Passive Voice 被動語態(tài)分析

1、 英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：示主語是動作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動主動) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動被動) 漢語中常用漢語中常用“被被”、“給給”、“由由”、“受受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：等詞用來表示被動，而英語用： 構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 表格：被動態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)時態(tài)時態(tài)被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)被動語

2、態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時過去進行時一般將來時一般將來時過去將來時過去將來時現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時過去完成時am/is/are donewas/were doneam/is/are being donewas/were being doneshall/will be donewould be donehave/has been donehad been done 主要體現(xiàn)在主要體現(xiàn)在bebe的變化上，其形式與系動詞的變化上，其形式與系動詞bebe的變化形式完全的變化形式完全一樣。以一樣。以 為例，列表如下：為例，列表如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時：

3、一般現(xiàn)在時： 一般過去時：一般過去時： 一般將來時：一般將來時： 一般過去將來時：一般過去將來時： 現(xiàn)在進行時：現(xiàn)在進行時： 過去進行時：過去進行時： 現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時： 過去完成時：過去完成時： 將來完成時：將來完成時： 過去將來完成時：過去將來完成時： am / is / are + given am / is / are + given was / were +givenwas / were +given shall / will + be given shall / will + be given should / would + be givenshould / would +

4、 be given am / is / are + being + givenam / is / are + being + givenwas / were + being + givenwas / were + being + given have / has + been + givenhave / has + been + givenhad + been + given had + been + given shall / will + have been + givenshall / will + have been + givenshould / would + have been

5、+ givenshould / would + have been + given 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時： (1)People grow rice in the south of the country. (2)The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般過去時：一般過去時： (1)They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. (2)The students didnt forget his less

6、ons easily. 3. 一般將來時：一般將來時： (1)They will send cars abroad by sea. (2)They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 4. 過去將來時：過去將來時： (1)The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. (2) The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 5. 現(xiàn)在進行時：現(xiàn)在進行時： (1)Th

7、e radio is broadcasting English lessons. (2) We are painting the rooms. 6. 過去進行時：過去進行時： (1)The workers were mending the road. (2)This time last year we were planting trees here. 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時： (1)Someone has told me (2)He has brought his book here. 8. 過去完成時：過去完成時： (1)When I got to the theatre, I fo

8、und (2) The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; ( (四）四） 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 (1)You must hand in your compositions after class. (2)He can write a great many letters with the computer. 1.1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語

9、態(tài)，這時當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用往往不用by 短語。短語。 2.2.突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語。短語。 3.3.當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用這時常用in + + 名詞作狀語，而代替名詞作狀語，而代替 by 短語。短語。 （1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 I was invited (by m

10、y aunt ) to her dinner party. 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1. 1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new compute

11、r. A new computer has been bought. (正確正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯誤錯誤) 2. 2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。為主語，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語如果把直接賓語( (指物指物) )改為

12、主語，則在間接賓語改為主語，則在間接賓語( (指人指人) )前加適前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說： A present was given to me yesterday. 一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞詞 toto，如：如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。等。 (1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was lent to he

13、r. 2.一般一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 forfor, , 如：如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。等。 (1) A new skirt was made for me. (2) The meat was cooked for us. (3) Some country music was played for us. 3. 由動詞由動詞+ + 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，介詞

14、或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：詞有： agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。等。 bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down,

15、 work out, turn out 等。等。 4. 4. 帶復(fù)合賓語帶復(fù)合賓語( (賓語賓語+ + 賓補賓補) )的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：語動詞后面。如： (1) We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. (2) She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her ins

16、tructions. 在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的問題。的問題。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 5. 當(dāng)主動句的主語是當(dāng)主動句的主語是no

17、body, no one等含有否定意等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)榱x的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：正： 6. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)榇~時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no

18、one作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：正：7. 以以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放放在句首：在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：誤：Who was the story written? 正：正： 8. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和有些動詞既是及

19、物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。等。如：如： (1)The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。這布很好洗。 (2)The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 對比：對比： The books sell well. (主動句主動句) Th

20、e books were sold out. (被動句被動句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動句主動句) The meat was cooked for a long time. (被動句被動句) 第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。等。 (1) Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：誤：It is felt very soft. (2)The food tast

21、es delicious. 誤：誤：The food is tasted delicious. (3)The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤：誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，謂語是及物動詞第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 誤：誤：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her

22、hand burned. 誤：誤：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had