第十一章 英語句子成分

1、 第十一章第十一章 英英語語句子成分句子成分 第一節(jié) 概述 第一單元 從句 一、句子的成分 句子是由作用不同的各個(gè)部分組成的，組成句子的各個(gè)部分（members of the sentence ）就叫做句子成分。其包括主語(subject sbdkt)、謂語(predicate predkt)、賓語(object bdkt)、定語（attributive/attribut）、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、表語(predicative prdktv)、同位語(appositive)。在句子里，一定的句子成分由一定的詞類來擔(dān)任。句子成分可以是單詞，也可以是詞組或者從句。這些句子的各種成分與構(gòu)成這些成分的單詞、詞組

2、或者從句有著十分密切的關(guān)系。這種關(guān)系可以在下表中看得非常清楚。詞類在句子中的作用備注名詞主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語形容詞定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語副詞狀語、定語、表語副詞作定語時(shí)，通常在被他修飾的名詞后面數(shù)詞定語、表語 動(dòng)詞謂語代詞主語、賓語、表語代詞作表語時(shí)，仍然用主格介詞短語定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語介詞短語作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾名詞的后面 二、從句 從句，是在指復(fù)合句中，內(nèi)含主語部分和謂語部分，表達(dá)一定的概念，但不成為一個(gè)獨(dú)立句子的一組詞，即從屬分句。其可以直接從屬于另一分句，作為分句成分；也可以從屬于一個(gè)詞組，作為詞組的一部分。從句在句子里一般由連詞、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞等引導(dǎo)

3、詞（Connective）所引導(dǎo)。從句在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等句子成分。根據(jù)從句語法功能的不同，從句可以分為：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句6類。由于主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句及同位語從句在句子的功用相當(dāng)于名詞（它在復(fù)合句中能分別擔(dān)任主語、賓語（介詞賓語、形容詞賓語）、表語、同位語），所以通稱名詞性從句（Noun Clause）。下面具體分析： （一）名詞性從句。 主語從句（Subject Clause）。用作主語的從句叫主語從句。 表語從句（Predicative Clause）。用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。 賓語從句（Object Clau

4、se）。在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句分為三類：動(dòng)詞的賓語從句、介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。 同位語從句(Appositive Clause)。從句作同位語表示與之同位的名詞(短語)的實(shí)際內(nèi)容，它的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，對(duì)前面的名詞(短語)加以補(bǔ)充說明或進(jìn)一步解釋，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表語從句，它們之間的關(guān)系就是同位關(guān)系，即主表關(guān)系。（二）定語從句(Attributive Clause)。定語從句功能相當(dāng)于形容詞，稱為形容詞性從句。定語從句。是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。（三

5、）狀語從句（Adverbial Clause）。狀語從句功能相當(dāng)于副詞，稱為副詞性從句。狀語從句可分為：（1）時(shí)間狀語從句（adverbial clause of time）。（2）地點(diǎn)狀語從句（adverbial clause of place）。（3）原因狀語從句（adverbial clause of cause）。（4）條件狀語從句（adverbial clause of condition）。（5）目的狀語從句（adverbial clause of purpose）。（6）讓步狀語從句（adverbial clause of concession）。（7）比較狀語從句（adverb

6、ial clause of comparison）。（8）方式狀語從句（adverbial clause of manner）。（9）結(jié)果狀語從句（adverbial clause of result）。三、連詞 if 和 when 在不同從句中的區(qū)別 例如：Do you know if he will come back next week ? If he comes back, please let me know.I dont know when he will come). I cant wait here any more. When he comes, would you plea

7、se ask him to call me? 第二單元 謂語 一、概念 謂語( predicate)是對(duì)主語動(dòng)作、特征或狀態(tài)的陳述或說明，指出“做什么”（do what），“是什么”（what is this）或是(怎么樣)(how)。在英語中，動(dòng)詞按作用和功能主要分為兩大類，一類是謂語動(dòng)詞，另一類是非謂語動(dòng)詞。謂語動(dòng)詞一般由動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)來體現(xiàn)，因此謂語是表示句子時(shí)態(tài)的主要手段。 例如： My brother rides his bicycle to work.我哥哥騎自行車上班。(動(dòng)詞rides作謂語動(dòng)詞) I like walking.我喜歡走路。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)) I made y

