土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第四章

1、每節(jié)英語(yǔ)Youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind.青春不是一段年華，而是一種心境。 Unit 4 Bridge Engineering本章內(nèi)容1、Words and Expressions2、Translating: Bridge Engineering3、Translating skill and exerciseUnit 4 Bridge EngineeringUnit 4 Bridge Engineering本次課主要內(nèi)容本次課主要內(nèi)容 1、Unit 4 words and expressions 2、 Sentences tr

2、anslation Unit 4 Bridge Engineering1、Words and Expressions（1）capacity kpst n. 容納能力；能力；地位；生產(chǎn)力；地位 bearing capacity 承載能力 ; 承載力 ; 承重能力 ; 支持力（2）foremost fmst adj. 最重要的，主要的 adv. 首先；居于首位地（3）deteriorationd,trren n.惡化；退化；墮落 Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（4）compromise kmprmaz n. 妥協(xié)；和解；折中 vi. 妥協(xié)；讓步 vt. 妥協(xié)；危害 compro

3、mise boundry 組合界面（5）site sat n. 地點(diǎn)；位置；場(chǎng)所 vt. 設(shè)置；為.選址 Construction Site 建筑工地 ; 施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng) ; 工地 ; 建筑地盤 I was working as a foreman on a building site. 我在一個(gè)建筑工地當(dāng)工頭。 Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（6）envisage nvzd vt. 正視，面對(duì)；想象 Envisage Failure 正視失敗 We envisage that large scale projects might require additional metho

4、ds; if so, they could reasonably be added to this class. 我們認(rèn)為，大型項(xiàng)目可能還需要其他方法；如果是這樣，完全可以將它們添加到此類中。（7）mentality mentlt n. 心態(tài)；智力；精神力；頭腦作用 Mentality pressure 心理壓力 Social Mentality 社會(huì)心態(tài) mentality plan 思路規(guī)劃 Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（8）specification spesfke()n n. 規(guī)范；說(shuō)明書；詳述 Performance Specification 性能規(guī)格 ; 性

5、能說(shuō)明 ; 性能規(guī)范 ; 性能指標(biāo) technical specification技術(shù)規(guī)范；技術(shù)說(shuō)明 design specification設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范；設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格；設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書；設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié) Id like to buy some land and have a house built to my specification.我想買塊地并按照我的要求建一座房子。 Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（9）span spn n. 跨度；跨距；范圍 vt. 跨越；持續(xù)；以手指測(cè)量 main span 主跨 side span 邊跨 ; 旁跨 ; 側(cè)孔 central span 中跨距 ; 中

6、心跨距（10）girder gd n.主梁 simple supported girder 簡(jiǎn)支梁 compound girder 合成梁Unit 4 Bridge Engineering Main grider is one of the most important forced parts of large pressing machine. Its optimal design is a hard nonlinear optimization problem. 主梁是大型壓力機(jī)的關(guān)鍵受力構(gòu)件之一，其最優(yōu)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題是一類很難求解的非線性規(guī)劃問(wèn)題。（11）pier p n.碼頭；窗間壁；橋墩

7、 bridge pier橋墩 pier foundation墩式地基，墩基礎(chǔ)Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（12）delegate delgt vt.委派.為代表；把（工作、權(quán)利）委托給（下級(jí)） n.代表（13）according to 根據(jù)，按照（14）arch t n.弓形，拱形；拱門 adj.主要的 vt.拱起；成為弓形 parabolic arch 拋物線拱 arch stone 拱石 arch bridge拱形橋Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（15）transmit trnzmt vt.傳輸；傳播；發(fā)射；遺傳 vi.傳輸；發(fā)射信號(hào)（16）sal

8、ient selnt adj. 顯著地；突出的；跳躍的 n.凸角；突出部分 salient point 折點(diǎn) ; 凸點(diǎn) ; 凸起點(diǎn)（17）fabrication fbrke()n n.制造；建造；裝配 Fabrication parameter 制造參數(shù) Fabrication procedure 制造工序 ; 制造流程Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（18）spandrel spndrl n.拱肩 spandrel beam 外墻托梁 spandrel wall 拱上側(cè)墻 ; 拱腔墻 ; 窗肚墻 ; 拱肩墻 spandrel structure 拱上結(jié)構(gòu) ; 拱上布局（19

