高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞

1、高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞一、不定式(to do的構(gòu)成1. 不定式的構(gòu)成不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。不定式一般有時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例:主動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing/完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing/1 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。如:They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請(qǐng)我們今

2、年夏天去那兒。He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。2 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如:She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thin

3、g to do.我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),在你們國(guó)家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。3 不定式的進(jìn)行式不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如:Its nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,這些天一直幫我們。He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.

4、 他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)老師講課。We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒(méi)料到你一直在這兒等我們。4 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語(yǔ)所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如:They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。5 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)

5、成。如:Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見(jiàn)到她。6 疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式:不定式和疑問(wèn)詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用,通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如:On h

6、earing the news, he didnt know whether to laugh or to cry.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他不知道該哭還是該笑。When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。The most important problem is how to get so much money.最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢(qián)。介詞后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如:Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。I ha

7、ve no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。二、-ing分詞的構(gòu)成1. -ing分詞的構(gòu)成-ing分詞是由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,通常有下表幾種形式(以do為例:主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如:Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等著。His not com

8、ing made all of us angry. 他沒(méi)來(lái)使我們大家都很生氣。2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式:-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生,他對(duì)書(shū)本很感興趣。Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因?yàn)闆](méi)有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課,他考試不及格。3. -ing分詞的被動(dòng)式:-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是-ing

9、分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done。如:The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他從來(lái)沒(méi)談起過(guò)他被記者采訪的事情。Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評(píng)以后,他把煙戒了。注意:在n

10、eed, want, require, be worth等動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ)后,作賓語(yǔ)的-ing分詞常用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)含義。如:Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。This book is well worth reading. 這本書(shū)很值得一看。4. -ing分詞的語(yǔ)法作用-ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞,在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。1ing分詞(短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ):Laying eggs is the ant queens full-ti

11、me job. 產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專(zhuān)職工作。Saying is easier than doing. 說(shuō)比做容易。在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中,-ing分詞也作主語(yǔ)。為了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主語(yǔ),而把真實(shí)主語(yǔ)放在句末。如:It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無(wú)益的后悔是沒(méi)有用的。Its a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。在There is no結(jié)構(gòu)中,通常用-ing分詞。如:There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。There is no holding ba

12、ck the wheel of history. 歷史車(chē)輪不可阻擋。2 -ing分詞(短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ):His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛(ài)好是收集郵票。The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很令人困惑。3 -ing分詞作賓語(yǔ):ing分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。如:I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我們喜歡聽(tīng)李老師的課。-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)也可用在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作真正的賓語(yǔ),而用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:I dont

13、think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺(jué)得再試一次會(huì)有好處嗎?-ing分詞作介詞賓語(yǔ),經(jīng)常用在一些短語(yǔ)的后面。如:Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反對(duì)邀請(qǐng)他來(lái)吃飯。They dont feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去

14、了倫敦,希望能成為一個(gè)著名的畫(huà)家。此類(lèi)短語(yǔ)還有很多。如:look forward to(渴望,盼望, be proud of(以自豪, be responsible for(對(duì)負(fù)責(zé), insist on(堅(jiān)持, think of (考慮,想到, dream of(夢(mèng)想, object to(反對(duì),抗議, hear of(聽(tīng)說(shuō), preventfrom(防止,阻止, keepfrom(防止,阻止, stopfrom (防止,阻止, be engaged in(從事于, depend on(依*,依賴(lài), thankfor(因而道謝, excusefor(因而道歉, aim at(目的在于, dev

15、oteto(獻(xiàn)身于, set about(著手做, be/get used to(習(xí)慣于, be fond of(喜歡, be afraid of(害怕, be tired of(對(duì)厭煩, succeed in(成功地做, be interested in(對(duì)感興趣, be ashamed of(對(duì)感到羞愧等等。注意:在有些句子中,介詞?？墒∪ァＨ?I have no difficulty (in communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國(guó)人交談方面沒(méi)有什么困難。He used to spend a lot of time (in playing games. 過(guò)

16、去他?；ê芏鄷r(shí)間玩游戲。What can prevent us (from getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚?另外,-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),在句中作狀語(yǔ)。如:He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)就提前離開(kāi)了。Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.除了做飯和縫紉以外,她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。

17、On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息后,所有的學(xué)生都高興得跳了起來(lái)。4 -ing分詞作定語(yǔ):單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如:reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車(chē)sleeping car 臥車(chē) singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車(chē)室a waiting car 一輛等待著的車(chē) a sleeping child一個(gè)酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飛魚(yú)the exciting news令人振奮的消息 a

18、 boring speech令人乏味的演出-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面,也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如: Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門(mén)邊的同志是誰(shuí)?They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,常用逗號(hào)和句子其它部分分開(kāi)。如:The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.歌詞一般講當(dāng)前的工作,大部分是他自己寫(xiě)的

19、。When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候,約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過(guò)去。5 -ing分詞做狀語(yǔ):-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。如:While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書(shū),一邊不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。Seeing those pictures

20、, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫(huà),他想起了她的童年。-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如:Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂?我不能把這本書(shū)送給他。Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 因?yàn)榉浅＜?dòng),那晚我們?cè)S多人都沒(méi)睡著。ing分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如:His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了,留給

21、他許多錢(qián)。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.她非常生氣,把玩具扔在地上,把它摔成了碎片。-ing分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ),可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間,表示主語(yǔ)的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如:They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他們?cè)谀莾赫玖税胄r(shí),觀察著天上的星星。Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.