8、our birthday cake last night.昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 (一般過去時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)) It is used by travelers and business people all over the world .全世界旅行者和商人都使用它 (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)) 二、謂語分類 依據(jù)其在句中繁簡程度可分為： （一）簡單謂語。不論何種時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，語氣，凡由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞（或動(dòng)詞詞組）構(gòu)成的謂語都是簡單謂語。 例如： We PLANT trees in spring every year.我們每年春天都種許多樹. The plane TOOK OFF at seven ocloc

9、k.飛機(jī)已在7點(diǎn)起飛. （二）復(fù)合謂語?？煞譃閮煞N情況： （1）由助動(dòng)詞+不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語。 例如： What does this word mean? 這個(gè)單詞是什么意思？ I wont do it again. 我不會(huì)再做它（指這件事it one more time）。 Ill go and move away the bag 我會(huì)移走這個(gè)袋子的。 Youd better catch a bus. 你最好乘坐公交車。 （2）由連系動(dòng)詞+表語構(gòu)成。聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞后面的成份叫做表語。表語由名詞、名詞性短語、名詞性從句、形容詞、形容詞性短語等承擔(dān)。連系動(dòng)詞和表語在意思上緊密聯(lián)系，不宜

10、分割。 例如： You look the same. 你(們)看起來一樣. My pen is in my bag. 我的鋼筆在我的書包里。 I felt tired all the time. 我整天感到疲憊. He seemed rather tired last night. 他昨晚看起來相當(dāng)?shù)睦? （3）由情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。謂語說明主語的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)或特征。 例如： We should become healthy. 我們應(yīng)該變得健康。（4）由個(gè)別情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞和一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成。 例如： You ought to take care of him.（5）許多帶復(fù)合賓語的句子在變成

11、被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后,也包含了一個(gè)復(fù)合謂語。 例如： Jack was seen to swim across the river. 有人看到杰克游過河了。 三、謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別（一）謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可單獨(dú)作謂語，而非謂語動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語。 例如： Miss Mary teaches us English.瑪麗教我們英語。（teaches 動(dòng)詞作謂語）Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.維克托先生上周來到了我們教室和我們談話。 （to have a talk. 不定式作狀語）（二）謂語動(dòng)詞受主語的人稱

12、和數(shù)的限制，而非謂語動(dòng)詞形式?jīng)]有這種限制。 例如： Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜歡流行音樂。 （動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式）Larke has nothing to do today.今天拉克沒什么事要做。（do 用原形）（三）非謂語動(dòng)詞的特征：如果非謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，后面須跟賓語。例如：Studying English is my favorite. 學(xué)習(xí)英語是我的愛好。（studying 后跟賓語） （四）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以帶有自己的狀語或邏輯主語。 例如： Working under such a condition is terrible. 在這樣的環(huán)境下工作

13、太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的狀語) Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握英語太難了。（him 作不定式的邏輯主語） （五）非謂語動(dòng)詞仍有語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。 例如： I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 對(duì)不起讓你久等了。（to have kept.是不定式的完成形式） Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautifu

14、l. 從山上看，這座城市美麗多了。（seen from.是分詞的被動(dòng)形式） （六）非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可以當(dāng)成名詞或者形容詞來使用。 例如： Our coming made him happy. 我們的到來使他很高興。（coming 起名詞作用） There are two big swimming pools here. 這兒有兩個(gè)大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容詞作用) 第二節(jié) 名詞性從句 第一單元 概述 一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞 連詞。連詞在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分。特別注意連詞that的用法。引導(dǎo)單一的賓語從句時(shí)that?？墒÷裕龑?dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時(shí)，that不被省