9、）tend 易于，往往會(huì)；傾向于（20）through-truss n.下承桁架Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringA bridge usually controls the capacity of a transportation system, and is the highest cost per mile of the system.橋通?？刂浦\(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)輸能力，而且每英里成本在交通系統(tǒng)中是最高的。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringBecause the bridge is the key element in the transportation sy

10、stem, balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of a heavier and wider bridge structure.因?yàn)闃蛄菏墙煌ㄏ到y(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵部分，必須實(shí)現(xiàn)未來(lái)交通量和載重量與更重更寬橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)造價(jià)之間的平衡。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringStrength must always be foremost, but so should measures to prevent deterioration.強(qiáng)度必須始終是最重要的，應(yīng)該采

11、取措施防止其衰減。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe designer of new bridge has control over these parameters and must take wise decisions so that capacity and cost are in the balance, and safety is not compromised.新橋梁的設(shè)計(jì)師控制著這些參數(shù)，必須做出最佳的決策，從而使性能與成本達(dá)到平衡，并且安全性不受損害。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringOftentimes engineers deceiv

12、e themselves into believing that if they gather enough information about a bridge site and the traffic loads, the selection of a bridge type for that situation will be automatic.通常，工程師自信的認(rèn)為如果他們收集了足夠的有關(guān)橋址和交通荷載的信息，該種情況下橋型的選擇是順其自然的。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringFurthermore the use of analysis/design softwar

13、e will complete the job. Unfortunately, or perhaps fortunately it is not the case.此外，分析/設(shè)計(jì)的軟件的應(yīng)用也將完成這項(xiàng)工作。但不幸的是，也許并沒(méi)有這么幸運(yùn)。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringA bridge engineer must have three points in mind while working on a bridge project: （i） creative and aesthetic; （ii） analytical; （iii） technical and pract

14、ical.從事橋梁工程的工程師必須牢記三個(gè)要點(diǎn)：（1）創(chuàng)意與美感；（ii）善于分析；（三）技術(shù)與實(shí)踐。每節(jié)英語(yǔ)No winter lasts forever; no spring skips its turn.冬去春來(lái)，周而復(fù)始。 Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringUnit 4 Bridge EngineeringSo as to give a realistic evaluation of the possibilities of the construction technique envisaged and the costs involved.從而對(duì)設(shè)想的施工技術(shù)的可能

15、性和涉及的相關(guān)費(fèi)用做出切合實(shí)際的評(píng)價(jià)。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringIf these three mentalities do not coexist in a single mind, they must always be present on terms of absolute equality in the group or team responsible for the design.如果這三種心態(tài)不在一個(gè)的頭腦中共存，那也必須始終在內(nèi)部絕對(duì)平等的小組或設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)中存在。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThere are no equations

16、, no compute programs or design specifications that can make our bridges beautiful. It is an awareness of beauty on our part.沒(méi)有公式，沒(méi)有計(jì)算程序或設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范，能夠使我們的橋梁美觀，這是人類自身對(duì)美的意識(shí)。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringAesthetics must be a part of the bridge design program from the beginning. It cannot be added on at the end to

17、 make the bridge look nice. At that time, it is too late. 美學(xué)必須從一開始就作為橋梁設(shè)計(jì)的一部分。不能在設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)束時(shí)才增加美學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)使橋梁看起來(lái)美觀，到那時(shí)就太晚了。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringFrom the beginning, the engineer must consider aesthetics in selection of spans, depth of girders, piers, and the relationship of one to another. It is a responsibi

18、lity that cannot be delegated. We must demand it of ourselves, because the public demands it of us.從一開始，工程師必須在跨徑、梁高、橋墩的選擇和彼此之間的關(guān)系上就考慮橋梁的美觀。它是一種責(zé)任 ，不能被委派。我們必須要求自己完成，因?yàn)檫@是社會(huì)對(duì)我們的要求Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThere are a number of ways in which to classify bridges. Bridges can be classified according to: (

