EssenceofEducation翻譯譯文

1、 Essence of Education教育的本質(zhì) Robery W. Tracinki1. The essence of education is the teaching of facts and reasoning skills to our children, so that they learn to think.教育的本質(zhì)是向我們的孩子們教授事實(shí)和推理的技能，讓他們學(xué)會(huì)思考。2. Yet almost a century, our schools have been under assault by an approach to education that elevates f

2、eelings over facts. Under the influence of Progressive Education- It is now more important than getting him in touch with the facts of history, mathematics or geography.然而幾乎一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，我們的學(xué)校都在受到一種將感受凌駕于事實(shí)之上的教育方法的攻擊。在進(jìn)步教育的影響下讓學(xué)生了解歷史事實(shí)、數(shù)學(xué)或地理都不如感覺重要。Note:elevate v. to make more important or to improve e.g.

3、They want to elevate the status of teachers.3. "Creative spelling"- in which students are encouraged to spell words in whatever way they feel is correct - is more important than the rules of language. Urging children to "feel good" about themselves is more important than ensuring

4、 that they acquire the knowledge necessary for livingsuccessfully.“創(chuàng)造性的拼寫”鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生以任何他們感覺正確的方式拼寫單詞這比語(yǔ)言規(guī)則更加重要。鼓勵(lì)孩子們對(duì)自己“感覺良好”比確保他們獲得順利生活所必需的知識(shí)更為重要。4. This emotion-centered, anti-reason assault on education has found a new ally: those who believe the literal words of the Bible. The Kansas Board of Educatio

5、n has just excised the theory of evolution from the state's official science standards. Several other states have enacted similar anti-evolution policies, thereby elevating the feeling of religious fundamentalists over theaccumulated evidence of the entire science of biology.這種以情緒為中心、反對(duì)理性的對(duì)教育的攻擊

6、已經(jīng)找到了新的同盟軍：那些相信圣經(jīng)上文學(xué)詞匯的人?？八_斯州教育理事會(huì)剛剛推翻了該州官方科學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的進(jìn)化論。幾個(gè)其他的州已經(jīng)頒布了相似的反對(duì)進(jìn)化政策，從而將原教旨的感受凌駕于整個(gè)生物科學(xué)所累積的證據(jù)之上。Note:Ally n. a person or organization that cooperates with or helps another in a particular activity.Excise v. to remove as if by cutting e.g. The official censors have excised the controversial sect

7、ions of the report.5. These policies do not actually ban the teaching of evolution, nor do theymandate the teaching of “Creationism” -biblical claim that the Earth and all life on it were created in six days. They simply drop evolution from the required curriculum. The goal of thereligious activitie

8、s is to keep studentsignorant of the theory of evolution, or to encourage the teaching of evolution and Creationism side-by-side, as two "competing" theories.這些政策實(shí)際上并不禁止教授進(jìn)化論，他們也不命令教授特創(chuàng)論圣經(jīng)上說(shuō)地球與其上的所有生命是在六天中被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的。他們只是在必修課程中排除了進(jìn)化論?；顒?dòng)的目的是令學(xué)生對(duì)進(jìn)化論的原理保持無(wú)知，或者是鼓勵(lì)同時(shí)教授進(jìn)化論和特創(chuàng)論，把他們作為兩個(gè)相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的理論。命令解除公立學(xué)校

9、中的種族隔離Note:Mandate v. To make mandatory, as by law; decree or require: 制訂一個(gè)訓(xùn)令，如通過法律；發(fā)布命令或要求：e.g. mandated desegregation of public schools.命令解除公立學(xué)校中的種族隔離 .g. Our delegates have been mandated to vote against the proposal at the conference.n. A command or an authorization given by a political electorat

10、e to its representative.授權(quán)：某政治代表機(jī)構(gòu)給它的代表發(fā)出的命令或委任e.g. The President had a clear mandate to end the war.總統(tǒng)得到明確的授權(quán)結(jié)束那場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。e.g. After protracted consideration the national government had decided to ask a mandate from the people.國(guó)家政府經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期考慮后, 決定征求民意。6. Consider what this latter would mean in the classroom.

