大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試 重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)資料整理 權(quán)威版 后附試題

1、2012詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料The development of the English Vocabulary1. Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated

2、from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set東部諸語族: Balto-Slavic波羅的-斯拉夫語, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗語族, Armenian 亞美尼亞語族and Albanian阿爾巴尼亞語族; a Western Set: 西部諸語族 C

3、eltic凱爾特語族, Italic 意大利語族, Hellenic希臘語族, Germanic日爾曼語族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普魯士語 Lithuanian立陶宛語 Polish波蘭語 Balto-Slavic波羅的-斯拉夫語 Czech捷克斯洛伐克語 Bulgarian保加利亞語 Slovenian

4、斯洛文尼亞語 Russian Albanian阿爾巴尼亞 Persian波斯語 Hindi北印度語 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗語系 Bengali孟加拉語 Romany，吉卜賽語 Armenian亞美尼亞語 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利語族 Italian Roumanian羅馬尼亞語 FrenchIndo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凱爾特語 Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威語 Icelandic，冰島語 Danish丹麥語 Germanic Swedish瑞典語 日爾曼語言 English

5、 Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希臘語 - GreekChapter 1 A General Survey of A WordThe Definition of Word A word is(1) A minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unity of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and

6、meaning and syntactic function. A word is a smallest unit of a language.1. The development of English vocabulary The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (4491100) The former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo

7、-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.b/ Middle English period (1100-1500) characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration

8、(judge, justice)c/ Modern English period (1500-) the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly liter

9、ary, technical and scientific words2.Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria A. By Origin: native words and loan (borrowed ) words In English language, most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of English langua

10、ge.The fundamental features of the basic word stock are: 1. National character; 2. Stability; 3. Word-forming ability; 4. Ability to form collocations Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing. B

11、. By level of usage 1. Common words ( P11 words connected with ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life: “The repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister very angry.”) 2. Literary words (P12 words are chiefly used in writing, formal speeches, e.g. Feeling fatigued, To

12、m retired early.): a. Archaic words; b. Poetical words See P13 3. Colloquial words: Words used mainly in spoken English, in conversation among friends and colleagues,e.g. “John was fired for petty thieving” 4. Slang words C. By notion: function words and content ( P 17)l function words are short wor

13、ds such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so on, they serve grammatical meaningl Content words have lexical meaning, such as nouns, main verbs, adj and adv.e.g. The passerby was hit by the truck.Chapter 2Word-Structure and Word-Formation(1)1. The definition of morpheme1.1

14、What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morpheme What are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning.1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents of morpheme? 語素 詞素 -形位 2.1 Morphemes may be classified into fr

15、ee and bound. Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known

16、 as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes). Ta

17、sk: (1) Read the following words and find the root in each word. heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly. (2) What is your definition of root? A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been re

18、moved. (3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why?2.2.1 Two types of roots - Free root In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith. - Bound root However, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class o

19、f bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc. these roots cannot be used to form new words.2.2.2 Two types of affixes Affix is a collective term for the type of formati

20、ve (構(gòu)詞成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme.- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to express the following meanings: (1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; en in oxen. (2) the genitive case: e.g. s in boys, childrens. (3) the verbal endi

21、ngs: for example, a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or past participle. (4) the comparative and superlative degre

22、es: e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest, hardest.- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes) can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. (1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots,

23、 but not their parts of speech. task: list some prefixes that can modify the parts of speech. - en-(em-) as in words like embody, enrich - be- as in words like befriend, belittle - a- as in words like asleep, aside (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root, e.g.: darkness, worker. By the addition of t

24、he suffix,morphemefree morphemebound morphemeBound rootinflectional affixesderivational affixesprefixessuffixes the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.2.3 Relationship between the two classifications of morphemesMorpheme It is the minimal meaning

25、ful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.a) Bound morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.What is an allomorph?An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme. 語素/形位變體是同一個(gè)語素的不同形式。l A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.3

26、.5 Morpheme and Word-formation In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在構(gòu)詞法中, 語素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。Ø Two types of affixes: Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes屈折詞綴和派生詞綴n Inflectional affixes function as grammatical markers. 表示詞的語法意義的是屈折詞綴。-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -

27、(e)d,estDerivational affixes or derivational morphemes They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. (1) Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root

28、By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.Root, stem, base 詞根、詞干、詞基A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。n A stem is

29、 that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。n A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem.n 詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。n 詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。n 詞干是所

