002化托福強(qiáng)化寫作課程

1、北美項目推廣管理中心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教案系列PPT模板課程 強(qiáng)化寫作制作者 史禺時間：2010年12月 第一節(jié)課：托福寫作介紹和獨立寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Independent Writing考試界面截圖、字?jǐn)?shù)、時長獨立寫作是argumentative essay，和GRE Analytical Writing和SAT作文相同。Effectively addresses the topic and task有效的回答了題目和任務(wù)Topic題目In the modern society, the ability to speak well is more important than the ability to

2、write well.Task任務(wù)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Which do you prefer? （機(jī)經(jīng)中很少出現(xiàn)）Why do you think?（機(jī)經(jīng)中不再出現(xiàn)）例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the modern society, the ability to speak well is more important than the ability to write well.Address the topic

3、: For most people, speaking ability is more important than writing ability.Fail to address the topic：Speaking ability plays a vital role in a persons success. well-organized良好的組織整體well-organized。要求：整篇文章分為introduction、body和conclusion；Thesis statement位于introduction最后；Body分body paragraphs；transitional

4、words或者repetition銜接body paragraphs；conclusion重申thesis statement。段內(nèi)well-organized。要求：topic sentence盡量置于段首，段內(nèi)的每個sentence支持topic sentence。well-developed兩重意義：Thesis statement得到well-developed，意味著body paragraph （sub point）的數(shù)量不能過少。每個topic sentence得到充分展開。每個sub point（body paragraph）的字?jǐn)?shù)不能過少。經(jīng)驗表明，主要段落的字?jǐn)?shù)不低于80字

5、。例：給出一個沒有充分展開的段落，同時給出經(jīng)過修改，充分展開的段落。段落中的例證得到充分展開。UnityIntroduction、Body、Conclusion必須完整；每個body paragraph 支持thesis statement；每個body paragraph中每個sentence支持topic sentence。ProgressionBody paragraphs使用transitional words和重復(fù)上文（repetition）。Body paragraphs中從抽象（topic sentence）到具體（exemplification）。Coherence正確的使用代

6、詞。人稱代詞（they/she/he）指示代詞（this/those/that）關(guān)系代詞（which/that/who/whom/where/when）經(jīng)典文本：“Written deliberately to increase the circulation of Dickenss weekly magazines HOUSEHOLD WORD, HARD TIMES was a huge and instantaneous success upon publication in 1854. Yet this novel is not the cheerful celebration of

7、Victorian life one might expect from the beloved author of PICKWICK PAPERS and THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP. Compressed, stark, allegorical, it is a bitter expose of capitalist exploitation of during the Industrial Revolutionand a fierce denunciation of the philosophy of materialism, which threatens the h

8、uman imagination in all times and places. With a typically unforgettable cast of characters-including the heartless fact-worshipper Professor Gradgrind, the warmly endearing Sissy Jupe and the eternally noble Stephen BlackpoolHARD TIMES carries a uniquely powerful message and remains one of the most

9、 widely read of Dickenss major works. ”syntactic variety變化句子開頭（狀語提前、倒裝、形式主語it的使用、）長短結(jié)合appropriate word choice合適的用詞符合語境和習(xí)慣用法。使用搭配詞典(co-build dictionary)和語料庫。字典：Collins Co-Build Dictionary Cambridge Learners DictionaryOxford Collocation Dictionary for Students of English語料庫British National CorpusThe C

10、orpus of Contemporary American EnglishIdiomaticityAppropriate和idiomaticity的區(qū)別：Appropriate: I stayed late into the night.Idiomaticity: I stayed up. Appropriate: Watching television excessively harms childrens health.Idiomaticity: Watching television excessively takes a toll on childrens health. 分類（1）

11、按背景分parents and children school education campus life (dorm)teachersextracurricular activitiesthe value of subjects (art and music, history, sciences, secondary language, economic classessports and physical exercisejob choice Technology(computer games)Mass Mediatelevision, movies, advertisementsgove

12、rnmentinvestment, factors in success creativeness, planning, the ability to read, the ability to write, reality and ambitionhappiness animal and pets按是否包含比較關(guān)系分單一事物類2007-12-01 People should not pay for public transportation.比較選擇類2009-02-27 It is better to have a job with more vacations but lower sala