11、On the one side, teachers would present the theory of evolution, supported by countless observations, all integrated into a comprehensive explanation of virtually every fact in its field.考慮一下后一種做法在課堂上意味這什么吧。一方面，教師將呈現(xiàn)進(jìn)化論的原理，一個(gè)被無(wú)數(shù)觀察者所支持，整合了對(duì)領(lǐng)域每一個(gè)方面解釋的綜合理論。7. On the other side, teachers would present -

12、 what? All that the Creationist view offers is the assertion by would-be authorities that an ancient religious text reveals that 10,000 years ago God created the world in six days. 另一方面，教師將教授什么？特創(chuàng)論信奉者的觀點(diǎn)只是自詡為權(quán)威的人的斷言，即一部古老的書揭示了一萬(wàn)年以前上帝在六天中創(chuàng)造了世界。Note：would-be: wanting or trying to be 想要成為，自稱自詡。 e.g. Ho

13、llywood was full of would-be starlets.譯文：特創(chuàng)論信奉者的觀點(diǎn)只是自詡為權(quán)威的人的斷言，即一部古老的文本揭示了10,000年以前，上帝在六天創(chuàng)造了世界。8. Some of these religious activists claim that they reject the teaching of evolution because it is "unproven," since it lacks "sufficient evidence."一些激進(jìn)分子宣稱他們反對(duì)教授進(jìn)化論，因?yàn)樗拔唇?jīng)證明”，由于它缺乏“充分

14、的證據(jù)”9. Yet their arguments systematically reject the need for proof and evidence. Scientists can point to a billion-year-long fossil record of continuous changes across a11 species as they develop from more-primitive to present-day forms. They can point to the natural variations among members of a s

15、pecies, variations that change from one climate to another as species adapt to their environment. But the Creationist categorically dismisses the evidence - because it contradicts biblical dogma.然而，他們的論點(diǎn)恰好系統(tǒng)地反對(duì)檢驗(yàn)和證據(jù)的需要。科學(xué)家們能夠指出一百萬(wàn)年以來(lái)的化石記錄，它記載了所有物種從原始形態(tài)發(fā)展到今天的形態(tài)的持續(xù)變化。他們能夠指出在中物種成員之間的自然變異，這些為適應(yīng)環(huán)境、隨氣候的變化

16、而發(fā)生的變異。但是特創(chuàng)論的信奉者明確的拒絕這樣的證據(jù)，因?yàn)樗c圣經(jīng)教義相悖。Note:Categorically adv. 絕對(duì)地, 明確地, e.g. One interesting fact is that even people who state categorically they do not believe in mind over matter have themselves been cured by using a placebo.     有趣的是，即使那些明確宣稱根本就不相信意識(shí)支配物質(zhì)的人自己也采用過安慰劑并得到康復(fù)。dogma

17、 n. An authoritative principle, belief, or statement of ideas or opinion, especially one considered to be absolutely true.信條：有權(quán)威的原理、信仰或觀念意見的述，尤指人們認(rèn)為絕對(duì)正確   e.g. “The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present”(Abraham Lincoln)“平靜的過去時(shí)代的那些信條，不適用于暴風(fēng)驟雨式的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)了”(亞伯拉罕·

18、林肯)e.g. This is a action born of dogma rather than good sense.10. The central issue is not whether there is enough scientific evidence to validatea particular conclusion - but whether science as such, rather than faith, is the basis for arriving at conclusions. There can be no scientific debate betw

19、een these two positions. There can be no rational argument between a view that rests on observation and reason, and one that rests on blind faith - i.e., on its adherents'desire to believe something, irrespective of logic. 中心問題不在于是否有足夠的科學(xué)證據(jù)來(lái)證實(shí)某個(gè)特定的結(jié)論而在于科學(xué)本身而非信仰，是否是得到結(jié)論的基礎(chǔ)。在這兩種立場(chǎng)之間不可能有科學(xué)的辯論。一中觀點(diǎn)依

