineer, _ makes him very proud. for what . which . that . what2.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexp

22、ect.A.whenB.whichC.thatD.itwhich可代替句子可代替句子,用于非限定性定語用于非限定性定語從句從句,而而what不可。不可。that不能用于非限定不能用于非限定性定語從句性定語從句,it不為連詞不為連詞,使由逗號連接的使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。Bas與與which引導非限制性定語引導非限制性定語從句從句的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 這類定語從句只能由 which 或 as 引導。兩者之間的區(qū)別在于：1.which引導的定語從句只能位于主句后，但as引導的從句可位于主句前、中、后。如：David, as you know,

23、is a photograopher. (不可用which)As is often the case, Li Ming is late. (不可用which)2.as在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語通常要有be或別的系動詞，但which不受此限制。如：Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明遲到了，這件事使張先生非常生氣。(不可用as)3.as引導的定語從句只表示一個眾所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。如：He married her, which was unexpected. 他和她結婚

24、了，這是出乎意料的。(不可用as)4.as有“正如”之意，而which則意為“這(件事，一點)”，可用and this/that/it來代替。5.as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(這是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如經常發(fā)生的那樣)，as is known to all(眾所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。注：注：which代表整個句子，還可用于in which case, at which point

25、, on which occasion等。如：I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone you. 我可能得晚點下班，那樣我會給你打電話的。定語從句定語從句(一一).定語從句定語從句構成及種類構成及種類:1.Theschoolwhereweliveandstudylieswestofthetown.2.I,whoamyourEnglishteacher,willtrymybesttohelpyou.限制性定語從句限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句結構：結構：先行詞先行詞+關系詞關系詞+定語從句定語從句 (二二).如何使用

26、引導詞如何使用引導詞:1.關系代詞關系代詞主語主語賓語賓語定語指代人指代人指代物指代物2.關系副詞關系副詞_,_,_who(that)whom(that)whosewhichthatwhichthatwhosewhenwherewhy鏈接高考鏈接高考:1.(2006北京北京)Women_drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeehaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose_dont.2.(2004上海上海)Afastfoodrestaurantistheplace_,justasthenamesuggests,eatingispe

27、rformedquickly.whowhowhere3.(2003北京北京)Wearelivinginanage_manythingsaredoneoncomputer.4.(2005北京春北京春)Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_wevisitedthreemonthsago?5.(1996NMET)AfterlivinginParisfor50years,hereturnedtothesmalltown_hegrewupasachild.when that / which（）where6.(2006福建福建)Lookout!Dontgetclosetothe

28、house_roofisunderrepair.7.(2002上海上海)Isthisthereason_heexplainedtothemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?whose(that/which)1. 關系代詞關系代詞that與與which的不同點的不同點2.介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞引導的定語從句引導的定語從句3. as引導的定語從句引導的定語從句4.一些特殊詞之后定語從句關聯詞的選擇一些特殊詞之后定語從句關聯詞的選擇5.定語從句定語從句與與其它從句、強調句型其它從句、強調句型的比較的比較高考熱點高考熱點1:that與與which的不同點的不同點:

29、A.1).Hehandedeverything_hehadstolen.(1988MET)2).Theonlything_wecandonowistoworkhardatourlessons.3).Thisisthemostexcitingfilm_Ihaveeverseen.4).Theytalkedofthepersonsandthings_theyrememberedintheschool.(that)(that)(that)(that)- 4).Whoistheman_isstandingoverthere?總結總結:下列下列5種情況下種情況下,要用要用that引導引導定語從句定語從句

30、,不能用不能用which.1).當先行詞當先行詞是是all,much,little,something,anything,everything.nothing等不定代詞時等不定代詞時;或者先行詞或者先行詞被被all,much,little,some,any,every,no等詞等詞修飾時修飾時;that2.當先行詞當先行詞被序數詞和最高級修飾時被序數詞和最高級修飾時;3.當先行詞當先行詞被被theonly;thevery;thefirst;thelast等詞修飾時等詞修飾時;4.當先行詞中當先行詞中既有人又有物既有人又有物時時;5.當當主句中有主句中有who或者或者which時時,為了避免重復

31、為了避免重復,定語從句只能用定語從句只能用that引導引導.B.1. (2005浙江卷浙江卷)Jimpassedthedrivingtest,_surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.2.(1998NMET)Wilmabecamethefirstwomantowin3Olympicgoldmedalsintrack,_madehermotherveryproud.3.(2004北京卷北京卷)Luckily,wehadbroughtamapwithout_wewouldhavelostourway.whichwhichwhich-總結總結:下列兩種情況下下列兩種情況下不能用不

32、能用that引導引導定語從句定語從句:1.引導非限制性定語從句引導非限制性定語從句,不能用不能用that;2.關系代詞前有介詞前置關系代詞前有介詞前置時時,不能用不能用that;再如再如:Thisistheclassroom_westudyin.Thisistheclassroomin_westudy.(that/which)which高考熱點高考熱點2:介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞的考查的考查1.(2006湖南卷湖南卷)Wesawseveralnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,_wegavesomebellsandgl

33、asses.A.towhichB.towhomC.withwhomD.withwhich2.(2005山東卷山東卷)Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,_hewentontoCambridge.A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthat3.(2006浙江卷浙江卷)Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst_Ireallyenjoyed.A.ofthatB.ofwhichC.thatD.which4.(2005重慶卷重慶卷)Markwasastudentatthisuniversity

