動(dòng)詞ing用法歸類(lèi)總結(jié)好

1、英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞ing用法歸類(lèi)總結(jié)動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。-ing形式仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以帶有其所需要的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成-ing短語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞-ing 又分為present participle and gerund.1.-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing還有主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式，而不及物動(dòng)詞的-ing則沒(méi)有被動(dòng)式。現(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例，將其-ing各種形式列表如下：動(dòng)詞 語(yǔ)態(tài)形式及物動(dòng)詞make不及物動(dòng)詞go主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式makingbeing madegoing完成式having madehaving been madeha

2、ving gonea. 一般式:V-ing1). 動(dòng)詞V-ing形式的一般式可用來(lái)泛指一個(gè)動(dòng)作，沒(méi)有特別的時(shí)間意義。Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜歡的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。Learning is important to modern life.學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)現(xiàn)代生活很重要。2). 動(dòng)詞V-ing形式的一般式可用來(lái)表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他們有說(shuō)有笑地走出教室。3). 動(dòng)詞V-ing形式的一般式有時(shí)也可表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前或之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。I remem

3、bered sending him an e-mail last week. 我記得上星期給他發(fā)過(guò)一份電子郵件。He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建議下個(gè)星期天帶我女兒去動(dòng)物園。 b.完成式: having done1.動(dòng)詞V-ing形式的完成式表示一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生或完成在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)用。句中的主語(yǔ)是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)，并且是它所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an

4、 English novel.Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因?yàn)闆](méi)有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及格。注意：在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞V-ing形式的完成式可用一般式來(lái)代替。I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 錯(cuò)過(guò)了這么振奮人心的演講，我真的很遺憾。(=I rally regretted ha

5、ving missed such an exciting lecture.)We remembered seeing the film. 我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。(=We remembered having seen the film.)c. V-ing的被動(dòng)形式being done,表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，而且這個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作也是和句中謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的。它一般在句中作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)用。-ing完成被動(dòng)式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)用。如：The truck being

6、repaired there is ours.The question being discussed is very important.正在討論的問(wèn)題很重要。I cant stand being kept waiting. 我不堪久等。 The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。 Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.

7、 被老師批評(píng)以后，他把煙戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后，作賓語(yǔ)的-ing常用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)含義。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 這本書(shū)很值得一看。d. having done的被動(dòng)形式having been done表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the

8、school library.在被帶去看了實(shí)驗(yàn)室之后，我們又被帶去參觀校圖書(shū)館。e. -ing否定形式: not+ V-ing His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 他沒(méi)來(lái)使在場(chǎng)的每個(gè)人都很失望。2. -ing形式的基本用法。（1）作主語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)與不定式作主語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)序位置方面較相似，但在表達(dá)意思上有差異。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，它已經(jīng)將動(dòng)作名詞化了，已把某個(gè)動(dòng)作視為某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情了，動(dòng)作意義很弱，比較抽象。而不定式作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作意義較強(qiáng)，多指"要是去做某事"，這種動(dòng)作往往是"要發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)

9、作",比較具體。例如： Breathing became difficult at that altitude. 在那個(gè)海拔高度呼吸變得很困難。Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good .早晨朗讀英文會(huì)給你帶來(lái)許多好處。Cheating on an exam ruins one's character .考試作弊毀壞人的性格。It takes me ten minutes to get home from my office .我從辦公室回家要花十分鐘。It needs time to mak

10、e three copies of it .把它復(fù)制三份需要時(shí)間。ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長(zhǎng)，可用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將作主語(yǔ)的-ing后置。如：It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，也常用"It is "和"There is "兩種句型。"It is "的句型常用于說(shuō)明"某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情是如何，如何"。強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的性質(zhì)、特征等。常用于It is后面的詞有：no good , no use , use

11、less , a waste, worthwhile , dangerous等等。句型"There is "往往用于說(shuō)明"不允許、禁止某種活動(dòng)或是某件事情發(fā)生或存在"。類(lèi)似一種建議、命令等。例如：It is no use waiting for him any longer .等他是沒(méi)有用的。It is no good learning without practice .學(xué)而不實(shí)踐是沒(méi)好處的。It is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light . 用這種方法去測(cè)量光速是危險(xiǎn)的。

