科技英語中定語從句的替代用法

1、科技英語中定語從句的替代用法 引言 定語從句的替代用法 小結(jié)一、引言一、引言 由于科技英語多用于表達(dá)科學(xué)理論、原理、規(guī)律、概述以及各事物之間錯綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)系，而簡單句常無法完整的表達(dá)出復(fù)雜的科學(xué)思維，因此科技英語常會出現(xiàn)中心詞不只有一個定語對其進行修飾限定的復(fù)雜長句。 為避免反復(fù)使用定語從句致使的句子冗長，科技英語中常會使用起相同修飾限定作用的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞、介詞短語、分詞短語和形容詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)作前置定語或后置定語，來代替定語從句，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊，句子表達(dá)更加精煉。二、定語從句的替代用法二、定語從句的替代用法u替代結(jié)構(gòu)只作前置定語替代結(jié)構(gòu)只作前置定語u替代結(jié)構(gòu)只作后置定語替代結(jié)構(gòu)

2、只作后置定語u替代結(jié)構(gòu)既可以作前置定語又可以做后置定語替代結(jié)構(gòu)既可以作前置定語又可以做后置定語1. 1. 定語從句的替代結(jié)構(gòu)只作前置定語的用法定語從句的替代結(jié)構(gòu)只作前置定語的用法n單個現(xiàn)在分詞單個現(xiàn)在分詞n單個動名詞單個動名詞 單個現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以代替定語從句起同樣修飾限定的作用。 1.1 1.1 動詞的單個現(xiàn)在分詞只作前置定語可代替定語從句動詞的單個現(xiàn)在分詞只作前置定語可代替定語從句doing（主動形式）being done（被動形式）單個現(xiàn)在分詞一般式主要表示“主動”含義，有時還可以表示動作正在進行，可代替謂語為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的定語從句主要強調(diào)動作現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)時正在進行，可代替謂語為一

3、般現(xiàn)在進行時被動形式的定語從句單個現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語有以下兩種情況：l單個現(xiàn)在分詞單獨使用單個現(xiàn)在分詞單獨使用l單個現(xiàn)在分詞與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)單個現(xiàn)在分詞與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 單個現(xiàn)在分詞可單獨使用作前置定語，修飾限定其后中心詞，從而代替定語從句。單個現(xiàn)在分詞單獨使用作前置定語代替定語從句單個現(xiàn)在分詞單獨使用作前置定語代替定語從句Regarding product-specific risk, new FMCC products usually involve less innovation, often modifying an existing product feature suc

4、h as fewer calories, newer flavor, more recyclable packaging, and so forth. modifying a product feature which/that has existed A mobile system must be adaptive to these changing conditions. to these conditions which/that are changing這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常見的單個現(xiàn)在分詞有“existing, naming, opposing, reducing, consuming, le

5、ading, working, following, branding, operating, changing, supporting, conflicting, varying, profiling, pricing, selling, underlying, using, computing”等。單個現(xiàn)在分詞與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作前置定語代替定語單個現(xiàn)在分詞與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作前置定語代替定語從句從句 單個現(xiàn)在分詞除了單獨作前置定語外，還可與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作前置定語，修飾限定其后中心詞。By determining the response of earlier adopt

6、ers, this research helps inform brand-naming decisions for HT innovations. helps inform decisions which/that relate to name brandConsumers deal with unacceptable levels of risk by engaging in risk-reducing strategies. by engaging in strategies which/that can reduce riskThe Dowling and Staelin model

7、is compatible with the conflict theory model of decision making, the information-processing paradigm of consumer choice , and economically based search models. the paradigm of consumer choice which/that relates to process information常見的這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)還有“a rubber-producing country (= a country which produces

8、rubber 生產(chǎn)橡膠的國家), velocity-retarding forces (=forces which retard velocity減速力), sound-absorbing materials (= materials which absorb sound 吸音材料), a fast-growing industry (= an industry which grows fast 迅速發(fā)展的工業(yè)), a deep diving submarine (= a submarine which can dive deeply 深潛水艇) ”等。 單個動名詞的一般式同樣有兩種形式，主動

9、形式doing和被動形式being done，與單個現(xiàn)在分詞的兩種形式一樣。 但單個動名詞作定語時只是表示一種目的或用途，它所修飾的中心詞并不能發(fā)出它所表示的動作。1.2 1.2 單個動名詞只作前置定語代替定語從句單個動名詞只作前置定語代替定語從句a writing instrument 書寫/記錄儀器（“儀器”并不會“書寫/記錄”） an instrument which is used for writinga driving-mirror 駕駛鏡 a mirror which/that is used for driving a receiving set 接收機 a set which

10、/that is used for receiving signalsthe freezing point 冰點 he point at which it freezes2. 2. 定語從句的替代結(jié)構(gòu)只作后置定語的用法定語從句的替代結(jié)構(gòu)只作后置定語的用法n介詞短語介詞短語n動詞的分詞短語動詞的分詞短語n形容詞短語形容詞短語2.1 2.1 介詞短語只作后置定語代替定語從句介詞短語只作后置定語代替定語從句 常見于“with結(jié)構(gòu)”的介詞短語，通常表示所修飾成分的所屬，狀態(tài)等。Accordingly, a new product with a new brand name will likely ca

