2018年高考英語一輪復習每日一題(第20周)完形填空夾說明文(含解析)

1、內部文件，版權追溯 內部文件，版權追溯完形填空夾說明文高考頻度： 難易程度：（2016 上海卷）In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is theidea that people instinctively 51 workand will do anything to avoid it. TheoryY is the view that everyone h

2、as the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 ,many managers still agreeto Theory X. They believe, _53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. Thi

3、s, of course, makes forauthoritarian （專制的）managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making - all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to

4、 this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Manywestern companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a wa

5、y that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment 授 權）has been part of the trend towards downsizing: _60_ the number ofmanagementjust a top levellayers in compan

6、ies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 withof senior managers, front-line managers and employees with directcontact with the public. Empowermenttakes the idea of delegation （委托）much furthermanagement controlto 63 thatthan has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new for

7、ms ofthe overall business plan is being followed, andthat operationsbecome more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.10Another trend is off-site or 64 management, by e-mail and the Internet work on projects evaluate the 65 of the team membersin rather than the amount of time they

8、spend on them.51. A. desireB.seekdislike52. A. contraryB. expectationD. extreme53. A. vice versaB. for exampleD. otherwise54. A. outsideB. insideD. above55. A. replacingB. assessingD. encouraging56. A. referB. contributeD. apply57. A. agreementB. practiceimpression58. A. bossyB. experiencedD. male59

9、. A. askingB. trainingfiring60. A. doublingB. maintainingestimatingwhere teams of people linkedfrom their own houses. Project managers terms of what they produce for projects,C. loseD.C.degreeC. howeverC. belowC. managingC. objectC. electionD.C. westernC. warningD.C. reducingD.compared62. A. economi

10、callyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyDoccasionally63. A. denyB. admitC. assumeDensure64. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene61. A. honoredB. leftC. crowdedD.65. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD.attractiveness【文章大意】本文是說明文，介紹了現代社會中一種新型管理理論一一授權管理及其作用。51. D【解析】根據后半句”血11manything to aw id

11、 it”可知人們本能上不喜歡工作，他們?yōu)樘颖芄ぷ骺?以做任何事情。故D項正確。52. A【解析】toihecwriray相反的；to the degree在某種程度上？ to the exire皿走向極端.此處是說，無 論如何，盡管很多證據與這個理論相反，很多管理人仍然同意X理論，故A項正確“53-B【解析】由后面的例子他們認為如果要員工效率高，就需要給予他力壞斷的監(jiān)督可知止處是舉例說明。故B項正確口54.0 1解析中魏后句可知，止恥是說，他們的決定是來自上而下的沒有任何商量的余地。故D項” abow 上面的”正確©55. C【解析】根據前段可知本文討論的是管理學的理論，此處是說，不

12、同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C項正確。56. B【解析】refer to提到，談到；contribute to做貢獻，導致；object to反對；applyto適用于。此處是說，亞洲人使用的是協商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求對管理的過程作出自己的貢獻。故B項正確。57. A 【解析】 agreement 同意； practice 練習，做法； election 選舉；impression E?象。此處是說，亞洲人使用協商式的管理方法，這種方法是建立在共同協商的基礎上的，西方人也想模仿這樣的管理方法。故A項正確。58. D【解析】 根據前半句”.women will become mor

13、e effective managers thanmen."可知有些專家認為女性比男性管理更高效，因為女性更有親和力，比男性管理人更容易與別人達成一致的目標。故D項正確。59. A 【解析】 根據前句” . encourage employees to use their own initiative. " （鼓勵員工使用自己的首創(chuàng)精神），也就是說在作出決定的時候不用先請示上級經理。故A項正確。60. C【解析】根據"the trend towards downsizing "（縮小規(guī)模的趨勢）可知，也就是 要減少管理層的數量，可以直接作出決定而不需要請

14、示上級，故動詞"reduce減少"符合語境。61. B （解析】be honoiwi with 被授予 5 be left with 留下，剩下寧 be aowded wrfti 擠滿方 be CMupated witti 與 相比，通過這種方法，公司只剩下高層管理者和與公眾直接聯系的一線管理人，省略了很委中央環(huán) 節(jié)，提高了管理的成效。故B項正確。62. B【解析】economically經濟地traditkglly傳統(tǒng)地s inade哽閨y不充分地；occasionally偶爾地"艮 據后句 Empowerment and delegalian tnean ne