12、It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again .很值得再向你的指導(dǎo)老師咨詢一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題。There is no joking about such matters .這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded .不能否認(rèn)這個(gè)事實(shí)，中國(guó)自它成立以來(lái)已在各個(gè)方面都取得了飛速的發(fā)展。There is no littering about . 不許亂扔雜物。注意以

13、下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：1Theres no telling what will happen .=Its impossible to tell what will happen . = No one can tell what will happen . 2Its no use talking with him . Its no good speaking to them like that . 3Theres some difficulty ( in ) doing 在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下單詞替換: trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a g

14、ood time , a hard time（2）作表語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞-ing作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)主要說(shuō)明"主語(yǔ)是做什么的、或是怎么回事"， 動(dòng)作意義弱，較抽象；而現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)則主要是表示"主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征等"；不定式作表語(yǔ)卻主要說(shuō)明或解釋"主語(yǔ)（要去）做什么事"，它比動(dòng)名詞更為具體，動(dòng)作意義更強(qiáng)。例如：Her job is washing and cooking.=Washing and cooking is her job. My hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting stamp

15、s is my hobby.The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的問(wèn)題是了解人民的需要。His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （動(dòng)名詞） 他的業(yè)余工作是為那家公司推銷(xiāo)新產(chǎn)品。Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent .（動(dòng)名詞）讀書(shū)當(dāng)然是學(xué)習(xí)，然而運(yùn)用在很大程度上更是學(xué)習(xí)。Their task is ex

16、ploring oil mines in the west . （動(dòng)名詞） 他們的任務(wù)是在西部探查油礦。The situation is very much encouraging .（現(xiàn)在分詞） 形勢(shì)非常令人鼓舞。The story is moving . 這個(gè)故事令人感動(dòng)。His present job is not that stimulating as he expected. （現(xiàn)在分詞） 他現(xiàn)在的工作并不是那么有刺激性。 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)可以與主語(yǔ)交換，而意思不改變，現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)則不可以與主語(yǔ)交換，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在分詞仍然表動(dòng)作，所以在它前面仍然可以使用very 等副詞修飾，現(xiàn)在分詞有“令

17、人”的意思。注意：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語(yǔ)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，特征；進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。是比較：His job is teaching English. 他的工作是教英語(yǔ)。(說(shuō)明工作的內(nèi)容，表語(yǔ)) His job is interesting. 他的工作很有趣。(說(shuō)明工作的特征，表語(yǔ)) He is teaching Japanese at that school. 他在那所學(xué)校教日語(yǔ)。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)) （3）作賓語(yǔ)：作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。a. 常見(jiàn)的用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞：avoid (避免) , admit（承認(rèn)），allow (允許)，cease (停

18、止) , consider (考慮) , deny (抵賴(lài)，否認(rèn)) , keep, miss, consider, permit, forbid, appreciate（感激）,delay (拖延) , postpone (推遲) ,enjoy (喜歡) , endure (忍受) , escape (逃離) , excuse (原諒) , finish (完成) , imagine (想象) , mind (介意、反對(duì)) , miss (錯(cuò)過(guò)) , need (需要表被動(dòng)時(shí)) , want (需要表被動(dòng)時(shí)) require (需要表被動(dòng)時(shí)) , practice (練習(xí)) , risk (冒

19、險(xiǎn)) , stop (停止做某事) , suggest (建議) , can't help (忍不住) , give up (放棄) , keep on (繼續(xù)) , leave off (結(jié)束、省去) , put off (推遲) be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be

20、 used to（習(xí)慣于）, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like，get down to, lead to, be devoted to , devote oneself to, be dedicated to等。例如：She likes drawing very much.He managed to escape suffering from the disease .他設(shè)法避免患那種疾病。After hearing the funny story , all of us couldn'

21、t help laughing ear to ear. 聽(tīng)完了那個(gè)滑稽故事，我們?nèi)滩蛔〈笮α?。Excuse my interrupting you for a while .請(qǐng)?jiān)徫掖驍_你一會(huì)兒。Professor Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter.史密斯教授考慮在學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)下一章之前給他們一份讀書(shū)清單。When he came back home from his night shift , Jason tried to avoid wakening

22、 his family當(dāng)杰遜下夜班回到家時(shí)，他盡力不弄醒他的家人。The suspect denied turning on the computer in the office that night.犯罪嫌疑人否認(rèn)他那晚開(kāi)過(guò)辦公室的電腦。The office needs cleaning thoroughly . ( = to be cleaned thoroughly .) 這間辦公室需要徹底打掃。The roses in your garden want watering .( = to be watered . ) 你花園里的玫瑰需要澆水。為了方便記憶，現(xiàn)總結(jié)一些技巧和口訣： 1通常只