20、靠觀察和推理，另一種觀點(diǎn)依靠盲目的信仰即依靠追隨者相信某件事的渴望而不考慮邏輯，在這兩種觀點(diǎn)之間不可能有理性的爭(zhēng)論。Validatevt. 證實(shí); 證明正確 使生效, 使有法律效力; 批準(zhǔn), 確認(rèn)e.g. validate a passport 使護(hù)照生效(在護(hù)照上簽字)Time validated our suspicion. 時(shí)間證實(shí)了我們的懷疑。as such：表示上文所指明的事或人.；本身e.g. He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是個(gè)孩子，必須被當(dāng)作孩子對(duì)待。adherentn. 追隨者, 擁護(hù)者, 信徒; 膠粘體e.g. the

21、 adherents of materialism 唯物主義擁護(hù)者adherent to the Communist Party 共產(chǎn)黨擁護(hù)者11. If the Creationist approach were taken seriously, what would remain of education? If evidence and reasoning are to be "balanced" by faith or feeling - what, then, would not belong in the curriculum? Even the theory

22、that the Earth is flat has proponents who feel it is true. More to the point, what is to stop teachers from presenting any other nonrational view of the origin of man? Why not give equal time to, say, the Nazi claim the white race descended from the superiorAryans?假如特創(chuàng)論的觀點(diǎn)被當(dāng)真，那教育將剩下什么呢？如果證據(jù)和推理被信仰和感覺

23、所平衡，那么什么將不屬于課程的一部分呢？即使地球是平的這樣的理論也有人認(rèn)為它是正確的。此外，什么將阻止教師教授其他關(guān)于人類起源的非理性觀點(diǎn)？為什么不用同樣的時(shí)間來(lái)講解諸如納粹認(rèn)為白種人是源自高等雅利安人的觀點(diǎn)？to the point：Concerning or with relevance to the matter at hand:切題的，切中的：有關(guān)正在討論的事件的，或與正在討論的事件有關(guān)的：e.g. remarks that were to the point; 和本題相關(guān)的話；rambled and would not speak to the point.隨便地亂講卻不講與本題相關(guān)

24、的Aryann. 亞利安語(yǔ)亞利安人 (在納粹德國(guó)指猶太人以外的白種人, 尤指北歐的)12. The most ominousimplication of the Creationist position is its belief that, in judging the truth of an idea, one can simply ignore rational evidence - if it clashes with one's desire to believe otherwise. This is a disastrous methodology toinculcate

25、in our children - and it is even more dangerous to back it up with the ruling of a government body. 特創(chuàng)論立場(chǎng)最壞的暗示是它相信在判斷一個(gè)想法的真實(shí)性時(shí)，一個(gè)人完全可以忽視理性的證據(jù)只要它與一個(gè)人相信其他事情的愿望相沖突。把這樣的方法論灌輸給我們孩子是災(zāi)難性的而用政府組織的統(tǒng)治來(lái)支持這種觀點(diǎn)則更加危險(xiǎn)。Inculcate v 1) To impress (something) upon the mind of another by frequent instruction or repetiti

26、on; instill:反復(fù)灌輸：通過不斷的說(shuō)明或重復(fù)以加深（某事）在別人心中的印象；灌輸：e.g. inculcating sound principles.反復(fù)灌輸正確的原則2) To teach (others) by frequent instruction or repetition; indoctrinate:諄諄教誨：通過不斷的說(shuō)明或重復(fù)來(lái)教育（別人）；教訓(xùn)：e.g. inculcate the young with a sense of duty.向年輕人灌輸責(zé)任感13. The crucial role of education is to provide young peo

27、ple with the information and methods they need in order to learn how to think independently. Education has liberated mankind from the shackles of myth, superstition and unchallenged tradition. But the prevailing trend - from both the "progressive left" and the "religious right" -