15、略。 例如： That he had failed his English exam made hismother angry. The trouble is that I have forgotten her telephone number. This was not an easy decision. It is, however, a decision that we feel is dictated by our duty.這很難抉擇。不過，我們覺得自己有義務(wù)作出決定。 I am happy that you passed the exam.that在形容詞后面引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，不能

16、用as。 （二）連接代詞（9個(gè)）。疑問代詞在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句）時(shí)，都稱為連接代詞，what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、whomever、whose(不加ever)、which、whichever。連接代詞一共九個(gè)，即除了whose后不能加“-ever”后綴，其余都行。詞義： （1）wh-：表示的是原疑問代詞的意義。注意：What可以用作連接代詞，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人的時(shí)候，What=the person(s) that/who/whom（所的人）。指物的時(shí)候，What=the thing(s) which/that（所的物）。值得注

17、意的是，這種用法的what 本身已經(jīng)包括先行詞，所以前面不能再有先行詞。也就是說，前面如果有先行詞，根據(jù)情況用which/that或者that/who/whom；前面如果沒有先行詞，就要用what。What在從句中可以作為主語、賓語和表語。 例如： That is exactly what he told me.（指物） What has been done can not be undone. （指物） Never pretend to be what you are not. （指人） She is what you call a snob. (=She is the woman that

18、 you call a snob.) （指人） That is the furniture what we want to buy. (錯(cuò)誤)-That is the furniture that/which we want to buy.（(正確） 連接代詞在從句中可以作為主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語,引起不定式以用作賓語或介詞的賓語。 例如： Tell him what to do. 告訴他怎樣做。 Lucy cant decide on which to choose. 露西不能決定選哪個(gè)好。 They exchanged views on the question of whom to

19、 elect. 他們就該選誰的問題交換了意見。 （2）wh-+ever:無論誰/ 無論哪個(gè)(些)/無論什么。ever 主要用于加強(qiáng)語氣，含有“一切”、“任何”、“無論”之義。 例如： Whoever breaks the law will be punished. You can take whatever you like. You can take whichever book you like. He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。 Ill take whoever wants to go. 誰想去我就帶誰去。 Ill gi

20、ve the ticket to whoever wants it. 誰想要這票，我就把它給誰。 Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪個(gè)隊(duì)得分最多，哪個(gè)隊(duì)就贏。 Take whichever seat you like. 你喜歡坐哪個(gè)座位就坐哪個(gè)。 I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就說什么。 注意：使用這類詞時(shí)，注意不要按漢語習(xí)慣用錯(cuò)句子結(jié)構(gòu)。 例如： 任何人(誰)先來都可以得到一張票。 誤：Anyone comes first can get a ticket. / Who

21、 comes first can get a ticket 正：Anyone who comes first can get a ticket. / Whoever comes first can get a ticket. （3）what 的兩種不同用法。請(qǐng)看以下兩個(gè)句子： I didnt know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。 I gave her what she wanted. 我給了她想要的一切。 上面第一句中的 what 表示“什么”，帶有疑問的意味；第二句中的 what 表示“所的一切事或東西”，其意義上大致相當(dāng)于 that (those) which,

22、the thing (things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等，又如： What =That which you say is quite true. 你說的完全是事實(shí)。 He saves what = all that he earns. 他賺多少，積蓄多少。 Call it what = anything that you please. 你喜歡叫它什么就叫它什么。這樣用的 what 有時(shí)還可后接一個(gè)名詞：He gave me what money = all the money that he had about him. 他把

23、身上帶的錢全給了我。 What friends =All the friends that he has are very poor. 他所有的朋友都很窮。 （三）連接副詞（7個(gè)）：when、whenever 、where、wherever、how、however、why。連接副詞在句中作狀語。 （1）詞義： wh-、how：表示的是原疑問副詞的意義，即：“的時(shí)間(the time when)；的地點(diǎn)(the place where)；的原因(the reason why)”；的方式(the way that)。注意：where 作為連接副詞：“在什么地方”、 “到哪兒” 、“從哪兒”等。還可

