高中英語教學(xué)論文 高考英語專題講座-閱讀理解_百度文庫

1、專題講座 閱讀理解不少同學(xué)反映:“老師，做閱讀理解題時，我對文章的語句完全能看懂，可是選答案時卻總出錯，您講一講閱讀技巧吧!”有些老師在讀過一篇文章后發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的判斷與答案有出入時，也深感技巧方面出了故障，經(jīng)過歸納，大體有如下說法：要學(xué)會抓主旨大意；能夠略去不必要的信息；會掠讀、跳讀、不必回讀；能夠根據(jù)題干及作者的意圖在文章中快速搜尋有關(guān)信息上述表述，應(yīng)當(dāng)說沒有錯誤，但學(xué)生們實踐后往往收效甚微。為什么? 因為這些方法沒有抓住中學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)實和實質(zhì)。目前中學(xué)生的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)量不足2000詞（初中1200、高中750），學(xué)生真正掌握并能運(yùn)用的詞匯量則更少。教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定閱讀量至多20萬詞，然而目前高考

2、英語試卷的詞匯要求為30003500詞左右（含派生、轉(zhuǎn)化及合成）。以不足2000詞的詞匯量去讀3500詞為底線的文章，肯定讀不深吃不透，在此基礎(chǔ)上用什么技巧和思路也只能是一個字-“猜”。自然無準(zhǔn)確性可言了。作為一名英語學(xué)習(xí)者，要想突破閱讀關(guān)，在高考中拿高分，要解決“三量”，即詞匯量-3500 詞；閱讀量-35萬詞，也即1000篇300余詞的短文；閱讀質(zhì)量-能本著信達(dá)雅的原則用中文說出文意。1詞匯量詞匯量的3500詞包括常見詞及詞組和日常會話中的單詞、詞組，最常見的涉及文化、科普、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)，甚至軍事的詞。同時還要會認(rèn)、會用派生，包括前綴和后綴。比如近年高考中就出現(xiàn)過的inexpensive ，

3、 unthinkable ， computerize。要真正做到會認(rèn)、會用，就必須多讀文章，細(xì)讀文章，在大量認(rèn)讀中逐步加深前后綴的印象，逐步積累生詞。平日學(xué)習(xí)新詞時，要善于運(yùn)用不同方法加強(qiáng)記憶，擴(kuò)大詞匯量。比如可以采用摘葡萄法、歸納法、聯(lián)想法等。摘葡萄法就是把相互聯(lián)系的詞串到一起，比如當(dāng)我們學(xué)習(xí)shoulder 時，應(yīng)聯(lián)想到arm ， elbow， wrist， fist， hand， palm， finger， thumb， index，finger ，middle ，finger ， ring，finger ， little，finger ，甚至foe 。歸納法則可把那些形相近意相遠(yuǎn)的詞聯(lián)

4、系到一起，如medal ， model， metal， mental； violet紫羅蘭， violent， violate兇暴。聯(lián)想法是指在學(xué)習(xí)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個詞聯(lián)想到與它相關(guān)的詞，比如當(dāng)我們見到physical labor時，可聯(lián)想到“腦力勞動”，從而查找到mental labor。具體可參見以前發(fā)過的詞匯擴(kuò)展2閱讀量閱讀量是指300余詞的短文，至少要讀1000篇?？紤]到高三現(xiàn)狀，讀小說有一定困難，讀短文是個好辦法。一方面可選取閱讀理解書目上的文章，另一方面可讀21世紀(jì)報及21世紀(jì)報中學(xué)生版上的文章。因為這些文章篇幅不長，緊密聯(lián)系生活實際，涵蓋社會現(xiàn)實和天下大事，可讀性很強(qiáng)。到高三的第二學(xué)

