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1、第二篇句法主要句式(一)知識概要初中所學(xué)的句型一般變分為陳述句.疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句口 陳述句中有肯定句與否定句之.分口其中可以分為以下五種:主 語+不及物動詞。如:I arrived at six last night. 主語+及物動詞+賓 語,如:I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday® 主 語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語,如:Please tell me a story before I go to bed.這樣可加雙賓語的句子有 buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach®

2、主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語,如:I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主語 +系動詞 + 表語,如: Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初 中常見 的句型中有There be 句型,表示存在某種事物,如:There is a map on the wall其be動詞的形式要與其后面相近的那個名詞相一致。要注意的是這種句型加入助動詞后,也要保持be動詞,不要換用have如:There is going

3、 to be a meeting tomorrow. A:句子結(jié)構(gòu)中 笠 注意主謂一致的問題,即句子的主語與謂語動詞要相呼應(yīng)。要注意 的有如下幾點:用and連接兩個主語時一般應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù),但如一人身兼兩職時則要用單數(shù)謂語動詞形式,如: A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演員。而 a singer and a dancer則要譯為:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以 s結(jié)尾的名詞謂語動詞要用單數(shù), 如:The news is good (news為不 可數(shù)名詞)。 有量詞時應(yīng)按量詞的數(shù)量計算;如

4、: This pair of glassesis good My glassesare broken.有些形單卻意為復(fù)數(shù)的 名詞,如: People are coming here 這樣的詞還有 Police, 如果 要講一個警察時,應(yīng)講 a policeman 兩個警察為two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen 所有不定代詞 each, either, neither, one, the other, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, someone, something 要作為單數(shù)如:Someone

5、 iswaiting for you在:-井列句中表小聯(lián)合關(guān)系的連詞句:and notonly but also,neither nor,either or 如:My sisterand my parents are going to the cinema。 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞 有: but 和 yet, 如: She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如: I think the news is strange, yet it is true 表示選 擇關(guān)系的連詞有:or, either or,如: H

6、urry up, or you will be late for school表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有:for, so如:Theystudied very hard, so they all passed the exam在初中范閨交合句中主要有狀語從句和賓語從句(名詞性從句)兩種,而定語從句(形容 詞性從句)要在高中講述,為了使同學(xué)閱讀文章方便,我們將在下面 另一章予以介紹。我們首先來看賓語從句。在及物動詞的后面可以接一個名詞來充當(dāng)賓語,如:I knew the man,而這時也可以用一個句子來充當(dāng)賓語,如: I knew that he was a good man 這時 賓語從句的連接詞

7、有that, (that只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用,不在句中 充當(dāng)語法成分,既不是主語也不是賓語,所以在口語中常常被省略。如:I am sure (that) she has passed the exam if, whether 它們在 賓語從句中只起連接作用,不起語法作用,當(dāng)作是否講。從句中有or not 結(jié)構(gòu)時,要用 whether,如:I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not what 它在賓語從句中除了作連接詞外,還要作主語或賓語成份,如: I don

8、't understand what you said (what 作 said 的賓語)。 又如: I asked him what made him sick (what在賓語從句中作主語 )。 who,它也和what一樣,在句中除作連接詞外,可以充當(dāng)句中的成 份,如:I know who she is looking for? whose 如:I want to know whose book this is? which 如: Do you know which book is mine?在連接詞中還有4個常用的連接副詞, how它的應(yīng)用最廣,如:how much, how m

9、any, how long, how soon, how old 。如:How much does it cost? when它只是連接時間狀語,如: Please tell me when the meeting will begin? where 它連接地點狀語,如: Where are you from? why它要連接的是原因狀語從句,如: The teacher asked why Tom didn't come to school.在考試中常見至 口的 考點是:賓語從句的時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)問題口主句謂語 動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,賓語從句的時態(tài)可以是任何所需要的 時態(tài),

10、如:I know he didn't come.我知道他沒來。I know he willcome tomorrow我知道他明天來。I know he has gone to London我知道他已去倫敦了。 主句中的謂語動詞若是過去時,賓語從句也要用過去時態(tài)中的某一種。比如:一般過去時,過去進(jìn)行時, 過去將來時,過去完成時。除了在表達(dá)宇宙中的客觀真理時,不能 用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。如: I wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun狀語從句主:我有時間狀語從句,其連接詞

11、有:after, before, when, as, as soon as until (till), while, since, by 其巾較難掌握的有以下兒點: until (till)直到,在用until表達(dá)時間狀語的句子中,主句中的 動詞是要十分小心去選擇。如動詞是持續(xù)性動詞,它要用肯定句, 如:I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.如果動詞是瞬間截止性 動詞,則要用否定句,如: He didn't go to bed until his mother came back illsince, for, by, before

12、來引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語是動作的開始時間,如:I have studiedEnglish since 1 9 9 0 而由by引導(dǎo)的時間狀語通常是動作的 結(jié)束時間,如:I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term而before則多用于完成時,ago則多用于一般過去時,如:He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago 在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時表 示將來。它們可能是主句用一般將來時,從

13、句用一般現(xiàn)在時,如:If it rains, they won't go to the park on Sunday也可以主句是一般過去時,從句用一般過去進(jìn)行時,如:He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park考試中常見的考點有:要學(xué)生區(qū)別是條件、時間狀語從句還是賓語從句,因在賓語從句中該用什么時態(tài)用 什么時態(tài),如: I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在 賓語從句中的條件狀語從句與主句的關(guān)系,如: I want to know if it rains h

14、e will come here tomorrow在原囚狀語從句中 主:要一是because 應(yīng)譯為"因為"。它表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最強(qiáng),如:He didn't pass the exam becausehe didn't study hard since 應(yīng)譯為"既然", 如: Since you were 川 yesterday I left some notes on your desk as 應(yīng)譯為"由于",如: As it is too hot we'd better go swimmingsince與as

15、所表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)比 because弱得多。而for表 達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最弱。它不能用于句首,如: He studies hard, for he wants to go to college 在比較狀語從句中有同級比較 asas,如: This book is as good as that one 要注意的有兩點: as as中間要用原級而不是比較級。 用形容詞還是副詞,如:Mary writes as carefully as Tom而其否定句為 not as (so) as, 如:They didn't work so hard as we did,而不同級比較用比較級加 than

16、, 如:He is younger than I am要注意的是表示"越來越"這一概念時有兩個句型: 比較級+ and+比較級,如:The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful 定冠詞the + 比較級+ the + 比較級,如:The harder you study, the more you can learn 方式狀話中要一江總的是 as娃詞)與like (介詞)的區(qū)別。as作為連詞其后接從句,如:Please do it as I

17、 did it但后面的句子常作省略,如:Please do it as I 而like是介詞,其后要接的是賓語,如:Please do it like me 結(jié)果 和目的狀語從句主要有 so that, so that, in order that等幾種 用法。 so that用在單激可數(shù)名訶前,so +形容詞+ a+ 名詞 + that,如: She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her或用 such + a + 形容詞 + 名詞 + that,如:She is such a beautiful girl that everyone l

18、ikes her 在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞 復(fù)數(shù)前只能用 such, 如:It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如: They are such good players that they should win the game. 在 much, many, few, little 之前只能用 so,如:I have so little money that I can't buy it so that 之間只有形 容詞時,則不能用 such, 如:It is so good that I want to buy so

19、that 其后接從句,如: I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus完形填空與閱讀(一) 知識概要完形填空是一種在語意封閉的情況下考察學(xué)生閱讀能力及掌握語言 基礎(chǔ)知識能力的綜合性題目:學(xué)生鹿根據(jù)語義完整、語法正確的 原則進(jìn)行通篇閱讀。借助文章的現(xiàn)成文字,通過邏輯思維,聯(lián)系上 下文,推斷出可能的答案。然后再從所給選擇答案中逐空選出在通 讀全文時腦海中已出現(xiàn)的答案填入空內(nèi)。試推想在小學(xué)五六年級時去讀"西游記","水滸傳",你也并非每個字都認(rèn)得,每句話都能真正 理解。但你還是可以明了全文的意思,讀

20、得有滋有味。這就是語言 能力。所以完形填空考查的就是你能否在缺字,不認(rèn)得字、詞語的 情況下,能否全面理解文章的正確意思,然后選入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語。在 選擇后還要前后彼此呼應(yīng)反復(fù)驗證所選答案。有時答案一時不易驗 證,不要急于順序填寫,可能在填出后面答案時,而得到前面的答 案。有時則需運(yùn)用所學(xué)的詞法、句法、時態(tài)和固定搭配等知識對4個選項進(jìn)行分析,比較、排除干擾項,確定正確的答案口 待答案 全部選定后,一定要復(fù)讀全文以驗證:所選答案是否能使全文流暢,邏輯推理是否正確。具體實事是否成立,前后關(guān)系是否理順。 語法是否正確,其中包括時態(tài)的選擇、詞匯選擇、固定 搭配等。在通讀全文時最好在可能的條件下將所選答案填入

21、文章中, 反復(fù)閱讀。而不要在文章空中只寫選項的代號,這樣影響全文的理 解,不易找出錯誤之處。在做完形填空時,應(yīng)注意以 下幾點:(1 )重視首句,首段的開篇啟示作用,讀懂了第一句,或第一段有可能預(yù)測到全篇大意。(2 )一定要顧及上下文間的語意聯(lián)系。在完形填空的設(shè)計中,一般是以語義為第一要素同時兼顧語法。有的 4個選項單獨填入這 個單句中全是正確的,但拿到文中從下文聯(lián)系起來看,則文理不通。 為此要通篇考慮,顧及上下文的聯(lián)系是卜分竄要的口(3) 要堅持語意第一的原則,而語法應(yīng)放于第二位。完形填空形式上是一種單項選擇式的考察。但實質(zhì)上也是一種閱讀能力和學(xué) 生重建文意能力的考察。它一般是利用語法的正確性

22、與內(nèi)容排斥性 的矛盾而命題的。所給答案大都是離開上下文均可說得通的。但語 意上辯析、排斥才能找到答案。例如:這里肯定需要一個動詞,所給答案也都是動詞,但只能從意義上考 慮而選B項,(4) 要認(rèn)真注意細(xì)節(jié),做到語法正確。一些答案在意義上講都 是正確的,但從線索上看要找出語法正確的答案,如:(1 )諾總第一項則(2) 語法正確,注意和節(jié)的原則在語意正確的前題下,還要根據(jù)學(xué)過的語法知識,及詞語的固定搭 配,選擇正確答案口(3) 根據(jù)所給答案的不同詞類,從不同缸颶分別考慮選擇完形填空所給的詞往往是不同類的,這就要求對不同詞類作不同考 慮。如果所缺的是動詞,那么首先在選擇語意正確的前提下,考慮 動詞的時

23、態(tài)、語態(tài)和是否是要填入非謂語動詞。若是介詞或副詞則 要考慮是否固定搭配,以及介詞、副詞在結(jié)構(gòu)和意義上的選擇。若 是連詞,則應(yīng)更多地從句子結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文的連接上選擇。 若是代詞, 則應(yīng)考慮性、數(shù)、格等方面,以及形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級 等。從目前完形填空初中階段的考察看,除語意第一外,更多地選擇了 單詞的用法及意義,動詞的時態(tài),短語和慣用法等。為此,要做好 完形填空題目,除有較好的閱讀能力外,更要有扎實的語言基礎(chǔ)知 識及日常生活的邏輯推理能力口閱讀理解能力在教學(xué)大綱中有明 確的要求。它是目前條件下考查學(xué)生英語運(yùn)用能力的常規(guī)題型之一, 也是分值最高的題型之一。學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力如何,標(biāo)志著學(xué)生

24、繼續(xù)深入學(xué)習(xí)的潛力有多大,它是集語法,詞匯,邏輯推理背景知 識于一體的綜合語言能力的測試。它除對學(xué)生的閱讀理解的正確性 進(jìn)行測試外,同時從閱讀速度、技巧、文化背景常識等方面對學(xué)生 進(jìn)行測試. 從近年各地中考題分析看,閱讀類測試除為一般常規(guī) 測試題型外,在試題中所占分值較大,為此應(yīng)引起學(xué)生特別注意。如何做好閱讀理留題呢?首先要求考生有足夠的基礎(chǔ)知識和較好 的閱讀速度以及技巧方面的訓(xùn)練。同時還要注意以下幾個方面的問 題,1 要一閱了娟仙近點如上所述,閱讀過程是一個綜合作用的過程,為此閱讀的測試就不 能僅將著眼點放在語言結(jié)構(gòu)的測試上,而是通過看,通過閱讀獲取 信息的能力口在閱讀一篇文章時,我們首先會

25、想到:© 文章說 的是什么事情(即中心思想是什么)。 事情發(fā)生的時間、地點、 人物是什么。 作者所持態(tài)度如何。 結(jié)論是什么, 有些說 明性信息在文章中容易獲取,如:時間、數(shù)字、地點、人物等。有 些信息如作者的態(tài)度,事件的結(jié)論,中心思想,文章的標(biāo)題,則需 通過文中線索,說明信息等等去分析推斷才能獲取。而這些說明性 及內(nèi)隱性的信息正是閱讀理解的測試重點內(nèi)容。 而其難點在于理解、 推斷、得出結(jié)論時,應(yīng)從英語國家的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、語言習(xí)慣、宗教信 仰、民族問題等方面來考慮,而不是僅從中國人的語言習(xí)慣來作推 論,這也足這方面的難點之一口從上文中看,信息的獲得不是直接的,而是必須通過整個文章的閱讀,理

26、清人物關(guān)系,掌握中心思想,才能作出正確的判定。2 閱讀理解的解題思路和方法閱讀理解的測試點是在通過由于閱讀所能夠獲取信息的能力上,所 以解題思路的重點應(yīng)放在:(1)通讀全文,了解文章的主題和大意;了解作者的寫作目的、對事件的態(tài)度上口(2)要注重文句間的相互關(guān)系。既注重主要情節(jié)又不可忽視細(xì)節(jié)。中考中閱讀命題很多情況下是對事件的某個細(xì)節(jié)而進(jìn)行測試的.(3)特別注意首尾句在整個文章中的作用,以及它起到的啟示和結(jié)論性作用口I典型例句l.one +of + 形容詞最高級+名詞復(fù)數(shù)One of the biggest events in China in 2008 is that theearthquak

27、e happened in WenChuan.2 . It"s our duty to do sthIt"s our duty to help them.3 .As .as possibleWe shoud help them as much as possible.4 .here be .Here are lots of things we can do.5 .We shoud keep calm instead of being afraid.6 .make +sb+ 形容詞hard at school. Weshould learn all kinds of nowl

28、edge to make our motherland stronger, better and richer.健康問題(熱點)健康問題是中考??嫉脑掝},出題形式多樣,有必要下苦功掌握。典型例句1. It is very important to keep healthy 。2. How can we keep healthy?3. We can"t go to sleep too late. We can"t get up too late。4. We should eat the food healthily 。5. We should do more exercise

29、 。6. Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head 。7. I didn"t feel like eating anything 。8. I decided to see the doctor 。9. In the doctor"s office, the doctor looks over mecarefully 。10. He said :"Nothing serious." And he told me to take a rest and drink more water 。11. A

30、 nurse gave me an injection. It was a little painful。12. The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day。13. A few days later, I felt better. From then on I believe that keeping healthy is the most important thing in the world 。 關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)問題(熱點)環(huán)境保護(hù)問題是中考熱門話題,出現(xiàn)頻率高,難度較大,必須掌握。典型句子1. It s our du

31、ty to save wate2. As we know , water is very important to man, 3.we cantlive without water.4 .The amount of water which is suitable to drinkis less and less.5 .But some people dontcare about it .6. Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted.Something must be done to stop the pollution.7. It"s

32、 our duty to protect our environment 。8. It is very important to take care of our environment9. We should not throw litter onto the ground10. Weshould not spit in a public place/ cut downthe trees11. We should plant more flowers and trees 。12. We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin

33、13. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful 。15. Trees are very helpful and important for us.17.We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future. t s everyone s duty to love and protect the env

34、ironment.So I hope all the students in our class stop to use the plastic bags, and use our own cloth bags. I hope we can take care of our environment.Let s make our world more and more beautiful.語言學(xué)習(xí)(熱點)這是中考中的老話題,近幾年??迹问蕉鄻?。典型例句1. My favorite subject is English 。2. Morethan three quarters of the inf

35、ormation on the Internet is in English 。3. It is used by travelers and business people all over the world 。4. China has joined the WTOand the Olympic Gameswill be held in China. English becomes more and more useful 。5. So English is very important and I like English very much。6. We have a lot of fun

36、 in the English class 。7. Our English teacher often makes us happy in the English class 。8. I hope I can go abroad one day, and then I can speak to foreigners in English 。9. I like English and try my best to learn it。寫人記事篇這是中考出項頻率最高的話題,其特點是難度相對較小,學(xué)生都有話可寫,但掌握一些基本句子和模仿范文對奪取高分非常必要。典型例句1. His name is Ja

37、ck 。2. He was born in London in 1982。3. He is 1.68 meters tall and weighs 52 kilos 。4. He is 20 years old 。5. He comes from England 。6. He is a good ping-pong player 。7. He is medium build 。8. He has short hair 。9. He is outgoing. Every one likes to talk with him. He getson well with us 。10. He teac

38、hes English very well 。11. He works very hard. He works in No.5 Middle School 。12. He loves watching football games after work 。13. He often helps me with my English 。14. At the age of six, he began to play table tennis。旅游和介紹地方篇(熱點)中考高頻率話題,出題形式靈活。典型例句1. Last Sunday (Saturday, ),it was sunny(rainy, w

39、indy, foggy,)2. I got up very early (late). After breakfast I went to with my friends by bike, bus , 3. We enjoyed ourselves 。4. We forgot the time. We didn"t come back until 5 o"clock 。5. We all felt very tired, but we were happy 。6. I thought I would never forget this trip。7. Last summer

40、, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays 。8. We visited a lot of places of interest。9. We had a good time there 。10. We bought a lot of things. The clothes here are good and cheap。新生事物評價(熱點)這是中考熱點,這類文章的特點是寫作難度大,因此需要學(xué)生掌握方法,和基本句式,以做到考試時心中不亂。典型例句11. omputer is becoming more and more important12. e should make good use of it.1.1 t maybe get in the way of our study.4 .We can do lots of things with it 5 . It makes our life more easy6 .Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students.初中英語57 個中考必備句型1 a

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