24、以表示一個(gè)抽象的地域、位置。例如：He didnt tell me when we should meet again.Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.This room is where I was born. When he will go is unknown. I wonder why he tried to avoid me. This is how we work. wh-/ how -+ever。引導(dǎo)主語從

25、句和賓語從句的區(qū)別。wh-表示疑問含義，而wh-ever無論.強(qiáng)調(diào)一切情況。whatever=anythingthat、whoever=anyone who、whichever=any.that做題時(shí)，我們要認(rèn)真分析語境，看看句子要表達(dá)什么意思。如果表示任何一個(gè)人或事物，無范圍可言，就用wh-ever;如果有疑問的含義，且指的是具體的人或物，就用wh-。whoever在從句中作主語、表語等；whomever在從句中作賓語。例如：You may invite whomever you like.whatever表示“無論什么”，沒有一定的范圍限制；whichever表示“無論哪一個(gè)、無論哪些”，

26、其后可接一個(gè)名詞。例如：Eat whichever cake you like.例如：Whoever leaves the room ought to turn off the lights. (Whoever = Anyone who )無論誰最后離開教室都應(yīng)該把燈關(guān)掉。It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. (whatever = anything that) 人們普遍認(rèn)為，孩子要什么就給什么是不明智的。Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you

27、 can afford. 到郵票銷售點(diǎn)去，把能夠買得起的郵票買下來。（2）wh-/ how ever 和no matter wh-/ how的區(qū)別。 no matter構(gòu)成的連詞詞組。no matter常與疑問代詞或疑問副詞一起構(gòu)成連詞詞組no matter what/who/where/when/which/how引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句（從句置于主句前后均可），意為“不管/無論什么、誰、何處、何時(shí)、哪一個(gè)、如何” 。這種結(jié)構(gòu)=“疑問代詞或疑問副詞+后綴ever”構(gòu)成的連接副詞。 例如： no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no mat

28、ter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however No matter where you go, you will find Coca-Cola.不管你去哪里,都會(huì)有可口可樂。 注意: no matter + wh- 有時(shí)可用在句尾而沒有動(dòng)詞跟在后面。 例如： Ill always help you, no matter what (happens).不管發(fā)生什么事，我都會(huì)始終如一地幫你。 1）時(shí)態(tài)。引導(dǎo)的從句往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)。 例如：

29、 No matter who you are, you must obey the rules. 無論你是誰，都應(yīng)該遵守規(guī)則。 2）被修飾的名詞、形容詞以及副詞的位置。no matter what/whose/which修飾名詞時(shí)，該名詞必須緊跟其后；no matter how修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，該形容詞或副詞也必須緊跟其后。 例如： No matter how hard he works, he find it difficult to make ends meet. 無論他多么努力工作，卻總是入不敷出。 3）however誤區(qū)提示：however可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折，譯為“然而；不過；仍然”，但是

30、這時(shí)為副詞詞性，而并非連詞。 例如： This was not an easy decision. It is, however, a decision that we feel is dictated by our duty這很難抉擇。不過，我們覺得自己有義務(wù)作出決定。（作為副詞） However we adopt healthcare reform, it isnt going to save major amounts of money.不管我們采取何種醫(yī)療改革措施，都省不下太多錢。（作為連接副詞） 注意“no matter+疑問代詞或疑問副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)與“疑問代詞或疑問副詞+ever” 構(gòu)

31、成的連接副詞在用法上的區(qū)別。 1）因?yàn)閮烧叩囊馑枷嗤?，所以二者可以互換，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。例如：Whatever (= No matter what) you say, I wont believe you.無論你說什么，我都不相信。Whoever (= No matter who) you are, you have no right to do that.不管你是誰，你都沒權(quán)那樣做。You can take it with you wherever (= no matter where) you go.無論你走到哪里，你都可以帶著它。No matter where he may be （=

32、Wherever he may be）, he will be happy. No matter what happened, he would not mind.=Whatever happened, he would not mind. 2）雖然兩者的意思相同，但是“疑問代詞或疑問副詞+ever” 構(gòu)成的連接副詞還可以引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句，而“no matter+疑問詞”結(jié)構(gòu)不可以引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。 例如： Give this book to whoever likes it. I will make friends with whoever shares my interest.