28、 is to reverse this development, by enshrining feeling over facts and faith over reason. 教育的極其重要角色是為年輕人提供能夠使學(xué)會(huì)如何獨(dú)立思考的這些信息和方法。教育已經(jīng)將人類從神話、迷信和未受質(zhì)疑的傳統(tǒng)中解放了出來(lái)。但現(xiàn)在普遍的趨勢(shì)從“進(jìn)步左翼”和“右翼”兩方面來(lái)看都在把感受凌駕于事實(shí)之上，把信仰凌駕于理性之上，這樣做是在倒轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)展的方向。14. If campaigns such as the one against teaching evolution are allowed tosucceed, th

29、e ultimate result will be the extinction of genuine education. 如果類似一個(gè)反對(duì)教授進(jìn)化論的運(yùn)動(dòng)被允許取得成功，最終的結(jié)果將是真正的教育的滅絕。1. From the passage, we know that the genuine education is _learning to think_.A teaching of facts. B teaching of reasoning skills.C learning to think. D both A and B.2. What does the Progressive E

30、ducationemphasize _?A factsB feelingsC the facts of history, mathematics or geography.D facts and feelings3. From the passage, what does the anti-evolution policies really mean_?A they support the teaching of evolutionB they support the teaching of “Creationism”-the biblical claim that the Earth and

31、 all life on it were created in six daysC they support not only the teaching of evolution, but also the teaching of “Creationism”-the biblical claim that the Earth and all life on it were created in six daysD they excise evolution from the required curriculum.4. What is the purpose of religious acti

32、vities_?A. to keep students ignorant of the theory of evolution.B. to encourage the teaching of evolution and Creationism side-by-side, as two “competing” theories.C. to keep students knowing what is “Creationism”D. to excise evolution from the required curriculum.5. Why do the religious activistsre

33、ject the teaching of evolution_?A. because evolution lacks “sufficient evidence.”B. because religious activistsdismiss the evidence.C. because evolution contradicts biblical dogmaD. because the central issue iswhether science as such, rather than faith, is the basis for arriving at conclusions.6. Wh

34、ich proof is not mentioned by Scientists who want to prove evolution is true_?A. billion-year-long fossil record of continuous changes across all species as they develop from more-primitive to present-day formsB. the natural variations among members of a species, variations that change from one clim

35、ate to another as species adapt to their environmentC. both A and B D. evolution lacks “sufficient evidence.”7. There is no scientific debate between these two positions what does the author mean_?A. sciencerests on observation and reason.B. faithrests on blind faith.C. the basis for arriving at con

36、clusions is different between these two positions.D. scienceis enough scientific evidence to validate a particular conclusion.8. For arriving at conclusions, sciencerests on_.9. The ominous implication of the creationist position is_.10. Ifa campaign which is against teaching evolution is allowed to

37、 succeed, it will cause _.第一題，C解析：定位原文第一段The essence of education is the teaching of facts and reasoning skills to our children, so that they learn to think。第二題，B解析：定位原文第二段our schools have been under assault by an approach to education that elevates feelings over facts.Under the influence of Progres

38、sive Education It is now more important than getting him in touch with the facts of history, mathematics or geography.第三題：D.解析：定位原文：第五段These policies do not actually ban the teaching of evolution, nor do they mandate the teaching of “Creationism”-the biblical claim that the Earth and all life on it

39、were created in six days .They simply drop evolution from the required curriculum .第四題：B解析：定位原文：第五段The goal of the religious activities is to keep students ignorant of the theory of evolution, or to encourage the teaching of evolution and Creationism side-by-side, as two “competing” theories.第五題：C解析

40、：第八段Some of these religious activists claim that they reject the teaching of evolution because it is “unproven,” since it lacks “sufficient evidence.”第九段But the Creationist categorically dismisses the evidencebecause it contradicts biblical dogma.第六題：D解析：第九段Scientists can point to a billion-year-lon

41、g fossil record of continuous changes across all species as they develop from more-primitive to present-day forms. They can point to the natural variations among members of a species, variations that change from one climate to another as species adapt to their environment. 第七題:C解析:第十段the central issue is not whether there is enough scientific evidence to validate a particular conclusion-but whether science