23、能接動(dòng)詞-ing 形式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞(或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))： 建議抵制享受(suggest， advise； resist； enjoy) 考慮承認(rèn)冒險(xiǎn)(consider； admit； risk) 避免推遲實(shí)踐(avoid； delay； practise) 期待成功完成(look forward to； succeed in； finish)b. 有些及物動(dòng)詞后既可用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在意義上差別不大。常見(jiàn)的有：attempt (打算) , begin (開(kāi)始) , can't afford (付不起) , can't bear (無(wú)法容忍) , contin

24、ue (繼續(xù)) , deserve (值得) ,hate (不喜歡) , intend (打算) , like（喜歡） , love (愛(ài)) , neglect (忽略) , prefer (寧愿) , propose (提議) 等。例如：Do you prefer strolling outside or staying inside ( to stroll outside or to stay inside ) ? 你是想在外面散步，還是想呆在室內(nèi) ？I can't afford watching ( to watch ) the game through to the end b

25、ecause I should be at work in thirty minutes .這場(chǎng)比賽我是看不完了，因?yàn)榘胄r(shí)后我要上班。I like playing ( to play ) chess with you , but not today .我喜歡和你下棋，但不是今天。When did you begin learning ( to learn ) English ? 你什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始學(xué)英文的？Maria intended visiting ( to visit ) her parents last weekend , but she caught by something else

26、 . 上周末，瑪莉婭曾打算去看她的父母親，但卻因其他的事而脫不開(kāi)身。C. 有些及物動(dòng)詞后也是既可用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但是兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在意義上存在一定的差別：在like , love , hate , prefer等詞后，若表示強(qiáng)調(diào)"某種愛(ài)好、一般性的傾向"，需用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)；如指某次將發(fā)生的具體行為，則多用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。例如：She likes dancing more than singing .她喜歡跳舞勝過(guò)唱歌。She likes to go dancing with her colleagues this weekend.這個(gè)周末她想和同事一塊兒去跳舞。

27、Men often hate going window-shopping .男人通常不愛(ài)逛商店。Davis hates to talk about that topic at next meeting .戴維斯不想在下次會(huì)議上談那個(gè)話題。She prefers swimming to running . 她喜歡游泳而不喜歡跑步。She prefers to go swimming this afternoon .今天下午她要去游泳。在remember,forget, regret后面，接動(dòng)名詞表示"已發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作"；接不定式表示"現(xiàn)在發(fā)生或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的動(dòng)作"

28、; 。例如：I remember having posted the letter today .我記得今天把那封信發(fā)出去了。I'll remember to post the letter for you .我會(huì)記得幫你將信發(fā)出去的。I regret not telling her the truth before she left .我后悔在她離開(kāi)前告訴她實(shí)情。I regret to say I am not prepared well enough for the new post .很遺憾地說(shuō)，我還沒(méi)有為新的職位作好充分的準(zhǔn)備。在begin , start , 和cease之后

29、，接動(dòng)名詞表示"強(qiáng)調(diào)有意識(shí)地開(kāi)始或停止某動(dòng)作"；不定式則表示"自然、突然地發(fā)生的動(dòng)作"。例如：She began learning to cook before her marriage .她是婚前開(kāi)始學(xué)燒飯的。It began to snow yesterday .昨天開(kāi)始下雪了。They started developing the new product in 1999 .1999年他們開(kāi)始研制那種新產(chǎn)品。 No sooner had we arrived home than it started to rain heavily. 我們剛一到家就下

30、起大雨來(lái)了。He ceased smoking when he got something wrong with his lung .當(dāng)他的肺部出了毛病時(shí)，他停止吸煙了。Electronic games ceased to interested him after he began to work .他參加工作以后，電子游戲不再使他感興趣了。 stop后接動(dòng)名詞表示"要停止動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作"，而后接不定式則表示"終止目前的動(dòng)作去做不定式表示的動(dòng)作" ；try后接動(dòng)名詞表示"試著干某事"，而后接不定式則表示"盡力干某事&quo