5、期才動手，也不算晚，那必須把閱讀量加大到每天五篇，這樣才能見成效。3閱讀質(zhì)量閱讀質(zhì)量含五步。第一步讀文章做理解題。第二步是出聲朗讀其中的一段，而且必須注意語音、語調(diào)、重讀、弱讀、連讀、失去爆破和清輔音濁化。目前中學(xué)生上高中后發(fā)聲朗讀訓(xùn)練的機(jī)會越來越少，從上邊七項要求自己的機(jī)會則幾乎沒有，高考中的聽力自然得分不高。因為聽力中的對話與朗讀是依照前邊提到的七大要點(diǎn)錄制的。第三步是用筆劃一劃你認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)記住的詞、詞組、短語，較好的句子。認(rèn)真劃，劃得越多則說明讀者的心越細(xì)，隨著時間的推移，若劃的越來越少了，說明水平也提高了。第四步是注意一下邊邊角角的知識，因為它有助于你對文章的理解，有助于短文寫作中的應(yīng)用

6、。比如2001年高考E 篇文章的第七段中有Even when a man is said to be a best friend ， the two share little about their innermost feelings Where as a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage根據(jù)句意我們知道，where as=however，或but ，這種關(guān)聯(lián)詞在文章中常常起到承上啟下的作用。高中畢業(yè)生在高考的短文寫作中常出現(xiàn)這樣一種情況，單看每個句子

7、不存在問題，但就是上下連貫不到一起。這其中的重要毛病是不會使用像where as這樣的詞及相關(guān)短語。而這些技能的養(yǎng)成不是靠教師課堂上講的，也不是靠日?？陬^說才會的，主要依靠平日閱讀中細(xì)心理解，出聲朗讀，寫作中使用。第五步在前面已談到，讀過一篇文章后若能用中文講明白，說明你懂了，若講不明白，則說明質(zhì)量沒過關(guān)。以2000年E 篇的第一段為例， Excused from recycling （回收利用） because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute（垃圾道）? You wont be for long!兩句中注出兩處中文，有一處課本中學(xué)過。

8、由于考生不知句意，結(jié)果在這兩句基礎(chǔ)上的第68題的正答率出奇得低，高分段同學(xué)的錯誤率比低分段的同學(xué)還高。這說明了認(rèn)識的詞并不意味著懂句意，更說明了“掠讀”、“跳讀”、“猜”的偏頗。如能按第三步的方式劃一劃，查一查，平日有積累，還愁不能正確理解該句：“難道因為你住高層建筑，又有垃圾道就可以不進(jìn)行分揀和回收了嗎? 不用多久就應(yīng)這樣做”。再比如高三課本（上）的第128頁中有這樣一段: On hearing this，Marlin got angry and shouted，“You want me to take the place of a monkey? Take its place yourse

9、lf ! You look more like a monkey than I do”原意是：“馬林剛一聽到這里，就氣憤地吼道，你想讓我扮猴子嗎? 你去扮好了，你長得才像猴呢! ”然而不少學(xué)生，甚至一部分教師都錯解為“你長得比我更像猴! ”這樣一來就鬧出定位錯誤的笑話了。從這個例子中我們也能看出這樣一個現(xiàn)實，讀懂了句子，未必理解準(zhǔn)確到位，換言之，表層意思與深層含義是不一樣的。要想達(dá)到翻譯上的信達(dá)雅，不加大量閱讀，不按照上述五步的方法加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練，解閱讀理解題的水平很難提高。綜上所述，提高解閱讀理解題的水平?jīng)Q非一蹴而就，而應(yīng)經(jīng)過長時間的大量閱讀。由于不少英語單詞和詞組是一詞多意，因此要在閱讀中逐步加

10、深印象，拓寬詞匯量，這樣才能突破閱讀關(guān)。同學(xué)們可能會問讀什么樣的文章好，應(yīng)該是兩類文章并進(jìn)。一種是21世紀(jì)報和21世紀(jì)報中學(xué)生版，同學(xué)們可依上述五步每周閱讀一份報紙，一定能開闊視野，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，增加知識；另一種是有閱讀理解題的文章，他們能檢測你理解的程度，提高你高考時做閱讀理解題的分值。簡而言之，要瘋狂，要持久。瘋狂閱讀指量，持久閱讀指質(zhì)。那么突破閱讀關(guān)的時間離你就越來越近了。第一章 主 旨 概 括第一課一、試卷分析與展望閱讀理解中非常重要的一個技巧就是在閱讀中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。文章或段落的中心思想猶如一支蠟燭的芯。這根芯看似無關(guān)緊要，但是如果沒有它，那么這支蠟燭