13、ries than a job with less vocations but higher salaries.按是否包含因果關(guān)系分結(jié)論型結(jié)論型出自傳統(tǒng)的185題庫。2009-04-03 NA Do you agree or disagree? The best way to improve the quality of the education in a country is to increase teachers salaries.因果型因果型題目是從GRE ISSUE題目演化而來。2006-09-15 Recently, we have so many sources of news

14、 and information, so that we cannot tell which one is reliable and who is telling the truth按是否包含絕對詞分包含絕對詞的題目2008-05-12 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? University education is the most important factor in peoples success. 不包含絕對詞的題目第二課：essay的結(jié)構(gòu)Essay分為三大部分：Introduction、Body和Concl

15、usion。Introduction和conclusion不重要，body是得分關(guān)鍵。IntroductionIntroduction最重要的是thesis statement。直接表明thesis statement顯得十分突兀。因此，thesis statement前面往往加上一個引出。引出一般有三種方法：反方觀點、雙方爭議和設(shè)問。引出之前往往加上一個背景background。Thesis statement回答topic，表明自己的傾向或觀點暗示下文走向Thesis statement實際是前置的conclusionBody ParagraphsBody paragraphs的數(shù)量：一般

16、情況下3個。2個body paragraphs可能無法對thesis statement充分展開。4個body paragraphs由于時間所限，可能無法充分展開。Body paragraphs的字?jǐn)?shù)：每個paragraphs以80字為下限，保證充分展開；150字為上限，保證不寫廢話。Body paragraphs不重合（mutually exclusive）Body paragraphs的銜接：使用Transitional words、使用repetitionBody paragraphs的銜接：使用Transitional words、使用repetitionTransitional wo

17、rds表順序; Firstly, secondly, finally (last but no least)表并列：besides, in addition,表對比：in contrast, in comparison表遞進(jìn)：more importantly, above allTopic SentenceTopic sentence支持thesis statement；Topic sentence易于展開，不宜過寬、過窄、過于抽象；Topic sentence是body paragraphs的主要結(jié)論Topic sentence要前置Topic sentence簡潔段落中每個sentence

18、支持topic sentence第三課：觀點選擇對于argumentative essay而言，thesis statement共有4種。絕對的不考慮任何不利內(nèi)容，不考慮任何例外 又稱“一邊倒”絕對的不考慮任何不利內(nèi)容，不考慮任何例外 又稱“一邊倒”有保留的考慮例外又稱“折中分情況討論 (depend on)的不同情況，給出不同觀點又稱“中立”。第四課：論證角度論證角度有2個：利弊分析、列舉例證包含應(yīng)該（should）、必要（necessary）、重要（important）的題目大多是利弊分析涉及抽象的價值觀和證明現(xiàn)象是否存在的題目多是列舉例證利弊分析常用角度CostConvenienceSa

19、fetyHealthStressacademic performancesKnowledge and information CharacterPersonal relationship Eco-friendly 舉例證明涉及抽象的價值觀Do you agree or disagree that with the following statement? Nowadays, it is not necessary for people to be polite because they are busy.分類舉例：Take campus life for example. Take polit

20、ics for exampleTake the business world for example. 證明現(xiàn)象存在：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents today do not understand their children as well theydid fifty years ago.分類舉例：Consider music. Todays children are into genres of music which their parents find disagreeable and eve

21、n repellent. Consider language. Todays children has developed and used a vernacular which their parents can hardly make any sense of. Consider clothing. 第五課 段落展開well-developed, using clear explanations, exemplification and details. explanations即解釋，對topic sentence進(jìn)行解釋。Exemplification即例證。無論是explanatio

22、ns還是exemplification都要有具體的details細(xì)節(jié)。display unity, progression and coherence.unity整體性，即段落中的每個sentence都要支持topic sentence；progression，從抽象（topic sentence）到具體（exemplification）；coherence連貫，符合正常的因果關(guān)系，沒有因果鏈條的缺失。因果展開cause and effect（因果）contrast（對比）exemplification （例證）it is becausethe reason is thatthe reason

23、s are twofold.As a result, thereforeWhat happens is thatIn the long term, eventuallyIt is even possible thatFirstly, early independence causes many young adults to fail. This should not be surprising since often they are actually not mentally ready although they are physically ready. It is widely un

24、derstood that to live independently requires a lot of energy and is not easy at all. In this twenty first century, people may need more and more preparation because competition is increasing rapidly. 對比展開銜接詞：in contrast, otherwise, if notFirstly, traveling with a group of people is more economical.