31、t; 。例如：Stop talking please . (終止"講話"的動(dòng)作)請(qǐng)不要講話了。Let's stop to take a break . （開(kāi)始"休息"的動(dòng)作）讓我們停下來(lái)休息一會(huì)兒。The boy tried installing his computer and succeed at last . （試著"安裝" ）那個(gè)男孩試著安裝他的電腦，最后成功了。I'll try to finish the composition of the book by October .（盡力"完成"

32、; ）我要盡力在十月以前完成這本書(shū)的寫(xiě)作。try to do something 與manage to do something 的區(qū)別， 前者表示盡力去做并不一定成功，而后者則表示成功了。d. 動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，并與介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)在句子里擔(dān)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，如：I'm looking forward to your coming next time . （作狀語(yǔ)） 我期待著您下一次的到來(lái)。On hearing our delegation in Sydney had won 28 gold medals , all the Chinese people cheered up

33、 with great joy and showed their great respects to our athletes . （作狀語(yǔ)）當(dāng)聽(tīng)到我國(guó)在悉尼的奧運(yùn)代表團(tuán)獲得了28塊金牌時(shí)，全中國(guó)人民都高興地歡呼起來(lái)，并向我們的運(yùn)動(dòng)健兒們表示崇高的敬意。The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad .（作定語(yǔ)）最簡(jiǎn)單的廣告是分類(lèi)廣告。They are against using so many animals in experiments .（作表語(yǔ)）他們反對(duì)用如此多的動(dòng)物去做試驗(yàn)。另外，在說(shuō)明"動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作狀態(tài)"

34、;方面，我們有一般式和完成式。當(dāng)我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)明"動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作"發(fā)生于"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作"之前時(shí)，多用動(dòng)名詞的完成式；如果無(wú)意具體說(shuō)明"動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作"發(fā)生于什么時(shí)候，或是"動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作"與"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作"是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，就只用動(dòng)名詞的一般式。例如：He is fond of watching sports-games .（一般式）他喜歡觀看體育競(jìng)賽。She likes making herself busy all the day .（一般式）她喜歡使自己終日忙忙碌碌的。The secretary was scold

35、ed for not having finished typing the report in time .（完成式）那位秘書(shū)因沒(méi)有按時(shí)將報(bào)告打印出來(lái)而受責(zé)備。I regret having said some rude words to my brother .（完成式）我后悔對(duì)我弟弟說(shuō)了些粗話。We have no idea of their having done such kind of thing（完成式）我們不知道他們干過(guò)這種事情。當(dāng)然，上面所將的也并不是絕對(duì)的。有些動(dòng)詞后（或成語(yǔ)中），我們也可用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示發(fā)生于"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作"之前的"動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作&

36、quot;。例如：I don't remember ever seeing her any time .我不記得曾幾何時(shí)見(jiàn)過(guò)她。He apologized for interrupting us .他因打斷了我們的談話而向我們道歉。Thank you for offering me so much help .感謝你們給我提供了這么多的幫助。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞在句子中的邏輯主語(yǔ)在意義上是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式。 "being + 過(guò)去分詞"是動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式的一般形式；"having + been + " 是動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式的完成形式。例如

37、：People hate being praised for nothing .人們不喜歡無(wú)緣無(wú)故的贊揚(yáng)。The problem is far from being solved .這問(wèn)題遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)得到解決。His being elected our chairman made us think of a lot .他當(dāng)選為我們的主席使我們想起了許多許多。She didn't mind being left alone at home .她不介意被一人留在家里。After having been treated in the special way, he could deal with e

38、verything around him smoothly .他接受了特殊化的訓(xùn)練后，能順利地對(duì)付他周?chē)囊磺?。He can't remember having been scolded by his boss for that matter . 他不記得老板曾為那件事責(zé)備過(guò)他。但是在很多情況下，我們常用動(dòng)名詞的一般被動(dòng)形式；避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式的完成形式，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)使句子顯得累贅。最后，還有一點(diǎn)值得我們注意：want（需要）, need（需要）, deserve（值得）, require（需要）be worth(值得)等詞后，我們用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意思。例如：Your car

39、needs filling . 你這車(chē)要充氣了。This city deserves visiting . 這座城市值得光顧一下。The problem requires studying carefully .這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要認(rèn)真研究。The trees want watering .這些樹(shù)需要澆水了。The book is worth reading . 這本書(shū)值得一讀。既能接不定式，又能接動(dòng)詞-ing 形式，但意思不同的動(dòng)詞或詞組： 即“四'記”“盡力”“停止后悔”。四“記”指“記得、記?。╮emember）”；“忘記（forget）”“計(jì)劃、打算（mean）”；“繼續(xù)（go on)