11、就不能再稱為蠟燭，而是一堆蠟。所以，一篇文章通常是圍繞一個中心思想展開的。要領(lǐng)悟文章的主旨大意，這就需要考生具備歸納和概括等方面的能力。而這種歸納和概括能力又常常是考試中被考查的重點(diǎn)。下面，我們一起來回顧一下1996-2002年十年的全真試題，就可知道此項技能的重要性了。1What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? NMET96 （61）9 The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about _NMET96（66）10This news sto

12、ry is mainly about _ NMET97 （51）11The text is mainly about _ NMET97 （55）12 The text is mainly about _NMET98 （51）13 What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? NMET98（54）14 The text is mainly about _NMET98 （57）15 What would be the best title for the text? NMET98 （70）16

13、This article mainly tells about the story of _ NMET99 （51）17 The writer's purpose in writing this story is _ NMET2000（54）18 According to the writer of the text , imagining the future will _NMET2000（66）19 The purpose in writing this text is _NMET2000（67）從上述全真試題中，我們可以總結(jié)出，對于文章或段落的主旨大意設(shè)問的形式一般是：1 The

14、 main idea of the passage （text ） is _2 The text （passage ） is mainly about _3 What does the passage mainly discuss （deal with）?4 Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?5 The main point of the passage is _6 The best headline for this newspaper article would be _7 Which of the

15、following is the best title to be given to the article?8 What is the topic of the text?9 The main purpose of the story is to tell us _10 The conclusion we can get from the story is _大家只要記住，看到問題中使用mainly, main，title ，headline ，topic ，conclusion 等詞時，就得仔細(xì)領(lǐng)會文章的主旨大意了。當(dāng)然，除了上述通用的句型，還可用其它的形式設(shè)問，這就要求我們認(rèn)真理會題干的

16、意思了。例如92年的75題“The writer tells this story to _”以及93年的66題“The writer wrote the story in order to _ ”也是考查考生對主旨大意的理解二、基本訓(xùn)練Mike is a freshman （新生） in college He is also trying to earn the money he needs to live on As a result, he works forty hours a week at a gasoline station But this work must be done

17、at night because Mike is a full-time college student Mike also tries to make time for thingshe enjoys doing that are not related to college and work He likes to ski in winter and play in summer However, he is finding less and less time for these pleasuresQuestion: Which sentence best expresses the m

18、ain idea?A Mike is very busy B A freshman has to work many hours all weekC Mike has pleasures in his spare time D Mike has a lot of homeworkTelephone, television, radio, and the telegraph all help people communicate with each other Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly al

19、l over the world For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in Japan or Argentina（阿根廷） An international soccer match comes into the home of everyone with a television set News of disaster such as an earthquake or a flood can bring help from distant countries Within hours

20、, help is on the way Because of modern technology like the four thousand satellites that travel around the world, information travels fastQuestion: The main idea of the passage is that _A News of a disaster travels quickly and help can come quickly from distant countries B Election results can be kn

21、own almost immediatelyC Communication is goodD Information travels very fast because of technology三、高考實戰(zhàn)（90年高考閱讀題）A well-known old man was being interviewed （采訪） and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday"That's right," said the old man "

22、Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world They're all dead" "Well, sir," said the interviewer, "I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday"The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, "I can'

23、t see why you shouldn't You look fit and healthy to me!"1 The old man said he had not an enemy in the world, which shows that he was a very _A friendly manhe never made any enemiesB healthy manhe lived longer than all his enemiesC lucky manhis enemies had all diedD terrible manhe had got ri