19、i ) materials （concrete, steel or wood etc）; （ii）usage (pedestrian, highway, or railroad); （iii）span（short, medium, or long）;（iv）structural from （slabs, girder, truss, arch, suspension, or cable-stayed）.橋梁的分類方法有多種?？筛鶕?jù)橋梁的材料（混凝土橋、鋼橋或木橋等）、用途（人行橋、公路橋、鐵路橋）、跨徑（小橋、中橋或大橋）、結(jié)構(gòu)形式（板橋、梁橋、桁架橋、拱橋、吊橋、斜拉橋）進(jìn)行分類Unit 4

20、 Bridge EngineeringThey all seem to contain parts of one another within each other. It is however suitable to classify bridges according to the location of the main structural elements relative to the surface on which the user travels, that is, whether the main structure is below, above, or coincide

21、s with the deck line. 他們彼此都包含對(duì)方的一部分。然而，根據(jù)主要結(jié)構(gòu)單元與橋面的相對(duì)位置對(duì)橋梁進(jìn)行分類是適當(dāng)?shù)模簿褪钦f(shuō)，主要看橋梁的主要結(jié)構(gòu)是在橋面的下面、上面或與其齊平。每節(jié)英語(yǔ)Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves.愿生如夏花之絢爛，死如秋葉之靜美。 Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringUnit 4 Bridge Engineering本次課主要內(nèi)容本次課主要內(nèi)容1、Unit 4 Words and Expressions 2、Sentences tr

22、anslation Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（1）anchorage k()rd n.錨地；下錨；停泊稅（2）be regarded as 被認(rèn)為是，被當(dāng)做是（3）longitudinal ln(d)tjudn()l adj. 縱向的；縱觀的；經(jīng)度的 longitudinal section 縱切面 ; 縱剖面 ; 縱切片 ; 縱截面 longitudinal stress 縱向應(yīng)力 ; 縱應(yīng)力 ; 軸向應(yīng)力 longitudinal strength 縱向強(qiáng)度 ; 拉伸強(qiáng)度 longitudinal strain 縱向應(yīng)變 ; 縱向變形 ; 線應(yīng)變 ; longit

23、udinal fault 縱斷層 ; 縱向斷層 ; 又稱縱斷層 Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（4）led to 導(dǎo)致，引起（5）girder bridge 梁式橋（6）flange fln(d) n. 凸緣（7）retrofit retrft vt. 修整；改進(jìn)；更新 n. 式樣翻新；花樣翻新 A retrofit may involve putting in new door jambs. 房子翻新可能需安裝一些新的門框。 Unit 4 Bridge Engineering（8）chief engineer 總工程師（9）sealant silnt n. 保護(hù)層；密封劑

24、；填縫料； formation sealant 封堵劑 fluid sealant 液體密封劑（10）flex fleks vt. 折曲，使收縮 vi.彎曲；收縮 n. 屈曲 dynamic flex 動(dòng)態(tài)扭曲 Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringArched and truss-arched bridges are include in the classification of main structure below the deck line. 拱橋和桁架拱橋歸類于主要結(jié)構(gòu)在橋面以下的橋梁。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringExamples are the

25、 masonry arch, the concrete arch, the steel-truss arch, the steel deck truss, the rigid frame, and the inclined leg frame bridges. 例如：石拱橋，混凝土拱橋，鋼桁架拱橋，鋼橋面桁架橋，剛架橋和斜腿剛架橋。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringWith the main structure below the deck line in the shape of an arch, gravity loads are transmitted to the su

26、pports primarily by axial compressive forces. 在拱橋中，由于主要結(jié)構(gòu)在橋面以下，重力主要以軸向壓力的形式傳遞到支承結(jié)構(gòu)。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringAt the supports, both vertical and horizontal reactions must be resisted. The arch can be solid or it can be a truss of various forms. 支承結(jié)構(gòu)必須抵抗垂直和水平的反力。拱可以是實(shí)體的，也可以是各種形狀的桁架。Unit 4 Bridge Engine

27、eringSalient features of arch type bridges are:The arch form is intended to reduce bending moments （and hence tensile stresses）in the superstructure and should be economical in material compared with an equivalent straight, simply supported girder or truss. 拱橋的顯著特點(diǎn)：拱形結(jié)構(gòu)有利于減少上部結(jié)構(gòu)的彎矩(減小拉應(yīng)力),同時(shí)所用材料應(yīng)當(dāng)比采