15、w:forms of managemjuit contiol 可知授權管理是一種新型 的管理方法，與傳統(tǒng)的管理模式不一樣.故B項正確.63. D【解析】deny否認；admit承認；assume假定，設想；ensure保證，確保。授權管理是一種新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理環(huán)節(jié)，保證了整個商業(yè)計劃被采用。根據句意可知D正確。64. A【解析】virtual虛擬的；inefective無效果的，低效率的；day-to-day 日常的；on-the-scene 現場的。 根據后句 where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet wor

16、k on projects from their own houses可知在這種新型的管理方法中,人們都是通過郵件和網絡聯系，說明這是一種新型通過虛擬網絡進行管理的方法。故A項正確。65. C【解析】opinion 觀點；risk 冒險；performance 表現；attractiveness 魅力。根據 后半句"in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them "可知我們評價員工的表現是根據他們的產品，而不是 他們的工作時間。故C項正

17、確?！厩蓪W妙記】說明文一般采用簡練的語言，按一定的方法介紹事物的類別、性質、特點、構造、成 因、關系或事物的運動變化、發(fā)展的過程及其規(guī)律。常見的說明文有自我介紹、人物介紹 （傳記）、地方介紹、習俗介紹、節(jié)日介紹、方法 （步驟）介紹，產品說明、實驗報告、科普小品、讀書報告、新聞報道等。說明文類完形填空通常有以下命題特點：1 .開頭點題在說明文類完形填空題中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出說明的對象，這是掌握說明 細節(jié)的前提。2 .結構清晰說明文一般按一定的順序展開。理清文章的說明順序，對于正確把握文意和上下文的邏 輯關系以及選擇正確答案具有重要意義。3 .文體特點說明文往往采用比較正式的文體，表述

18、準確嚴謹，生詞術語較多，句子較長，結構較為 復雜。4 .條理清楚說明文十分講究條理性，一般采取時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序或認知順序等來說明 事物或事理。解答這類題目要遵循下列原則：1 .明白說明對象文章的首句一般就明確了說明對象。對文章要進行粗讀或略讀，對文章的大意要先有一 個大體的了解。2 .弄清楚說明的順序，利用好標志語把握了說明順序，就能準確把握文章的脈絡，加強對整篇文章的理解。語篇與語篇之間 往往有表明其內在聯系的詞語，這些詞語被稱為“語篇標志語”。如表示結構層次的語篇標 志語 firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 等；表示因果關系的 thus, t

19、herefore, so 等; 表示改變話題的by the way等；表示遞進關系的 besides, what ' s more等；表示時間關系 的 before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等； 表示轉折關系的 but, while, on the otherhand等。做題時如果能充分利用這些語篇標志語，就可以迅速理清文章的脈絡，弄清上下文 的關系。3 .把握文章的組織結構，理清事實細節(jié)把握語篇特征對理解文意與答題極為有利。說明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表 達清楚的、邏輯比較嚴密的短文。在閱讀這類文章時，我們一定要仔細研讀文章的開頭和結尾，從

20、主題句著手，找出支持句，然后尋找文章的結論。這時，不要被表面的一些細節(jié)所迷惑，我們在理解細節(jié)的基礎上，還要斟酌文字的內涵意義，從而對文章進行深層次的理解。4 .注重上下文語境應逐句精讀短文，逐題分析選項，對特定的語境做深入的理解，克服"思維定勢"，根據全 文大意和詞不離句、句不離文的原則逐項填空。US scientists say they have bred a genetically modified （GM） mosquito that can resist malaria（瘧疾）infection. If the lab technique1 in the fiel

21、d, it couldoffer a new way of stopping the biting insects from2 malaria to humans, theysay. The scientists put a new "resistance" 3 into the mosquito' s own DNA, using a gene editing method called Crispr.And when the GM mosquitoes mated their later generation inherited the4resistance,

22、PNASjournal reports. In 5 , if these mosquitoes bite people, they should not be able to6 on the parasite（ 寄生蟲）that causes malaria.About 3.2bn people - almost half of the world ' s population - are at 7 of malaria. Bed nets can help8 the insects biting and drugs can be given toanyone who 9 the in

23、fection,but the disease10 kills around 580 000 people a year.Scientists have been searching for new ways to11 malaria. The Universityof California team believe their GM mosquitoes could play a key role 12resistant offspring to replace malaria-carrying mosquitoes. They took a type of mosquito found i

24、n India on which to13 .Dr. Anthony James and his team showed that they could give the14 new DNAcode to make it a 15 host for the malaria parasite. The DNA was inherited by almost 100% of the mosquito offspring and across three16 .Mosquito larvae（ 幼蟲）can be genetically modified to carry17 new genes,s