11、rry more uncertainty and risk than a brand extension, assuming a fit between the brand and the new product. a new product which/that has a new brand nameApplications with hard real-time constraints are more difficult to offload. Applications which/that are set with hard real-time constraintsThis sig

12、nificant difference indicates that these individuals evaluated the incremental smart phone more favorably with a new than an existing brand name. smart phone more favorably which/that has a new than an existing brand name2.2 2.2 動詞的分詞短語只作后置定語代替定語從句動詞的分詞短語只作后置定語代替定語從句 分詞短語只能作后置定語修飾限定中心詞，從而代替定語從句。As a

13、 consequence, consumers are more uncertain about the potential flaws involved in such an immature technology, which are often corrected only in later versions. the potential flaws which involved in such an immature technologyIn total, 2600 posts supplied by 393 individuals were downloaded from the t

14、wo online discussion forums; the total number of posts made by each group was approximately equal. 2600 posts which/that were supplied by 393 individualsthe total number of posts which/that were made by each groupThe characteristics were defined with the help of a group of 11 marketing managers work

15、ing for a large mobile technology company. 11 marketing managers who worked for a large mobile technology company2.3 2.3 形容詞短語只作后置定語代替定語從句形容詞短語只作后置定語代替定語從句 There are many stars larger than the sun. There are many stars which/that are larger than the sun.An example of this is motion parallel to the e

16、arths surface. motion which/that is parallel to the earths surface.Something as small as a worm may be composed of millions of cells. Something that is as small as a worm3.3.定語從句的替代結(jié)構(gòu)既可作前置定語又可作定語從句的替代結(jié)構(gòu)既可作前置定語又可作 后置定語的用法后置定語的用法 在替代定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，單個動詞的過去分詞很特殊，其同樣具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以代替定語從句修飾限定，但它既可以作前置定語，也可以作后置定語。 單

17、個過去分詞主要表示被動含義（即與其相關(guān)的名詞接受該動作），有時還可表示動作的完成，與被修飾詞構(gòu)成邏輯上被動的主謂關(guān)系，因此可以代替謂語為被動或完成的定語從句。3.1 3.1 單個過去分詞可作前置定語代替定語從從句單個過去分詞可作前置定語代替定語從從句 單個過去分詞通常用作前置定語代替定語從句，這時其具有很強的形容詞的特點，強調(diào)的是某種狀態(tài)。單個過去分詞作前置定語有以下兩種情況：l單個過去分詞單獨使用單個過去分詞單獨使用l單個過去分詞與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)單個過去分詞與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 單個過去分詞單獨使用作前置定語代替定語從句單個過去分詞單獨使用作前置定語代替定語從句On the othe

18、r hand, branding theory advocates using established brand names to reduce the perceived risk of a new product purchase. advocates using brand that has been establishedto reduce the risk of a new product purchase that can be perceivedAs mentioned, Klink and Athaide (2010) find that while later adopte

19、rs favor known brands, earlier adopters favor new brand names on FMCG products. find that while later adopters favor brands which/that are knownAs expected, the consumer innovativeness brand name interaction is significant and in the predicted direction ( = 0.053, p b 0.05). in the direction which/t

20、hat is predictedthe unwanted signals 不需要的信號 the signals which/that are not wanteda widely used alloy 一種使用廣泛的合金 an alloy which/that is widely useda radio controlled device 一臺由無線電控制的設(shè)備 a device which is controlled by radio常見的作前置定語的單個過去分詞有“perceived, curved, established, handled, bottled, considered, f

21、avored, implied, related, focused, known, preferred, controlled, selected, predicted, accepted, sophisticated, constrained, limited, distributed, defined, given, wired, proposed, assumed, fixed, started, complicated, identified, oversized”等。單個過去分詞與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作前置定語代替單個過去分詞與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作前置定語代替定語從句定語從句 單個

22、過去分詞除了單獨作前置定語外，還可與名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作前置定語，修飾限定其后中心詞。Computation offloading is a method of saving energy and time on resource-constrained mobile devices by executing some tasks on the cloud. saving energy and time on mobile devices of which the resource is constraineda man-made satellite 一顆人造衛(wèi)星 a satellite

23、which/that has been made by manmotor-driven equipment 電動機驅(qū)動的設(shè)備 equipment which/that is driven by a motor 3.2 3.2 單個過去分詞只作后置定語單個過去分詞只作后置定語 當(dāng)強調(diào)過去分詞所表示的動作概念時，通常將單個過去分詞后置，這時其具有較強的動詞性質(zhì)，加強了分詞所表示的動作概念。另外，當(dāng)單個過去分詞用于回指前句中已經(jīng)被說明的動作時，只能放在被修飾詞后作后置定語。Section 3 describes the research methods employed,which include an experimental study