40、”；盡力指“try”；“停止”“后悔”指stop與regret。do+限定詞（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示“做事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon?作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：Her sister is good at learning physics.； 作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語(yǔ)：This book is well worth reading. ing作賓語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用it作為形

41、式賓語(yǔ)，而將作賓語(yǔ)的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?（4）作定語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的情況并不是很普遍，因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)情況僅限于單個(gè)的動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)。這種情況與單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)有較大的區(qū)別：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)的動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)主要是說(shuō)明被修飾詞的用途等； 而單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)則主要是表示被修飾詞正在做什么。請(qǐng)看下面的比較：swimming pool 游泳池( the pool for swimming) working people 勞動(dòng)人民( the people who ar

42、e working) reading material 閱讀材料 sleeping child 熟睡孩子 walking stick 手杖 floating needle 浮針 opening speech 開(kāi)幕詞 oppressing class壓迫階級(jí) listening aid 助聽(tīng)器 developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 waiting room 候車(chē)室 running water 自來(lái)水 The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing

43、形式作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，如果-ing只是一個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是-ing短語(yǔ)，就位于其修飾的名詞之后，-ing作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)。另外，-ing作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，其動(dòng)作和句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，如果不是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，就不能用-ing作定語(yǔ)，要使用定語(yǔ)從句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.（5）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：下列動(dòng)詞可接v-ing form 作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。a. 感官動(dòng)詞，使役動(dòng)詞：feel, hear, look at, lis

44、ten to, notice, observe , see, watch, have, make可接-ing form 作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I heard her singing in the next door? 當(dāng)時(shí)我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁唱歌嗎？I watched them playing volleyball on the playing ground. 我觀看他們?cè)诓賵?chǎng)上打排球。Dont have your guest standing there and ask him to sit down. 不要讓客人站在那里, 請(qǐng)他入坐。b. 動(dòng)詞find, get, keep, leave, sen

45、d，suggest可接v-ing form 作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I found the missing boy playing by the river. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)失蹤的男孩在河邊玩。We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：當(dāng)-ing在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用時(shí)，句中賓語(yǔ)就是這個(gè)-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)，可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。（6）作狀語(yǔ)：V-ing form 在句子中做狀語(yǔ)，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨、目的

46、、程度和結(jié)果。如：a. 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Having cleaned the house, she went on to help her mother pick apples. 把房子打掃后，她又繼續(xù)幫助母親摘蘋(píng)果。Having had his breakfast, he began to look for work again. 吃過(guò)早餐后，他又開(kāi)始去尋找工作。Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother.其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. b. 作原因

47、狀語(yǔ)Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.Not knowing English, they found it very difficult to communicate with the people in America. 由于不懂英語(yǔ)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)在美國(guó)跟人們交流很困難。Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂?，我不能把這本書(shū)送給他。Getting up late, he missed his early train. 由于起床晚了，他沒(méi)有趕上早班火車(chē)。c.

48、作條件狀語(yǔ)Living in a polluted environment, people may fall ill easily. 如果生活在受污染的環(huán)境中，人們很容易生病。Loving others, you will be loved by others. 如果你愛(ài)他人，你就會(huì)得到他人的愛(ài)。d. 作讓步狀語(yǔ)Being at school or at home, she is a good girl. 不管是在學(xué)校還是在家，她都是個(gè)好姑娘。Talking or acting, he is very honest. 無(wú)論是說(shuō)話還是做事，他都很誠(chéng)實(shí)。e. 作方式狀語(yǔ)He went there

49、riding his bike. 他騎單車(chē)去那里。They make money selling fruits. 他們靠賣(mài)水果掙錢(qián)。f. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)He used to sit there thinking. 過(guò)去他常坐在那里思考。He walked along the river singing in a low voice. 他一邊沿著河邊走一邊低聲唱著歌兒。They stood there for half an hour， watching the stars in the sky. 他們?cè)谀莾赫玖税胄r(shí)，觀察著天上的星星。 Following the old man, the you

