中英文語言比 較

1、英 漢 語 言 比 較一 英語重形合 hypotaxis，漢語重意合parataxis 1)作業(yè)寫完了，這下可以看電視了。譯文1：I have finished my homework, so I can watch TV now.譯文2：Since I have finished my homework, I can watch TV now.譯文3：With my homework finished, I can watch TV now.2) 跑得了和尚，跑不了廟。The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away with th

2、em.3)那太陽，整天躲在云層里，現(xiàn)在又光芒四射了。 The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in full splendor.4)冬天來了，春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎？If winter comes, can spring be far behind?5). 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns.6). 墻倒眾人推When a man is going down-hill, everyone will give him a p

3、ush.二主語1英語重物稱impersonal，漢語重人稱personal1). A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.譯文: 他進門時帶進一縷雪茄煙霧。2). The thought of seeing her filled him with fear.譯文: 他一想到要見她，就感到萬分恐慌。3). Not a sound reached our ears.譯文：我們沒聽到任何聲音。4). A great elation overcame them.譯文：他們欣喜若狂。5). Excitement deprived me of all power

4、of utterance.譯文：我興奮得什么話也說不出來。6). The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.譯文：我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點聲音也沒有。7). The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost 10 million migrants to America.譯文：從1840到1880這40年，近一千萬移民移居美國。8). An idea came upon to us.譯文：我們想到一個主意。9）. Fear rooted him to the spot.譯文：他嚇得呆立不動。10）. Gif

5、ts and messages snowed in on her birthday.譯文：生日那天，她受到了大量禮品和賀信。2用it 做主語1）. It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.譯文：我從沒想過他這么不老實。2）. It is not our view that the decision will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East.譯文：我們認(rèn)為此項決定無助于在中東建立持久和平。3）. It is believed that to err is

6、 human, to forgive divine.譯文：人們相信人孰無過，恕過者神。3英語多被動passive，漢語多主動active. 物稱作英語被動句的主語：1). The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.譯文：大火幾乎使這家有名的旅館全部毀滅。2). Great sums of money have been spent in prospecting for oil.譯文：在石油勘探方面，已經(jīng)花了大筆的錢。（無主句）3). Language is shaped by and shapes human

7、 thought.譯文：人的思想形成了語言，而語言又影響了人的思想。4). The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm.譯文：茅屋為秋風(fēng)所破人稱作英語被動句的主語：1）I was recommended by a professor.譯文：推薦我的是一位教授。2）The excellent sportsmen were given a hearty welcome.譯文：優(yōu)秀運動員受到熱烈歡迎。（被動句）三英語動靜皆有，但多靜態(tài), 漢語是動態(tài)語言e.g.他想辦法擺脫了困境。譯文：He thought his way out of t

8、he dilemma.e.g. 我們請她唱了一支歌。譯文：We asked her to sing a song.e.g. 實現(xiàn)理想要靠辛勤勞動。譯文：To translate ideals into reality needs hard work.2英語多用名詞、介詞:1). Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.譯文：黨的干部吃著粗茶淡飯，住著寒冷的窯洞，點著昏暗的油燈，長時間地工作。2). He is a good eater and a good sleeper.譯文：

9、他能吃能睡。3). 他手臂疼痛，脫衣服都很不方便。譯文1：His arms were painful, which made it difficult for him to take off his clothes.譯文2：The pain in his arms made it difficult for him to undo his clothes.（簡練、緊湊）4). 他們違反在赫爾辛基達(dá)成的協(xié)議，在國內(nèi)侵犯基本人權(quán)，所以受到各地?zé)釔圩杂傻娜藗兊淖l責(zé)。譯文1：Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they vio

10、lated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country.譯文2：The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere.5). The very sight of him makes me ne

11、rvous. 譯文：一看見他，我就感到緊張。6). With these words she went away.譯文：她說完這些話就走了。3英語形容詞、副詞表達(dá)中文動詞的意義e.g. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.譯文：你完全不懂你在婚姻方面應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。e.g. The plan may become available during the next decade.譯文：此計劃可能在10年內(nèi)實現(xiàn)。e.g. They are off soon.譯文：他們很快就離開。四英語是前重心，漢語是后重心。1). 揭穿

12、這種老八股、老教條的丑態(tài)給人民看，號召人民起來反對老八股、老教條，這就是五四運動時期的一個偉大功績。(典型的漢語句式: 論據(jù)結(jié)論)譯文1. Its public exposure of ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them were a tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement. (是硬譯, 頭重腳輕, 重心在后)譯文2. A tremendous achievement of the May 4

13、th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them. (符合英語表達(dá)”頭輕腳重”)2). The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder whe

14、n I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.譯文：在我的記憶里，安妮.曼斯菲爾德.沙利文老師來的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。從這一天開始，我的生活和以前迥然不同，一想到這一點，我就感到非常興奮。（英文往往先說個人的感受，再說與感受有關(guān)的動作，最后才說最初發(fā)生的事情。漢語則相反，往往按照事情發(fā)生的順序來敘述，最后才說個人感受）3). 小國人民敢于拿起武器,掌握自己國家的命運,就一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國的侵略.(條件斷言)譯文: The people of a small country

15、can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. (中英文表達(dá)逆向, 英語是斷言條件)4). It was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.譯文：他準(zhǔn)備給我一份工作，這使我大吃一驚。五英文忌諱重復(fù)，所以多用代詞；漢語不怕重復(fù)。1）. Health is above wealth, for t

16、his cannot give so much happiness as that.譯文：健康比財富更重要，因為財富不能像健康那樣帶來幸福。（實稱） 2）. Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking, ones tongues; while writing, ones mind.譯文：閱讀訓(xùn)練人的眼睛，說話訓(xùn)練人的口齒，寫作訓(xùn)練人的思維。（還原）3）. He put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck, and turned his face towards the window.譯文：他放下煙斗，

17、兩手交叉放在脖子后面，轉(zhuǎn)過頭去看窗子。（省略）六英語重后飾back modifier; 漢語重前飾preceding modifier。1）. It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.譯文：借助于想象與持不同意見的人進行辯論，是個很好的辦法。2）. It may be a low-lying stretch with miles of white sandy beach, and no sign of people, very bleached and barren.譯文：那可能是地勢低洼、連綿數(shù)英里、人跡罕至、荒茫貧瘠的白色干沙漠。七英語重時體，漢語輕時體。1）. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow s