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1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上Public finance 財政Redistribution 再分配Organic view of government政府有機論Expenditure支出,花費Revenue 財政收入,稅收收入Unified budget 統(tǒng)一預算,綜合預算Regulatory budget 管理預算Positive economics 實證經(jīng)濟學empirical analysis 實證分析Econometrics 計量經(jīng)濟學 Pareto effi
2、cient 帕累托最優(yōu)Pareto improvement 帕累托改進Welfare economics 福利經(jīng)濟學social welfare function社會福利函數(shù)Production possibilities curve生產(chǎn)可能性曲線Utility possibilities curve 效用可能性曲線Nonrival非競爭性Nonexcludable 非排他性Free rider problem 搭便車Pure public good
3、60;純公共物品Private good私人物品 Externality 外部性market mechanism. 客觀性 Coase Theorem :The Coase Theorem states that once property rights are established and transaction costs are s
4、mall, then one of the parties will bribe the other to attain the socially efficient quantity.科斯定理:一旦產(chǎn)權建立和交易成本較小時,一方將會拉攏另一方達到社會的有效率的產(chǎn)量。 Pigouvian tax :A Pigouvian tax is a tax levie
5、d on each unit of a polluters output in an amount just equal to the marginal damage it inflicts at the efficient level of output. 庇古稅就是對污染者每單位產(chǎn)量征稅,其稅額正好等于污染者在效率產(chǎn)量水平上造成的邊際損害。
6、160;Emissions fee : a tax levied on each unit of pollution. 放射費: 在污染每個單位征收的稅 Cap and trade :A policy of granting permits to polute, with the number of permits s
7、et at the desired pollution level, and allowing polluters to trade the permits. 蓋帽和貿(mào)易:政策授予允許污染,以許可證集合的數(shù)字在期望污染水平和允許污染源換許可證。 Cost effective: a policy that achieves a given amount of
8、 pollution reduction at the lowest cost possible. 費用有效: 達到特定相當數(shù)量污染減少在最便宜可能的政策。 Political Economy is the application of economic principles to the analysis of political decision
9、60;making. Unanimity rules: All parties must agree for a policy to be implemented. 3. Majority Voting rules: one more than half of the votes must favor
10、 a measure to gain approval. peak :A peak in an individuals preferences is a point at which all neighboring points are lower. expenditure incidence: the impac
11、t of expenditure policy on the distribution of real income . 支出歸宿:支出政策對實際收入分配的影響,稱為支出歸宿。 Workfare 工作福利制Economic incidence: The change in the distribution of real income indu
12、ced by a tax. Tax shifting: The difference between statutory incidence and economic incidence. Functional distribution of income: The way income is distributed among people wh
13、en they are classified according to the inputs they supply to the production process (for example, landlords, capitalists, laborers). Size distribution of income: The way that
14、 total income is distributed across income classes. Lump sum tax: A tax whose value is independent of the independent of the individuals behavior.Proportional: A tax syst
15、em under which an individuals average tax rate is the same at each level of income. Average tax rate: Ratio of taxes paid to income. Progressive: A tax system
16、160;under which an individuals average tax rate increases with income. Regressive: A tax system under which an individuals average tax rate decreases with income. Marginal tax
17、 rate: The proportion of the last dollar of income taxed by the government. Partial equilibrium models: Models that study only one matket and ignore possible spillover
18、60;effects in other markets. Unit tax: A tax levied as a fixed amount per unit of commodity purchased. Tax wedge: The tax-induced difference between the price paid b
19、y consumers and the price received by producers. Ad valorem tax: A tax computed as a percentage of the purchase value. Economic profit: The return to owners of
20、a firm above the opportunity costs of all the factors used in production. Also called supranormal or excess profit. Capitalization: The process by which a stream of
21、tax liabilities becomes incorporated into the price of an asset. General equilibrium analysis: The study of how various markets are interrelated. Partial factor tax: Tax levie
22、d on an input in only some of its uses. 190. Elasticity of substitution: A measure of the ease with which one factor of production can be substituted for a
23、nother. 191. Capital intensive: An industry in which the ratio of capital to labor inputs is relatively high. 192. Labor intensive: An industry in which the ratio of
24、 capital to labor inputs is relatively low. Excess burden: A loss of welfare above and beyond taxes collected. Also called welfare cost or deadweight loss.Eq
25、uivalent variation: A change in income that has the same effect on utility as a change in the price of a commodity. Lump sum tax: A tax whose value id
26、;independent of the individuals behavior. Income effect: The effect of a price change on the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consumers income has
27、160;changed. Substitution effect: The tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former
28、;relative to the latter. Compensated demand curve: A demand curve that shows how quantity demanded varies with price, holding utility constant. Theory of the second best:
29、;In the presence of existing distortions, policies that in isolation would increase efficiency can decrease it and vice versa. Tax-interaction effect: The increase in excess b
30、urden in the labor market stemming from the reduction in real wages caused by a Pigouvian tax. Double-dividend effect: Using the proceeds from a Pigouvian tax to red
31、uce inefficient tax rates. time endowment: The maximum number of hours an individual can work during a given period. neutral taxation: Taxing each good at th
32、e same rate. Ramsey rule: To minimize total excess burden, tax rates should be set so that the tax-induced percentage reduction in the quantity demanded of each comm
33、odity is the same. inverse elasticity rule: For goods that are unrelated in consumption, efficiency requires that tax rates be inversely proportional to elasticties. vertical
34、equity: Distributing tax burdens fairly across people with different abilities to pay. user fee: A price paid by users of a government-provided good or service. natural m
35、onopoly: A situation in which factors inherent to the production process lead to a single firm supplying the entire industrys output. benefits-received principle: Consumers of
36、;a publicly provided service should be the ones who pay for it. linear income tax schedule: flat income tax: A tax schedule for which the marginal tax rate is
37、160;constant throughout the entire range of incomes. time inconsistency of optimal policy: When the government cannot implement an optimal tax policy because the policy is inc
38、onsistent with the governments incentives over time, and taxpayers realize this fact. horizontal equity: People in equal positions should be treated equally. utility definition of&
39、#160;horizontal equity: A method of classifying people of “equal positions” in terms of their utility levels. transitional equity: Fairness in changing tax regimes. rule definition
40、 of horizontal equity: The rules that govern the selection of taxes are more important for judging fairness than the outcome themselves. tax avoidance: Altering behavior
41、in such a way as to reduce your legal tax liability.tax evasion: Not paying taxes legally due. underground economy: Those economic activities that are either illegal,or l
42、egal but hidden fromtax authorities. federal system: Consists of different levels of government that provide public goods and services and have some scope for making dec
43、isions.fiscal federalism: The field that examines the functions undertaken by different levels of government and how the different levels of government interact with each other.
44、60;centralization ratio: The proportion of total direct government expenditures made by the central government. club: A voluntary association of people who band together to finance
45、 and share some kind of benefit. exclusionary zoning laws: Statutes that prohibit certain uses of land. local public good: A public good that benefits only the
46、;members of a particular community. assessed value: The value a jurisdiction assigns to a property for tax purpses.assessment ratio: The ratio of a propertys assessed value to its market value. circuit breakers: Transfers to individuals based on the excess of residential property tax payments over some
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