第8課時(shí)—垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)

1、垂懸修飾概念所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)（The Dangling Construction）就是一個(gè)句子成分，如分詞短語，不定式動(dòng)詞短語等，找不到被修飾的主語或被修飾的對(duì)象不合邏輯。句首的短語的邏輯主語和其后句子的主語不一致。句首的短語的邏輯主語和其后句子的主語不一致。比如：Driving to Florida, the dog the dog needed to stop often.Driving to Florida, wewe needed to stop often because of the dog. Using the Fujita Scale, a tornados intensity i

2、ntensity can be rated on a scale of zero to six in order to predict possible damage and warn people in its path. Using the Fujian Scale, scientists scientists can rate a tornados intensity on a scale of zero to six in order to predict possible damage and warn people in its path.分詞短語同位語形容詞短語介詞短語不定式短語

3、垂懸分詞或分詞短語 Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen by explorers.改正方法：(a)確定是邏輯主語，使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語擴(kuò)大為副詞分句（也稱狀語從句）：“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even

4、 the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.(A) the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Q

5、in Shi Huang, Chinas fi rst emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete(B) Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, was protected in his afterlife by an army of terra cotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000

6、artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it(C) it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cottawarriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife (D) more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans worked more t

7、han 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife (E) more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his

8、 afterlifeRivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.(A) the a

9、rmy of terra-cotta warriors the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas fi rst emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete(B) Qin Shi HuangQin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, was protected in his after

10、life by an army of terra cotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it(C) it it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cottawarriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, Chi

11、nas first emperor, in his afterlife (D) more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife (E) more than 36 years 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-

12、cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Muller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European go

13、vernments and learned societies could bestow.(A) Muller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as(B) Mullers career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as(C) Mullers career began with the unpromising apprenticeship of being(D) Muller had begun his career with the unpromising apprentice

14、ship of being(E) the career of Muller has begun with an unpromising apprenticeship of Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Muller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could be

15、stow.(A) MullerMuller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as(B) Mullers career career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as(C) Mullers careercareer began with the unpromising apprenticeship of being(D) MullerMuller had begun his career with the unpromising apprenticeship of being(E

16、) the careercareer of Muller has begun with an unpromising apprenticeship of同位語A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smiths two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marxs Das Kapital is to socialism. (A) Adam Smiths two major books are to democratic capitalism what (B) Adam S

17、miths two major books are to democratic capitalism like (C) Adam Smiths two major books are to democratic capitalism just as (D) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to (E) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what同位語A leading figur

18、e in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smiths two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marxs Das Kapital is to socialism. (A) Adam Smiths two major books books are to democratic capitalism what (B) Adam Smiths two major booksbooks are to democratic capitalism like (C) Adam Smiths two major b

19、ooksbooks are to democratic capitalism just as (D) Adam Smith Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to (E) Adam Smith Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what形容詞短語Though subject to the same wild-animal control efforts that killed of

20、f almost all the wolves in North America over the past century, the coyotes amazing ability of adapting to the presence of humans has enabled it to expend its range into Alaska and Central America.A.coyotes amazing ability of adapting to the presence of humans has enabled it to expend itsB.coyote, b

21、ecause of its amazing ability of adapting to the presence of humans, have been able to expand theirC.coyote, because of its amazing ability to adapt to the presence of humans, has been able to expand itsD.amazing ability of the coyote to adapt to the presence of humans have enabled it to expand theE

22、.amazing ability of the coyote to adapt to the presence of humans has enabled it to expand the 垂懸介詞短語 After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.改正:(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the

23、hook, the fish began to bite.介詞短語As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro. A.Stella Adler was one of the most influen

24、tial artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including B.Stella Adler, one of the most influential artists in the American theater, trained several generations of actors who include C.Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, tra

25、ining several generations of actors whose ranks included D. one of the most influential artists in the American theater was Stella Adler, who trained several generations of actors including E.one of the most influential artists in the American theater, Stella Adler, trained several generations of ac

26、tors whose ranks included介詞短語As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro. A. Stella Adler Stella Adler was one of the mo

27、st influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including B. Stella Adler. Stella Adler, one of the most influential artists in the American theater, trained several generations of actors who include C. Stella Adler . Stella Adler was one of the most influen