24、d of all his enemies2 When the interviewer said that he hoped very much to have the honour of interviewing the old managain the following year, _A he was trying to make the old man happyB he wished he himself would live another yearC he did not believe the old man would live to be one hundredD he di

25、d not believe he would interview the old man again3 When the old man said "I can't see why you shouldn't", what he meant was _A "You must try to live another year to interview me again next year"B "Of course you can see me again since you're so fit and healthy&qu

26、ot;C "If I live to a hundred years, you should interview me again"D "Unless you live another year, you wouldn't be able to interview me again"4 What kind of man would you say the old man was?A He was silly B He was unpleasantC He was very proud and sure of his health D He was

27、 very impolite to young people AnnealingAnnealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping （浸） it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle（脆）that is, It will break easily Met

28、al that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly, for a certain length of time The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes Annealing

29、 can also be used on other materials, such as glass5 Annealing can make metal _A hard and tough（韌） B hard but brittleC soft but tough D soft and brittle6 Why do people put hot metal in water?A To make it hard B To make it softC To make it cool D To make it brittle7 In annealing, the required hardnes

30、s of a metal depends on _A the quantity of water used B the temperature of the metalC the softness of the metal D the timing of the operation8 As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?A It can be heated and then cooled quickly B It can be cooled and then heated slowly C It can be

31、 heated and then cooled slowly D It can be cooled and then heated quickly "I would almost rather see you dead," Robert S Cassatt, a leading banker （銀行家） of Philadelphia, shouted when his twenty-year-old eldest daughter announced that she wanted to become an artist In the 19th century, play

32、ing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady, but serious work in art was not And when the young lady's family ranked among （躋身于） the best of Philadelphia's social（社交界的）families, such an idea could not even be considered That was how Mary Cassatt, born 1844, began her

33、struggle as an artist She did not tremble before her father's anger Instead, she opposed （抗拒）him with courage and atlast made him change his mindMary Cassatt gave up her social position （社會地位）and all thought of a husband and a family, which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady In the

34、end, after long years of hard work and perseverance （堅持）, she became America's most important woman artist and the internationally recognized leading woman painter of the time9 How did Mr Cassatt react（反應(yīng)）when his daughter made her announcement?A He feared for her life B He was very angryC He ne

35、arly killed her D He warned her10 What in fact was Mr Cassatt's main reason in opposing his daughter's wish?A Drawing and painting was simply unthinkable among ladies in those daysB He did not believe his daughter wanted to work seriously in artC He believed an artist's life would be too

36、 hard for his daughterD Ladies of good families simply did not become artists in those times11 What made Mary Cassatt's "struggle" to become a recognized artist especially hard?A She was a woman B Her father opposed herC She had no social position D She did not come from an artist'

37、s family12 What do we know about Mary Cassatt's marriage （婚姻）?A Her marriage failed because she never gave a thought to her husband and familyB She never married because she did not want to be just a wife and motherC After marriage she decided to give up her husband rather than her career （事業(yè)）D

38、She did not marry because for a lady of her social position to marry below her was unthinkable 13 What do we know about Robert Cassatt's character from the text?A He was a cruel man B He was a stubborn （固執(zhí)的） manC He knew nothing about art D He knew little about his daughter14 What do we know abo

39、ut Mary Cassatt's character?A She was brave in going against old ideas B She got tired of always obeying her father C She hated playing at drawing and painting D She did not mind being poor at all15 As we can learn from the text, which of the following was generally considered the most important

40、 in the life of a woman in the US in Mary Cassatt's times?A Money B CareerC Marriage D CourageBeninBenin is one of the smallest African states It lies in West Africa on the Gulf（海灣）of Guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east Benin used to b

41、e called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960,when it became independent（獨(dú)立） In 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew（推翻）the first president Maga Soglo set up an army government and called himself head of state in 1965, but was overthrown and replaced （取代） by a civilian（非

42、軍人）government in 1967 In December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over（接管） In May 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man Ah

43、omadegbe, the three-man government was overthrown by the army once more and General Kerekou became president In November 1975 Kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to Benin, Benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place Kerekou also announced that Benin would b