28、用直線型的簡(jiǎn)支梁或桁架經(jīng)濟(jì)。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe efficiency is achieved by providing horizontal reactions to the arch rib. If these are external reactions, they can be supplied at reasonable cost only if the site is suitable. 通過(guò)提高作用于拱肋的水平力可獲得拱肋的承載能力。如果這些水平力是外部作用，只有橋址條件合適時(shí)，利用外部水平力才是合理的。Unit 4 Bridge Engine

29、eringThe most suitable site for this form of structure is a valley, with the arch foundation located on dry rock slopes. 拱橋最適合的位置是山谷，將拱橋基礎(chǔ)置于干燥巖石斜坡上。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe conventional curved arch rib may have high fabrication and erection costs, although these may be controlled by skilled labo

30、r. 傳統(tǒng)的曲線形拱肋制作和安裝成本高，盡管這些可以通過(guò)熟練的勞動(dòng)力得以控制。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe arch is predominantly a compression structure. For example, the open spandrel arch with the rib below the deck consists of deck, spandrel columns, and arch rib. 拱是以受壓為主的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如，拱肋在橋面以下的空腹式拱橋是由橋面、拱上立柱和拱肋組成的。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe

31、 design must include accurate estimates of buckling and should be detailed so as to avoid excessive reduction in allowable stress. 設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)必須準(zhǔn)確而詳細(xì)地估計(jì)變形，從而避免過(guò)度降低容許應(yīng)力。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe classic arch from tends to favor concrete as a construction material. 經(jīng)典拱橋傾向于用混凝土作為建筑材料。Unit 4 Bridge Engineeri

32、ngThe arch rib is usually shaped to take dead load without bending moments. This load is then called the form load. If the form load is large, the live load becomes essentially a small disturbance applied to a compressed member. 拱肋通常適合承受不產(chǎn)生彎矩的恒載。這種荷載被稱為負(fù)載。如果負(fù)載很大，活載基本上就變成一種施加到受壓構(gòu)件的很小的擾動(dòng)。Unit 4 Bridge

33、 EngineeringThe conventional arch has two moments resisting components-the deck and the arch rib. 傳統(tǒng)的拱橋有兩個(gè)抵抗力矩的構(gòu)件橋面和拱肋。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringUndesirable and unanticipated distributions of moment may occur, particularly in regions where the spandrel columns are short, normally near the crown of th

34、e arch, which may be avoided by careful detailing; for example by using pin ended columns. 在拱上立柱較短、靠近拱頂?shù)膮^(qū)域，可能出現(xiàn)不理想的、預(yù)料不到的彎矩，這一點(diǎn)可以通過(guò)詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)加以避免。例如采用栓端柱。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringSuspension, cable-stayed, and through-truss bridges are included in this category of main structure above the deck line. 吊橋，斜拉

35、橋，下承式桁架橋都?xì)w類于主要結(jié)構(gòu)位于橋面上部的橋梁。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringBoth suspension and cable-stayed bridges are tension structures whose cables are supported by towers. 懸索橋和斜拉橋都是索塔支承拉索的受拉結(jié)構(gòu)。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringSuspension bridges are constructed with two cables from which the deck, usually a stiffened truss is

36、hung by secondary cables. 懸索橋建有兩根主索,加勁桁架梁通過(guò)吊索懸掛在主索上。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringCable-stayed bridges have multiple cables that support the deck directly from the tower. 斜拉橋有多根直接錨固在塔柱上的斜索,支撐著橋面。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringAnalysis of the cable forces in a suspension bridge must consider non-linear geometry

37、 due to large deflections, while linear elastic analysis is usually sufficient for cable-stayed bridges. 由于變形量較大，懸索橋索力分析時(shí)必須（通常）考慮幾何非線性，而斜拉橋進(jìn)行線彈性分析就足夠了。每節(jié)英語(yǔ)Happiness takes no account of time. Cherish it.幸福年華似流水。且行且珍惜。 Unit 4 Bridge Engineering每節(jié)英語(yǔ)Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.心之所愿，無(wú)所不成。 U