28、tial artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose ranks included D. one one of the most influential artists in the American theater was Stella Adler, who trained several generations of actors including E. oneone of the most influential artists in the American theater

29、, Stella Adler, trained several generations of actors whose ranks includedIn addition to having more protein than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.(A) the protein in rice is higher quality than that in (B)

30、rice has protein of higher quality than that in (C) the protein in rice is higher in quality than it is in(D) rice protein is higher in quality than it is in (E) rice has a protein higher in quality than介詞短語In addition to having more protein than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality tha

31、n that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.(A) the proteinprotein in rice is higher quality than that in (B) ricerice has protein of higher quality than that in (C) the proteinprotein in rice is higher in quality than it is in(D) rice proteinprotein is higher in qualit

32、y than it is in (E) ricerice has a protein higher in quality than介詞短語垂懸不定式動(dòng)詞短語 To write well, a lot of practice is needed. To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.改正(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must

33、 have a sense of belonging.不定式短語To spread the word about mortgage servicers, a fact sheet that outlines ones legal rights if you get caught in a mortgage serving mess has been put together by the Federal Trade Commission. (A) a fact sheet that outlines ones legal rights if you get caught in a mortga

34、ge serving mess has been put together by the Federal Trade Commission (B) an outline of ones legal rights has been put together by the Federal Trade Commission if one gets caught up in a mortgaging mess on a fact sheet (C) should you get caught in a mortgaging mess, a fact sheet outlining your legal

35、 rights has been put together by the Federal Trade Commission (D) there is a fact sheet put together by the Federal Trade Commission, which outlines ones legal rights in a mortgage servicing mess (E) the Federal Trade Commission has put together a fact sheet that outlines your legal rights if you ge

36、t caught in a mortgage servicing mess不定式短語To spread the word about mortgage servicers, a fact sheet that outlines ones legal rights if you get caught in a mortgage serving mess has been put together by the Federal Trade Commission. (A) a fact sheet sheet that outlines ones legal rights if you get ca

37、ught in a mortgage serving mess has been put together by the Federal Trade Commission (B) an outlineoutline of ones legal rights has been put together by the Federal Trade Commission if one gets caught up in a mortgaging mess on a fact sheet (C) should youyou get caught in a mortgaging mess, a fact

38、sheet outlining your legal rights has been put together by the Federal Trade Commission (D) there is a fact sheetsheet put together by the Federal Trade Commission, which outlines ones legal rights in a mortgage servicing mess (E) the Federal Trade Commission Federal Trade Commission has put togethe

39、r a fact sheet that outlines your legal rights if you get caught in a mortgage servicing mess倍數(shù)表達(dá)法 i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice還能做determiner) ii. x times adj. (比較形式) than iii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名詞匹配 A do x times as adj. x as B do iv. x times + what 分句 (名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞) v. x-fold vi.

40、 double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple Vii. X times more than關(guān)于twice用法1. twicetwice做副詞做副詞，后面接形容詞和副詞：twice as manyas; twice as muchas; The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 農(nóng)場(chǎng)有多于豬兩倍多的牛的數(shù)量（農(nóng)場(chǎng)牛的數(shù)量比豬的兩倍還要多）。（很多人會(huì)誤讀為豬比牛多。）解讀方法：可以類比一下A has B twice as many as C這個(gè)比較句型也可以寫為A has

41、 twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows. #1. Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces twice as many apples as it did in 1910.#2. 如A does B, twice as.as，因?yàn)閍s.as.是形容詞就近修飾B，即as.as.本身是同位語修飾詞，所以twice as.as.就是同位修飾語(appositive modifie

42、r); 2. 2. twicetwice做限定詞做限定詞, , 后面接名詞性成分：后面接名詞性成分：twice + n.(twice + n.(可以是代詞，比如that); twice + what); twice + what從句從句; ; #1. In the 1980s the rate of increase of the minority population of the United States was nearly twice what it was in the 1970s.#2. In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the United States, but in 1929 almost twice that number of trucks alone came off the assembly lines.#3. American productivity is declining in relation to Europes; the