6：雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題上

1、第六講：雅思閱讀 標(biāo)題題（Heading） 王瑩王瑩一、題型要求 文章由若干段話組成，要求給每段話找個(gè)小標(biāo)題。小標(biāo)題即指該段話的段落大意，中心思想，主旨。 題目形式通常是文章中的一段話標(biāo)出小標(biāo)題作為例子，要求選余下段落的小標(biāo)題。給出小標(biāo)題通常是原文的第一段。二、特點(diǎn)：二、特點(diǎn)：位于文章前特別耗時(shí)間開頭容易錯(cuò)錯(cuò)就錯(cuò)兩個(gè)三、掌握段落主旨的兩種方法常用法：分析段落結(jié)構(gòu)，找主題句a)總分結(jié)構(gòu)b)分總結(jié)構(gòu)c)分總分結(jié)構(gòu)d)對(duì)比結(jié)構(gòu)e)并列結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)易法：重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)主旨a)原詞重復(fù)b)同類詞重復(fù)c)指代重復(fù) 總分結(jié)構(gòu)（劍3 Test 2）： All these activities may have dama

2、ging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of mon

3、oculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United St

4、ates, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soils productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. T

5、opsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America. 1demanding environmental impacts(-)2 deforestation(-)分析圖分析圖2 disappearance of old plants(-)2 soil erosion(-)2 contaminate water(-)3 soil erosion4/5 the US6 India and China總分總結(jié)構(gòu)總分總結(jié)構(gòu):劍三劍三TIP3Q31 The Crick and Watson approach to resea

6、rch Antidotes to bacterial infection The testing of hypotheses Explaining the inductive method Anticipating results before data is collected How research is done and how it is reported The role of hypotheses in scientific research Deducing the consequences of hypotheses Karl Poppers claim that the s

7、cientific method is hypothetico-deductive The unbiased researcher Hypotheses arise by guesswork, or by inspiration, but having been formulated they can and must be tested rigorously, using the appropriate methodology. If the predictions you make as a result of deducing certain consequences from your

8、 hypothesis are not shown to be correct then you discard or modify your hypothesis. If the predictionsturn out to be correct then your hypothesis has been supported and may be retained until such time as some further test shows it not to be correct. Once you have arrived at your hypothesis, which is

9、 a product of your imagination, you then proceed to a strictly logical and rigorous process, based upon deductive argument - hence the term hypothetico-deductive.分析圖1 hypotheses can and must be tested2 If the predictions are not shown to be correct (-)3 If the predictions turn out to be correct (+)4

10、 hypothetico-deductive分總結(jié)構(gòu)分總結(jié)構(gòu) List of Headings(i) The effect of changing demographics on organisations(ii) Future changes in the European workforce(iii) The unstructured interview and its validity(iv) The person-skills match approach to selection(v) The implications of a poor person-environment fit

11、(vi) Some poor selection decisions(vii) The validity of selection procedures(viii) The person-environment fit(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational failure An organization is only as good as the people it employs. Selecting the ri

12、ght person for the job involves more than identifying the essential or desirable range of skills, educational and professional qualifications necessary to perform the job and then recruiting the candidate who is most likely to possess these skills or at least is perceived to have the ability and pre

13、disposition to acquire them. This is a purely person/skills match approach to selection.分析圖1 organization, as good as, people2 skills, qualifications, ability3 person/skills match There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year. T

14、he average distance driven by car users is growing too from 8 km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 to 24 km a day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety (TS).SE

15、CTION A The means by which an art form presents its message is referred to as the medium. Thus，sound produced by instruments or human voices is the medium of music. Paint on canvas or paper is the medium of painting. For literature，the medium is written language. For theater, it is a story performed

16、 by actors on a stage. SECTION B Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays，like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel，a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finis

17、hed work；it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play-the scenery, lighting，and costumes-will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the plays effect on the audience. SECTION C The basic encounter in theater

18、is between the performers and the audience. This is a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people，characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theater from other art forms

19、. 分總分結(jié)構(gòu)分總分結(jié)構(gòu) 劍三劍三T1P3Q30 List of Headings The Crick and Watson approach to research Antidotes to bacterial infection The testing of hypotheses Explaining the inductive method Anticipating results before data is collected How research is done and how it is reported The role of hypotheses in scientifi

20、c research Deducing the consequences of hypotheses Karl Poppers claim that the scientific method is hypothetico-deductive The unbiased researcher There is no such thing as an unbiased observation. Every act of observation we make is a function of what we have seen or otherwise experienced in the pas

21、t. All scientific work of an experimental or exploratory nature starts with some expectation about the outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis. Hypotheses provide the initiative and incentive for the inquiry and influence the method. It is in the light of an expectation that some observations are

22、held to be relevant and some irrelevant, that one methodology is chosen and others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and others are not. Where is your naive, pure and objective researcher now?分析圖1 no suchunbiased observation2 Every act of observation3starts with some expectation4 This e

23、xpectation is a hypothesis5 Hypotheses provide6 It is in the light of an expectation7 Where is your researcher now 并列結(jié)構(gòu)并列結(jié)構(gòu) 劍二劍二T3P3 Students who want to enter the University of Montreals Athletic Complex need morethan just a conventional ID cardtheir identities must be proved genuine by an electron

24、ichand scanner. In some California housing estates, a key alone is insufficient to get someone inthe door; his or her voiceprint must also be verified . And soon customers at someJapanese banks will have to present their faces for scanning before they can enter the buildingand withdraw their money.分

25、析圖1 I need more than just a conventional ID card2 a key alone is insufficient to get someone in the door3will have to present their faces for scanning 簡(jiǎn)易法重復(fù)出現(xiàn)是主旨 如果段落結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，又存在大量生詞，可能導(dǎo)致我們難以找到主題句。這時(shí)候“簡(jiǎn)易法重復(fù)出現(xiàn)是主旨”的作用就會(huì)顯現(xiàn)。 如果一段話在不斷重復(fù)某一概念，就說明這段話在圍繞這個(gè)概念展開，這個(gè)概念就是這段話的主旨。 在一段話內(nèi)部重復(fù)出現(xiàn)可以分為三種類型： “原詞”重復(fù)、“同類詞”重復(fù)和“指代”。 同義詞重復(fù)：例如：“job/profession/career”屬于同義詞，可以概括成“work”。而“dance/ballet/cla