22、年輕人跟在老人的后面開(kāi)始慢慢地走起來(lái)。-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語(yǔ)和讓步狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。如:A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.一個(gè)人如站在大山的腳下會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很渺小。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失。注:-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)?！皐ith/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況或時(shí)

23、間、原因等。如:His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時(shí)間的推移,他的頭發(fā)變花白了。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒(méi)人注意,他從窗戶溜了出去。6 -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ):-ing 分詞可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find 等動(dòng)詞后面和一個(gè)名詞 或代詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如： I n

24、oticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下車(chē)的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來(lái)。 Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個(gè)小孩在偷東西。 上面這類(lèi)句子也可變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)，-ing 分詞可看成是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。 Jily was never heard singi

25、ng that song again. 人們?cè)僖矝](méi)有聽(tīng)到吉麗唱這 首歌了。 5. -ing 分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： -ing 分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱(chēng)代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的 普通格+-ing 分詞構(gòu)成，在句子開(kāi)頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句 中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。如： His coming made us very happy. 他的到來(lái)使我們大家都很高。 He was awakened by someones knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門(mén)聲吵 醒了。 1. ing 分詞作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)時(shí)與不定式的區(qū)別： -ing 分詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的主要區(qū)

26、別在于：在表示比較抽象的一般 的多次性行為時(shí)多用-ing 分詞；在表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)的 動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。如： Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸煙）這里禁止吸煙。 Its not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸煙）吸這么多煙對(duì)你的 身體不好。 My job is teaching. 我的工作是教書(shū)。 My job is to teach you English this term. 我這一學(xué)期的工作是教你們英語(yǔ)。 2. 高中階段能接-ing 分詞作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞： mind（介意）, suggest（建議

27、）, enjoy（欣賞，）, admit（承認(rèn)）, appreciate （感激，欣賞）, avoid（避免）, delay（推遲）, dislike（不喜歡，厭惡）, escape（逃脫）, finish（完成）, forgive（寬?。? imagine（想象）, keep （保持）, miss（錯(cuò)過(guò)）, practise（訓(xùn)練）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk （冒險(xiǎn)）, deny（拒絕，否認(rèn)）, consider（考慮）等。 3. 有些動(dòng)詞既能接不定式，又能接-ing 分詞，含義有所不同。如： forget, remember, regret 等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動(dòng)作后

28、于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作， 而后接-ing 分詞作賓語(yǔ)表示分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。如： Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)我嗎？ Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開(kāi)時(shí)要記得鎖門(mén)。 動(dòng)詞 mean, stop, try, go on 等動(dòng)詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，意思也 有所不同。如： I try not to think about that. 我盡量不去想那件事。 Would you please try doing that again? 請(qǐng)你再試一次好嗎？ I mean to change it f

29、or another one. 我想換成另外一個(gè)。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車(chē)就意味著再 等一個(gè)小時(shí)。 Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 做完練習(xí)以后，我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)下一單元的單詞。 After a short rest, they went on working. 短暫地休息以后，他們又繼續(xù)工 作。 He stopped talking when the bell rang. 鈴響

30、的時(shí)候，他停止了講話。 While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的時(shí)候，他不 時(shí)地停下來(lái)和湯姆談話。 注意：有時(shí)人們把 stop 后的動(dòng)詞不定式理解為目的狀語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)詞 allow, advise, forbid, permit 等可直接跟-ing 分詞作賓語(yǔ)，不可以 接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如： Please permit me to say a few words. 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說(shuō)幾句話。 We dont permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。 動(dòng)詞 need, require, w

31、ant 作“需要”解時(shí)，后面接-ing 分詞或不定式的被 動(dòng)式。如： The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 這個(gè)房間需要打掃。 These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. 這些小孩需要細(xì)心地照料。 動(dòng)詞 like, hate, prefer 等后面，如表示一般性動(dòng)作，多用-ing 分詞；如指 特定的具體的某次動(dòng)作，多用不定式。如： I like swimming, but I dont like to swim with you.

32、我喜歡游泳，但我 不喜歡和你一起游泳。 I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去學(xué)校。 I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。 動(dòng)詞 begin, start 后面，如表示有意識(shí)地開(kāi)始做某事，常用-ing 分詞，否則 用不定式更多一些。如： We began to do that job last year. 我們?nèi)ツ觊_(kāi)始做那工作的。 They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開(kāi)始談?wù)撃遣侩娪啊?注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語(yǔ)： a. 當(dāng)

33、start, begin 本身用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。 When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents. 老師走進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候，他正開(kāi)始寫(xiě)信給他的父母親。 b. 當(dāng) start, begin 后接表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)。 Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. 一聽(tīng)到消息，他就開(kāi)始考慮一個(gè)好辦法來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 c. 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命的東西時(shí)。 We were about to leave

34、when it began to rain. 我們正準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)，天開(kāi)始下 雨了。 4. -ing 分詞作表語(yǔ)的兩種不同含義： -ing 分詞作表語(yǔ)可以表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容是什么。如： Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。 The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的問(wèn) 題是了解人民的需要。 -ing 分詞作表語(yǔ)還可以表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征。如： This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。 The problem is quite puzzl

35、ing. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很令人困惑。 ing 分詞作定語(yǔ)可用來(lái)說(shuō)明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如： reading material 閱讀材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 魚(yú)桿 flying suit 飛行服 writing table 寫(xiě)字臺(tái) listening practice 聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練 -ing 分詞作定語(yǔ)還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一 個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句， 可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作， 也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。 如： developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 a growing city = a city that is growing 發(fā)展著的城市 an