33、 You must hand in whatever youve found. No matter what you say is of no use now. （錯(cuò)）-Whatever you say is of no use now. （對(duì)）你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。 Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given. （錯(cuò)）-Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. （對(duì)）囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。 第二單元 主語及主語從句 一、概念 主語（subject ）是句子敘述的主體，說明是誰或什么等。表

34、示句子說的是什么人、“什么事”、“什么東西”、“什么地方”等等，是一句話的中心，一般放在句首。 二、主語成分 主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和主語從句等來承擔(dān)。 （一）名詞、代詞作主語 例如： Beijing is the capital of our country.北京是我國的首都。 (名詞Beijing作主語)She is fond of sports.她愛好運(yùn)動(dòng)。(代詞She作主語) （二）動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞作主語 例如： To learn English is not easy.Learning English is not easy. 注意： （1）在現(xiàn)代

35、英語中，比直接用動(dòng)詞不定式或者動(dòng)名詞作主語更多一些的是用it來代替它們，而將它們置于句末。這樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加清晰、穩(wěn)重。這種it通常稱為語法主語。 以上句子可以變?yōu)椋?It is not easy to learn English.It is not easy learning English. （2）當(dāng)主語是一個(gè)從句時(shí)，這種it的用法更為常見。 例如： That they have lost the chance is a pity.= It is a pity that they have lost the chance. （三） “疑問詞+不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu)，也可以作為主語。 例如： How

36、 to use the computer is the question.Where to get a computer is another problem. （四）數(shù)詞作為主語。 例如： Two and six is eight. （五）名詞化的形容詞作為主語?！皌he形容詞（或過去分詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)主語時(shí)，如表示一類可數(shù)的人或事物時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語；如表示一類不可數(shù)的事物或少數(shù)過去分詞與定冠詞連用時(shí)指個(gè)別，則用單數(shù)。這類詞往往有：the brave、 the poor、 the rich、 the blind,、the young、 the old、 the sick、the dead、the

37、 deaf and dumb、 the sgreeable、 the oppressed、the injured、the wounded、the unemployed等。 例如： The rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it. 富人贊成這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃，但窮人反對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。 （六） 以從句作為主語。 三、主語從句 （一）概念。如果直接以名詞性從句作為主語，那么這個(gè)主語就被稱為主語從句（subject clause）。主語從句作用相當(dāng)于名詞。主語從句的時(shí)態(tài)：不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。主語從句的句序：（1）主語從句+謂語。（2）It（形主）+

38、that （真主）。 （二）引導(dǎo)詞。引導(dǎo)主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不可省略。主語從句通常由下列引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)： （1）用連詞that、whether引導(dǎo)。 充當(dāng)主語的句子，如果是陳述句，用that引導(dǎo)。連詞that無含義，只起連接作用，在句中不做成分,但是不可以省。 例如： That you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想獲得獎(jiǎng)牌看起來是不可能的。 That you are so indifferent bothers me.你如此冷淡使我很煩惱。 That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于難簡直是奇跡。

39、 充當(dāng)主語的句子，如果是一般疑問句，用連詞 whether 引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)主語從句的whether有含義(是否),在句中不做成分, 不可以省。注意：只用whether引導(dǎo)主語從句，不用if引導(dǎo)主語從句。如果用連詞 whether 引導(dǎo)一般疑問句，需要先將疑問句的倒裝語序變成陳述句語序，然后在句首加上whether，以保留原句的疑問意義。 例如： Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她來不來都無關(guān)緊要。 （2）用連接代詞引導(dǎo)。充當(dāng)主語的句子，如果是特殊疑問句，用連接代詞what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、w

40、homever、whose (不加whosever)、which、whichever引導(dǎo)主語從句。在由這些連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句中，連接代詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義，又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)主語的成分。如果用連接代詞引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句，需要先將特殊疑問句的倒裝語序變成陳述句語序。 注：whom、who指人；what指物；whatever、whoever表示泛指意義。 例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。 Whatever we do is to serve the people.我們無論做什么都是為人民服務(wù)。 Who