30、有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。n 詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。 它與詞根有區(qū)別，因?yàn)樗强梢詮呐缮嵌冗M(jìn)行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生詞綴。但是詞根則不容許做進(jìn)一步的分析。詞基與詞干也是不同的，因?yàn)榕缮~綴和屈折詞綴都可以加在詞基上，而只有屈折詞綴可以加在詞干上。Task: Analyse the word in terms of root, stem and base.undesirable (n.): 不是詞根（可再分解）；是詞干（可以加屈折詞綴，如名詞復(fù)數(shù) -s），也是詞基。 free morpheme (自由形位) Morpheme: bound root (粘附詞根)

31、(形位) bound morpheme（粘附形位） inflectional affix（屈折詞綴） affix prefix （前綴） （詞綴） derivational affix （派生詞綴） suffix （后綴）1. Affixation (derivation) 詞綴法 Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, f

32、or new words created in this way are derived from old forms. According to the positions that affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses; prefixation and suffixation.Prefixation: Prefix do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, present

33、-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes. e. g. asleep a (a- + v), encourage V (en- + n), unearth V (un- + n), de-oil V (de- + n), postwar a (post- + n), intercollege a (inter- + n) and others. These make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary T

34、he majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-changing nature. Their chief function is to change the meaning of the stems.Suffixation: Suffixes have only a small semantic role; their primary function is to change the grammatical function of stems. They mainly change the word class. Th

35、erefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into four groups.2. compoundingCompounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a 'lexical unit consisting of more than one ste

36、m and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word' (Quirk et al 1985). Silkworm蠶 and hone-ybee 蜜蜂are compounds; so are tear gas催淚 and easy chair安樂椅. These examples show that compounds can be written solid (silkworm), hyphenated(honey-bee) and open (tear gas and easy chair) A

37、s open compounds are the same in form as free phrases, what is the dividing line between them? 2.1Characteristics of CompoundsCompounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects. 1.Phonetic features In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrase

38、s the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases, e.g.CompoundFree phrasea 'hot1house溫房, 暖房,干燥室a h

39、ot 'housea 'black horsea black 'horsea 'green rooma green 'roomBut these stress patterns of compounds are not absolute. Sometimes, the primary stress may also fall on the second element as in ash-'blonde 灰銀and , bottle- 'green 深綠色的as well as in combining-form compounds, s

40、ocio-lin 'guistic, psycho-a 'nalysis. Therefore, this is not always reliable. 2.Semantic features Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a green hand is an 'inexperienced person', not a

41、hand that is green in colour; red meat refers to 'beef' or 'lamb' rather than any meat that is red in colour; hot dog is by no means a dog that is hot, but a typical American sausage in between two pieces of bread. The meanings of such examples cannot be easily inferred from the two

42、components of the compounds.Nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent, that is the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. Consider the following random examples: disaster- related, flower pot, washing machine, dumb show啞劇, scarlet fever 猩紅熱and many others. But the tw

43、o elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity. 3.Grammatical features A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. Bad-mouth used as a verb can take the third person singul

44、ar -s and the past tense marker -ed, e. g. 'He bad-mouthed me. 苛刻批評' (Bolinger and Sears 1981) Compound nouns show their plural forms by taking inflectional -s at the end, e.g. new-borns, three-year-olds, will-o ' -the-wisps, major generals. 少將 Of course, there are exceptions such as bro

45、thers-in-law, lookers-on . In spite of this their single grammatical role is apparent.In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes, for example:CompoundFree phrasefine art美術(shù)finer art美藝術(shù)red tape官樣文章reddest tape最紅帶子hot linehotter line線路, 航線3. ConversionConversio

46、n is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function

47、, this process is also known as functional shift. Look at the word round in the following sentences: 4a He was knocked out in the first round. 4b Round the number off to the nearest tenth. 4c The neighbours gathered round our barbecue. 4d The moon was bright and round. 4e People came from all the co

48、untry round. (from Lodwig & Barrett 1973)4. Blending拼綴法 4.1 What is blending? Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed from two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms. The result of such a process is called a blend, w

49、hich combines the sounds and the meaning of two others. The majority of blends are nouns, very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. According to structure, blends fall into four major groups. 4.2 Classification of blending Structurally, blends can be subdivided into the following five groups

50、:(1) The first part of the first word + the last part of the second one: head + tail Chinglish, smog(2) First part of the first word + first part of the second word: head + head sci-fi, telecon(3) Whole form of the first word + last part of the second one: word + tail newscast, workfare(4) First par

51、t of the first word + whole form of the second one: head + word heliport, telediagnosis (5) Whole form of the first word + first part of the second one: word+ head skylabv Many blends have only a very short life and are very informal. They are particularly common in commercial and journalistic langu

52、age. 5. ClippingAnother common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the original and using what remains instead. In modern times, people tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up with the tempo of new life style. To save time one is likely to clip words that are