25、uch as resistance to the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. The researchers say the findings offer 18 that the same method could also work in othermosquito 1920 it would not be a sole solution to the malaria problem, it would be a usefuladditional weapon, they say.1.A.countsB.mattersC. applies

26、Dworks2.A.spreadingB. sendingC. makingDturning3.A.medicineB. methodC.geneDequipment4.A.greatB. sameC. powerfulDhealthy5.A.practiceB. particularC. generalD. theory6.A.carryB. takeC. passDdepend7.A.topB.riskC. mercyDrate8.A.stopB. improveC.denyDget9.A.matchesB.catchesC. resistsDmisses10.A.fairlyB. qui

27、teC. stillD. just11AgetB. findC. shelterD. fight12.A.breedingB. feedingC. educatingD. assisting13.A.baseB. countC. experimentD. blame14.A.personB.fellowC. plantD.insect15.A.strongB.poorC. friendlyD.good16 AmethodsB. countriesC. varietiesDgenerations17.A.usefulB. doubtfulC. thoughtfulD.wonderful18 Ab

28、eliefB. opinionC. hopeD. fact19.A.speciesB. membersC. drugsD.surroundings20ABecauseB. OnceC. BeforeD.Although【文章大意】本文為說明文。美國科學家聲稱他們已經培育出一種能抵抗感染的轉基因蚊子，如果這項實驗室技術起作用的話，它可以提供新的方法阻止蚊子把瘧疾傳染給人類。1TI【解析】考查動詞辨析.此處表示如果這項實驗室技術在實地起作用的話，它可以提供新的方法阻止 蚊子把瘧疾傳染給人類。8U*重要”，要零' apply”應用，wark”產生作用故選42A【解析】考查動詞辨析.參考上題解

29、析可知，此處表示把瘧疾傳染給人類。故選Ao spread傳播，(使) 蔓延、send，發(fā)送)make1制造)turn11翻轉“3,C 解析】考查語境選詞。由苜句信息PS scientists say they have bred a geofticaliy modified (GM) mosquito 皿tcanr'ist malaria(瘧疾)infection"可知？他們的做法是使用一種叫作。卻f的基因編輯法把一種 罰的具可氐抗作用的基因植入蚊子自己的DNA.故選C. gmd,基因乙4衛(wèi)【解析】考查形容詞鰭析*由語境中的關鍵詞mbaiied可知應用mne*此處表示轉基蹴子

30、交配后， 他們的后代繼承相同的基因小騏",偉大的腎皿那相同的，同一的"j powerfUF強大的、加血聯健 康的屋5 .D【解析】考查語境選詞。由上文中的"If the lab technique 1(works) in the field ,it could offer a new way of stopping the biting insects from 2(spreading)malaria to humans" 可知，這只是理論上的設想，故選D, in theory" 在理論上"。in practice" 實際上

31、"；in particular" 特別，尤其"；in general "總的說來"。6 .C【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。由第一段第二句中的"it could offer a new way ofstopping the biting insects from 2(spreading)malaria to humans"可知，科學家的主要目的是阻止蚊子傳播導致瘧疾的寄生蟲。故選C, pass on"傳給"。7 .B【解析】考查語境選詞。由下文中的 "kills around 580 000 peop

32、le a year" 可知，此處表示大約32億人，約世界人口的一半有患瘧疾的危險。故選B, at risk of"有的危險"。8 .A【解析】考查生活常識。根據常識可知蚊帳的用途是幫助阻止蚊子咬人。故選Aoimprove"改善"，deny"拒絕"，get"得到，獲得"，均不符合題意。9 .B 【解析】考查生活常識。根據語境可知，感染上瘧疾的人需要用藥。此處 catch表示"得病,染疾"。match"配對"，resist"抵制"，miss"錯過”,均不符合題意。10.C【解析】考查副詞辨析。由轉折連詞 but可知用still"仍然"。雖然蚊帳有助于阻止昆蟲叮咬，而且我們可以給那些感染疾病的人用藥，但是瘧疾每年仍然使得大約580000人喪生。fairly" 相當地"；quite"十分"；just"僅僅，只是"。1LD【解析】考查動詞簫析，科學家們一直在尋找與瘧疾做斗爭的方法*物得到，獲得r版犬發(fā)現， 找到)5kli父保護、*與做斗爭”故選D。124 【解析】考查動詞辨析，由空格前的"GM mosquitoes could pl