41、 will win the match is still unknown. 誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。 Whoever knows the secret mustnt tell others. Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.“我們?yōu)檎l而學(xué)習(xí)”是個(gè)很重要的問題。 Whomeveryourecommend will help me a lot. （3）用連接副詞引導(dǎo)。充當(dāng)主語的句子，如果是特殊疑問句，用連接副詞when、whenever、where、wherever、how、however、why引導(dǎo)主語從句。在

42、由這些連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句中，連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)主語的成分。如果用連接副詞引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句，需要先將疑問句的倒裝語序變成陳述句語序。 例如： Where we should leave it is a problem. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英語晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。 When they will come hasnt been made pubic.他們什么時(shí)候來還不知道。 （三）It做形式主語代替主語從句。有時(shí)為了避免頭重腳輕，

43、經(jīng)常用it 做形式主語代替主語從句放于句首, 而將主語從句放在句末（尤其是當(dāng)謂語較短時(shí)）。主語從句后的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。That 引導(dǎo)的主語從句可以用it代替，that不可以省略。 例如： That light travels in straight lines is known to all.光沿直線傳播，這是眾所周知的事。=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines. 眾所周知光沿直線傳播。 When the plane is to take off has not been announced .飛機(jī)何時(shí)起飛還沒有宣布

44、。= It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.還沒有宣布飛機(jī)何時(shí)起飛。 Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task ?誰將被派去執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)任務(wù)決定了嗎 ？ It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 注意：當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示“的東西、人、事”時(shí)，不用it作形式主語。 例如： 錯(cuò):It is a book what he

45、wants.對(duì):What he wants is a book. 他想要的是本書。 注意: 注意：主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣的時(shí)候，如果用在用It做形式主語代替主語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣“（should）+do”。常用的句型有：（1）It is necessary (important/natural/strange,etc)that（2）It is a pity (a shame/no wonder, etc) that（3）It is suggested (requested/proposed/desired,etc.)that四、固定用法和譯法。（一）主語從

46、句置后。常用句型如下：（1）It is +名詞+ that從句（屬于主系表結(jié)構(gòu)）。例如：It is a fact that 事實(shí)上是；It is a good thing that 好在；It is the case that 事實(shí)是；It is a common knowledge that 眾所周知；It is no good that 是沒有益處的；It is no wonder that難怪 ；It is no use that 是沒有用的；It is no harm that 是沒有害處；It is a blessing that 幸運(yùn)的是；It is a wonder that 令

47、人驚奇的是；It is a surprise that 令人驚訝的是；It is a problem that問題是；It is good news that 是好消息；It is a question that 是個(gè)問題；It is common knowledge that 是常識(shí)。It is a pity/shame that 遺憾的是；It is a pity that we lost the match. It is a fact that he cheated in the exam.It is a mystery to me how it all happened.這一切是怎么發(fā)

48、生的是個(gè)謎。It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鯨魚不是魚，這是常識(shí)。It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.鮑勃會(huì)贏得這場比賽，這不足為奇。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。（2）It is +形容詞+ that從句（屬于主系表結(jié)構(gòu)）。例如：It is necessary（unnecessary） that 有（沒有）必要；It is clear/apparent that 顯然

49、；It is likely（unlikely） that 很（沒有）可能；It is important that 重要的是；It is obvious that 很明顯It is possible(impossible) that 是有（沒有）可能的；It is desirable that 是最好的；It is good（wonderful）that 是很好；It is preferable that 最好；It is probable that 很有可能；It is essential that 是必不可少的It is notable that 值得注意的是It is evident t

50、hat 顯然It is obvious that 顯然It is natural that 是很自然的；It is bad that 是不應(yīng)該的；It is true that 確實(shí) ；It is doubtfull that 是值得懷疑的；It is advisable that 最好It is satisfactory that 令人滿意的是It is conceivable that 是可以想象的；It is questionable that 值得懷疑的；It is certain that 可以肯定的是It is worth-while that 是值得的；It is reporte