50、ng people started walking slowly. 年輕人跟在老人的后面開(kāi)始慢慢地走起來(lái)。g. 作目的狀語(yǔ)。作目的狀語(yǔ)的-ing form 一般是表示所從事的活動(dòng)方面的動(dòng)詞，如：boating, climbing, fishing, hunting, riding, sailing, shopping, shooting, skating, skiing, swimming, walking, washing等 。I often go shopping with mother on Sundays. 星期天我常跟媽媽買(mǎi)東西。Will you please go skating

51、with me this afternoon? 今天下午跟我去滑冰好嗎？h. 作程度狀語(yǔ)。作程度狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞。如：He was caught in the heavy rain and got his clothes soaking wet. 他淋了一場(chǎng)大雨，把衣服全部弄濕了。He wore his thin coat in freezing cold days and fell ill soon. 他在冰冷的天還穿著單薄的大衣，不久就病倒了。i. 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)He cut down the trees in front of his house, having its roo

52、f blown off by strong wind. 他把房前的樹(shù)給砍了，結(jié)果大風(fēng)把房頂刮走了。He died, leaving his wife and children nothing but great debt. 他死了，留給妻子和孩子的只有巨大的債負(fù)。另外，V-ing可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。如： He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)就提前離開(kāi)了。 Besides cooking and

53、 sewing, she had to take care of four children. 除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。 On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息后，所有的學(xué)生都高興得跳了起來(lái)。(7) 作同位語(yǔ)V-ing form 作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，位于同位的名詞之后，且跟前面的名詞用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，表示前面名詞的內(nèi)容。如：His idea, helping farmers get in their crops, interested us very much. 他那幫助農(nóng)民收割莊稼的想法使我們很感興趣。The

54、goal, making two thousand cars this mouth, excites the workers. 本月生產(chǎn)兩千輛小汽車(chē)的目標(biāo)使工人們很興奮。3. -ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 根據(jù)句子意思的需要，有時(shí)須在-ing form 前加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)，這種邏輯主語(yǔ)與-ing form 一起就構(gòu)成了-ing form 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。(1) v-ing form 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式a. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，v-ing form 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是由形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞的所有格與v-ing form 構(gòu)成。如：His ( Li Leis ) singing / writing / painting

55、 attracts many people. 他的唱歌 / 寫(xiě)字 / 繪畫(huà)吸引了很多人。b. 當(dāng)-ing form 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，v-ing form 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可用人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格或名詞的普通格與v-ing form 構(gòu)成。如：The teacher suggested us / our / Li Lei / Li Leis waiting for Wu Dong at the station. 老師建議我們 / 李蕾在車(chē)站等吳東。Do you mind me / my / Li Lei / Li Leis reading aloud in the classroom? 我 / 李蕾在

56、教室里大聲朗讀你介意嗎？動(dòng)詞be的v-ing 形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不管是作主語(yǔ)還是作賓語(yǔ)，它的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)都必須是形容詞性物主代詞或名詞的所有格與v-ing form 構(gòu)成。如(from )：His / The teachers being there made me very tense. 他 / 老師的在那兒使我非常緊張。c. 在there be / stand / lie / exist 結(jié)構(gòu)中，系動(dòng)詞v-ing 形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為：there。而沒(méi)有主格、賓格之分。I didnt enter the room because of there being too many people in it

57、. 由于房間里有很多人，我沒(méi)有進(jìn)去。d. 當(dāng)不定代詞all, both, each, few, some, this等作動(dòng)詞ing 形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，就用它們的普通形式。如：All glittering is not gold. 閃光的不都是金子。I dont like this being cooked this way. 我不喜歡這東西這么煮。(2) V-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的功能： V-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱(chēng)代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+V-ing構(gòu)成，在句子開(kāi)頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，在句子中可作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。a. 作主語(yǔ) 如： His being i

58、ll troubled his parents. 他的生病給他的父母親帶來(lái)了麻煩。Their coming made us very happy. 他們的到來(lái)使我們大家很高興。His coming made us very happy. 他的到來(lái)使我們大家都很高。 b. 作賓語(yǔ)We dont like his coming late. 我們不喜歡他遲到。I dont mind him singing at night. 我不介意他夜里唱歌。He was awakened by someones knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門(mén)聲吵醒了。 c. 作表語(yǔ)What matters most is his acting. 關(guān)系最大的是他的行為。What surprised us most is his speaking. 使我們最吃驚的是他的發(fā)言。4. -ing form 的一些慣用法在英語(yǔ)實(shí)際交際中，還有一些特殊用法或句型。如：(1) There be no doing = It is impossible to do 。如：Th