38、nit 4 Bridge EngineeringUnit 4 Bridge EngineeringSalient features of suspension bridges:The major element of a stiffened suspension bridge is a flexible cable, shaped and supported in such a way that it can transfer the major loads to the towers and anchorages by direct tension. 吊橋的突出特點(diǎn)：吊橋的主要構(gòu)件是柔性索，

39、它通過(guò)直接受拉將主要荷載傳遞給索塔和錨碇。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThis cable is commonly constructed from high strength wires. The deck is hung from the cable by hangers constructed of high strength wire ropes in tension這種索通常由高強(qiáng)度鋼絲編制而成。橋面通過(guò)由高強(qiáng)度鋼絲繩做成的受拉的吊索懸掛在主纜上Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThis use of high strength steel in

40、 tension, primarily in the cables and secondarily in the hangers leads to an economical structure, particularly if the self-weight of the structure becomes significant, as in the case of long spans. 在主纜和吊索中對(duì)高強(qiáng)鋼材抗拉能力的應(yīng)用可使結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)濟(jì)，特別是在自重大的大跨徑橋梁中。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe main cable is stiffened either

41、by a pair of stiffening trusses or by a system of girders at deck level. 主纜要么通過(guò)一對(duì)加勁桁架加強(qiáng)，要么通過(guò)橋面處的梁加強(qiáng)。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThis stiffening system serves to (i) control aerodynamic movements and (ii) limit local angle changes in the deck. It may be unnecessary in the cases where the load is great.

42、加勁系統(tǒng)的作用是：（1）控制空氣動(dòng)力作用，（2）限制橋面荷載角度的變化。在荷載很大的情況下，加勁系統(tǒng)可能就沒(méi)有必要了。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringIt is the only alternative of spans over 600m, and it is greatly regarded as competitive for span down to 300 m. 這是跨度大于600m時(shí)的唯一選擇，同時(shí)跨度下降至300米時(shí)也同樣被認(rèn)為是極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringSalient features of cable-stayed br

43、idges:As compared with suspension bridges, the cables are straight rather than curved. As a result, the stiffness is greater. 斜拉橋的顯著特點(diǎn)是：與懸索橋相比，斜索是直的而不是彎曲的。其結(jié)果是，斜拉橋的剛度大。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe cables are anchored to the deck and cause compressive forces in the deck. 斜索錨固在橋面上，使橋面受力。Unit 4 Bridge

44、EngineeringCompared with the stiffened suspension bridge, the cable-braced bridge tends to be less efficient in supporting dead load, but more efficient in supporting live load. As a result it is not likely to be economical in the longest spans. 與加勁懸索橋相比，斜拉橋在支承靜荷載方面不如懸索橋，但在支承活載方面比懸索橋更有效。因此，在特大跨徑橋梁中，

45、斜拉橋可能是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringThe cables may be arranged in a single plane, at the longitudinal centerline of the deck.Aerodynamics instability has not found to be a problem in such structures. 拉索可沿著橋軸線方向布置在同一個(gè)平面內(nèi)。在斜拉橋中還沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定性問(wèn)題。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringSalient features of through bridg

46、es:A bridges truss has two main structural advantages: (i) the primary member forces are axial loads; (ii ) the open web system permits the use of a greater overall depth than for an equivalent solid web girder. 下承式橋梁的顯著特點(diǎn)：桁架具有兩個(gè)主要的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：（1）主要構(gòu)件上的力是軸向力。（2）空腹式體系比同樣的實(shí)腹梁利用的整體深度大。Unit 4 Bridge Engineerin

47、gBoth these factors lead to economy in material and a reduced dead weight. The increased depth also leads to reduced deflection, that is , a more rigid structure. 這兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)使材料用量省，并減小自重。深度的提高能夠降低偏移，也就是增大了結(jié)構(gòu)的剛度。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringEconomical for medium spans,Aesthetically pleasing. 對(duì)中等跨徑的橋梁是經(jīng)濟(jì)的，美觀。Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringGirder bridges (figure 4-1) of all types are include in the category of main structure coinciding with the deck line. Example are:在所有的分類中，梁橋歸類于主要結(jié)構(gòu)與橋面重合的類型。例如:Unit 4 Bridge EngineeringSlab (solid and voided)T-beamI-beam,Wide-