51、d that 20 people were killed in the air crash.It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry.很明顯導(dǎo)體和絕緣體在工業(yè)中都很重要。It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.她是否能來令人懷疑。It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you .他拒絕和你說話真是令人驚訝。It is essential that he should

52、 be here by the weekend .周末之前，他應(yīng)該到這里是必要的。It is noticed that there are more and more companies following suit and starting to do that business, though they know it is risky business.注意：It is necessary important naturalclear/right/strange/true/good/wonderful/quite/unusual/evident/worth-white/ surprisi

53、ng /interesting/astonishing/doubtful/essential/. that這類主語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞很多為（should )+動(dòng)詞原形。例如：It is suggested that we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.（3）It is +過去分詞+ that從句（屬于主系表結(jié)構(gòu)）。這些動(dòng)詞有advised有人說/announced據(jù)宣布/considered據(jù)認(rèn)為/decided作出決定/found out據(jù)查明/heard有人聽說/hoped有人希望/ordered根據(jù)命令/pointed out

54、有人指出/remembered有人記得/told據(jù)告知/thought有人認(rèn)為/turned out結(jié)果/well known/estimated/expected/hoped/noted/required/demanded/made clear/discussed/ believedIt is said that. 據(jù)說 It is known to all that. 眾所周知 It is reported that. 據(jù)報(bào)道 It is believed that.據(jù)信;人們相信 It is suggested that + (should）do. 建議It must be admitt

55、ed that必須承認(rèn) It cannot be denied that 不可否認(rèn) It must be pointed out that需指出的是 It is thought that 人們認(rèn)為；It is accepted that 可以接受的是；It has been proved that 已證明；It must be proved that 必須指出It is proposed that. 有人提出 It is assumed that. 人們假定 It is felt that. 人們感到 It is found that. 人們發(fā)現(xiàn) It is understood that.

56、不用說 It is pointed out that. 有人指出 It is declared that. 據(jù)宣稱 It is mentioned that. 據(jù)說 It is estimated that. 據(jù)估計(jì) It is stressed that. 有人強(qiáng)調(diào)說 It is expected/hoped that. 人們希望 It is predicated that. 根據(jù)預(yù)測 It is reputed that. 人們認(rèn)為 It is noteded that. 有人指出 It is asserted that. 有人主張 It is written that. 據(jù)記載 It i

57、s stated that. 據(jù)稱 It can be seen that. 可以看出 It has been found that. 據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn) It will be said that. 可以看出 It is claimed that. 有人宣稱 It is allegeded that. 據(jù)稱 It has been illustrated that. 據(jù)圖示 It is noticed that. 人們注意到 It is supposed that. 據(jù)推測 It has been proved that. 現(xiàn)已證實(shí) It has been objected that. 有人反駁 It s

58、hould be pointed out that. 必須指出 It must be admitted that. 必須承認(rèn) It has been calculated that. 據(jù)計(jì)算 It can not be denied that. 據(jù)計(jì)算 例如：It is thought that he is the best player.大家都認(rèn)為他是最好的選手。It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.據(jù)估計(jì)這個(gè)花瓶有2000年的歷史。It is used to be thought that a new star must be du

59、e to a collision between two stars. 過去一直認(rèn)為新星是由于兩顆星星之間碰撞產(chǎn)生的。It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.還沒弄清楚這條路將開始通車。（4）It +特殊及物動(dòng)詞+ that從句。例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.讓我吃驚的是彼得沒有告訴任何人他在哪里。It does not interest me whether you go or not.我對(duì)你去不

60、去不感興趣。 (5)it+特殊不及物動(dòng)詞+that 從句。主語從句不可提前。例如：It seems that看起來It appear that顯得It happened that 碰巧It follows that由此可見It may be that可能是It sounds that聽起來It turns out that其結(jié)果是It occurred to me that我突然想起It occurs that想到It stands to reason that.是有道理的It doesnt matter if/that 沒關(guān)系（無所謂）It makes no difference that