25、It is because a group of travelers can get considerable discounts at airlines, hotels, restaurants and even tourist attractions and thus save lots of money. And the saved money can be used to buy more souvenirs for my family and friends. In contrast, if you travel alone you will have to pay full pri

26、ces. (Written by Shi Yu)Admittedly, a sufficient medical care system is a high priority of any government. Medical care system, which is almost a hallmark of a civilized world, ensures people to pay their medical bills and get sufficient medical attention and treatment. Otherwise, disadvantaged peop

27、le will find it very hard to afford medical bills. As a result, the government will lose its support of the people. And in the long term, the societal stability will be at risk. However, it does not follow that environmental protection has to take a second seat. A clean, agreeable environment is a p

28、rerequisite for the success of individuals and the country as a whole. If government fails to give it enough attention, dire consequences will follow. Global warming will continue to worsen, threatening to flood the Earth surface. The precious ozone layer will continue to be depleted, leaving gaping

29、 holes above the polar areas and thus leading to skin cancer. (Written by Shi Yu) 例證按例證內(nèi)容來分，分為一般性例證（general example）、個人經(jīng)歷(personal experiences)、假設(shè)情況(scenarios)、名人事例(famous people)、調(diào)查和研究（survey & study）、權(quán)威引言一般性例證Children tend to consume junk food while watching television. For instance, when they wat

30、ch television, fried chips and coca-cola are their favorites. 個人生活經(jīng)歷First, working experiences help students gain various essential skills, e.g. communication skills, organizing skills and leadership. One of my personal experiences is an example. In the senior year in high school, I took a part time

31、 job as a waiter at a McDonalds. In one instance, a customer came to me and asked for Chinese spring scroll which we do not sell. I told him very polite that we did not sell the food and maybe he could try some other Chinese restaurants. But the man was rude and persistent. Finally I showed him in p

32、erson where he could buy the food and the man left satisfied. By this instance, I learned that the key of successful communication is to always respond to others in a positive and polite way. (Written by Shi Yu)假設(shè)情況In many life situations, complaining in person is the superior choice. Lets consider

33、the following hypothetical situation. A person buys a defective product and s/he wants to return it. Suppose s/he writes a letter to the dealer/manufacturer to do so. Itll take days or even weeks before the letter reaches the responsible party. And even after receiving the letter, the responsible pa

34、rty might dismiss it out of the hand or bury it under bureaucratic procedures. In contrast, if s/he goes directly to the dealer or producer, his/her problem will get the proper attention immediately. (Written by Shi Yu)名人例證Third, students can meet people of diverse backgrounds. It is because univers

35、ity students come from all parts of the country or even the world while high schools student populations are more localized and homogeneous. For instance, the student body of an American university consists of students from North America, Japan, China or France. A diverse student body means more opp

36、ortunities to understand drastically different cultures. An American student can learn from their Asian friends distinct Asian cultures, for instance, how they celebrate their traditional holidays or what their food is like. Perhaps more important, powerful alumni can give a big help to a students c

37、areer. The two cofounders of , Larry Page and Sergey Brin, lived in the same dormitory in Stanford. And Bill Gates made the acquaintance of Steve Ballmer, who became the CEO of Microsoft later, in Harvard. (Written By Shi Yu)權(quán)威引言Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to prope

38、rly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media. As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase):I can only research what I do because there are so many who ha

39、ve come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focused individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but togethe

40、r we can climb to the moon. This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available to us. (GRE Analytical Writing)調(diào)查和研究“According to the survey by

41、Americas Research Group and UBS, 16.3 percent of consumers polled said they used credit cards, down from 30.9 percent last year, and the lowest percentage ever seen by the groups chairman, Britt Beemer, who has tracked holiday shopping for more than two decades.”“Single-gender classes in public scho

42、ols have had a positive effect on students performance, attitude and ambitions, according to a survey released Tuesday by the South Carolina Department of Education. Two-thirds of about 7,000 students in South Carolinas single-gender programs who responded to the annual survey said the classes have improved their academic performance and classroom attitude, 79