34、from1999to2003,_hestudiedveryhardandwasmadeChairmanoftheStudents Union.A.duringwhichtimeB.forwhichtimeC.duringwhosetimeD.bythattime高考熱點高考熱點3:_1.(NMET)Theteachersetussuchadifficultproblem_noneofusworkedout.(對比對比:Theteachersetussuchadifficultproblem_noneofusworkedout.)2.(2000上海春上海春)Thesehousesaresolda

35、tsuchalowprice_peopleexpected.asthat-as-as引導的定語從句引導的定語從句3.(2001NMET)_isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.總結總結:1.as可以可以引導限制性定語從句，引導限制性定語從句，先行詞中有先行詞中有such,as,so,thesame等詞修飾等詞修飾,構成固定搭配構成固定搭配:suchas;asas.,so.as;thesame.as.同時同時as充當從句的主語充當從句的主語、賓語或者賓語或者表語表語.As2.as還可以還可以引導非限制性定語從句

36、引導非限制性定語從句,代表主句的所有內容代表主句的所有內容,as從句從句放在主句前放在主句前,放在主句后放在主句后.從句動詞經常是從句動詞經常是:see,know,mention.imagine,mention,expect,pointout等詞等詞.as的含義為的含義為“正如正如,像像.一樣一樣”Notes:which也可以也可以引導非限制性定語從句引導非限制性定語從句,代表主句的所有內容代表主句的所有內容,但是但是which從句從句只能放在主句后。只能放在主句后。as與與which引導非限制性定語從句引導非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別的區(qū)別:1.(1998上海上海)Hewasveryrudetot

37、hecustomsofficer,_ofcoursemadethingsevenworse.2.(1999NMET)CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_personallyIdoubtverymuch.3.(2004北京北京)_isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.whichwhichAs4.(2005浙江浙江)_Iexplainedonthephone,yourrequestwillbeconsideredatthenextmeeting.As高考熱

38、點高考熱點4:一些特殊詞之后定語從句關聯詞的選擇一些特殊詞之后定語從句關聯詞的選擇:A.1.(2003上海上海)Icanthinkofmany_studentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldntwriteagoodessay.2.(2007陜西）陜西）Todaywearegoingtodiscussanumberof_beginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.wherewhere3.(2006山東卷山東卷)Wearejustgoingtoreach_bothsides

39、willsittogetherandtalk.4.(2007江西卷江西卷)Aftergraduationshereachedinhercareer_sheneededtodecidewhattodo.但是，有時候需要克服思維定勢，但是，有時候需要克服思維定勢，具體問題具體分析：具體問題具體分析：-Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourself?-Yes,thereisonepoint_wemustinsiston.2006江西卷江西卷wherewhere(that)-B.Peoplewereexcitedatthenews_Chinasucceededinlaunching

40、ChangeOne.2.Thenews_hetoldusmadeusexcited.that同位語從句同位語從句（that/which）定語從句定語從句定語從句定語從句與與同位語從句同位語從句1.1).Hehastwodaughters,bothof_aredoctors.2).Hehastwodaughters,andbothof_aredoctors.2.1._iswellknownthatChinahaslaunchedChangeOnesuccessfully.2._isknowntoall,ChangeOnehasbeenlaunchedsuccessfully.3._isknown

41、toallthatChinahassucceededinsendingupChangeOne.whomthemItAsWhat3.1.Heissuchagoodteacher_wealllikehim.2.Heissuchagoodteacher_wealllike.3.Heisagoodteacher,_weallknow.4.Heisagoodteacher,_makesusrespecthim.thatasaswhich4.1.Isthisthefactory_heworkedfiveyearsago?2.Isthisthefactory_hevisitedtheotherday?3.I

42、sthisfactory_hevisitedtheotherday?where(that/which)theone(that)Littlebylittle,onegoesfarRevision(復習名詞性從句復習名詞性從句):Fillintheblankswithproperwords:1.(2007NMET)_mattersinlearningEnglishisenoughpractice.2.(2006安徽安徽)Awarmthoughtsuddenlycametome_Imightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymothersbirthday.W

43、hat that3.(2007浙江浙江)Whynottryyourluckdowntown,Bob?Thats_thebestjobsare.4.(1996NMET)_wewillgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.5.(1996上海上海)_hashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.whereWhetherWhoever6._makesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.(2006遼寧遼寧)7.Hedidntmake_clearwhenan

44、dwherethemeetingwouldbeheld.(2007天津天津)Whatit談談談談“介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞”的用法的用法 一、用法說明一、用法說明介詞+whom只能指人；介詞+ which只能指物。如：Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour. 瞧，湯姆來啦，我等他等了一個小時。Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dongs birthday party, in which I met a foreigner named Jim. 上周星期六的晚上我去參加了吳東的生

45、日聚會，在會上我會到了一個叫吉姆的外國人。She came into the house, on whose wall there was a portrait of Einstein. 她進入了房間，房子的墻壁上有一張愛因斯坦的畫像。二、注意事項二、注意事項(1)有時，前面的介詞可移到有時，前面的介詞可移到定語從句的中間或后面，此時whom可用who, that代替；which可以用that代替。而且who, whom, which, that都可省略。如：The man with whom you talked just now is our manager. The man who you talked with just now is our manager. 你剛才與他談話的那個人就是我們的經理。He handed me a pen, with which I wrote down my address for him.