44、e a People's Republic based on Marxism-Leninism16 Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries? （Bn = Benin ; Tg = Togo ; Nr = Niger ; BF = Burkina Faso ; Na = Nigeria ; GG = Gulf of Guinea）17 For how long was Benin under France?A For over a cen

45、tury B For roughly a centuryC For over half a century D Under half a century18 For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic?A15 years B25 years C20 years D30 years19 Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin（Ah = Ahomadegbe; Ke = Kere

46、kou; Ma = Maga; So = Soglo）A So, Ma, Ah, Ma, Ke B Ma, So, Ma, Ke, AhC So, Ma, Ke, Ma, Ah D Ma, So, Ma, Ah, Ke20 When and how did Benin get its two namesBenin and Dahomey?A Dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by BeninB Benin was its oldest name The name Dahomey was used later, but h

47、as been replaced by BeninagainC Dahomey was its oldest name The name Benin was used later, but has been replaced by Dahomey againD Benin was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Dahomey四、能力測試 It doesn't matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stayalive Th

48、at's what all doctors thought, until they heard about Al Herpin Al Herpin, it was said, never slept Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves Al Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey They thought for sure that he got some sleep o

49、f some kind So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made But they were surprised Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping In fact, he did not even own a bed He never needed one The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a com

50、fortable chair and reading newspapers The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness They asked him many questions, hoping to find an answer They found only one answer that might explain his condition Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days be

51、fore he was born But that was all Was this the real reason? No one could be sureHerpin died at the age of 941 The main idea of this passage is that _A large numbers of people do not need sleepB a person who actually didn't need any sleep was foundC everyone needs some sleep to stay aliveD people

52、 can live longer by trying not to sleep2 The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting _A to cure him of his sleeplessnessB to find that his sleeplessness was not really trueC to find out why some old people didn't need any sleepD to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping3 After watch

53、ing him closely, the doctors came to believe that Al Herpin _A needed some kind of sleep B was too old to need any sleepC needed no sleep at all D often slept in a chair4 One reason that might explain Herpin's sleeplessness was _A his mother's injury before he was born B that he had graduall

54、y got rid of the sleeping habitC his magnificent physical condition D that he hadn't got a bed5 Al Herpin's condition could be regarded as _A a common one B one that could be curedC very healthy D a rare one第二課一、技巧解疑文章（或段落）的構(gòu)成有其內(nèi)在的規(guī)律性，其中心思想往往是通過主題句來體現(xiàn)的。因此考生對以下四種結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)首先有所了解，然后通過一系列有意識的訓(xùn)練進(jìn)而掌握它們。

55、1 主題句在篇（段）首的結(jié)構(gòu)這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用演繹法撰寫，遵循從一般到個別（特殊）的步驟，即先概述，然后用細(xì)節(jié)加以說明。請看91年的Passage C:Jane Clark, fair-haired, blue-eyed and tough as steel, has just won the most difficult race in the world In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge （雪橇） across 1,050 miles of the Arctic Circle and through some of the mo

56、st difficult land in the world In bitter （刺骨的） winds and snow-storms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached-38 When Jane was asked how she felt about being the first woman ever to win the race she said, "I still can't believe it" She then went over to i

57、nspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs David Wilson, who came second, said, "It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you But it doesn't hurt for long She was a good winner"76 Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?A Woman wins the world's toughest race!B Woman fights bitter winds and snow-storms!C Woman wins a sledge race in the world!D Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic!這篇文章的首句就是主題句，其后的句子或是具體說明“世界上最困難的比賽”，或是從側(cè)面說明贏得這場比賽的不易。本篇的終結(jié)句進(jìn)一步呼應(yīng)了主題句。所以答案是A 。2 主題句在末尾的結(jié)構(gòu)尾句是主題句的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是用歸納法撰寫的，其步驟是先表述細(xì)節(jié)或交代論據(jù)，最后做出概括性的結(jié)論，以總結(jié)性的句子收尾。這種寫作方