考古發(fā)現(xiàn)與探索：中國農(nóng)業(yè)起源與發(fā)展的考古學(xué)探索

1、五谷豐登vs飯稻羹魚中國農(nóng)業(yè)起源與發(fā)展的考古學(xué)探索Expansive adopters vs. entrenched rice growers: Two styles of agricultural origins and developments in China考古探索與發(fā)現(xiàn)系列改變了環(huán)境改變了生物改變了人改變了社會(huì)人造就了自己Man Makes Himself (1936):柴爾德的 “新石器革命Neolithic Revolution”形成以谷物（在有些熱帶地區(qū)是根莖類作物）等碳水化合物為主食的取食結(jié)構(gòu)，是農(nóng)業(yè)起源后產(chǎn)生的重要變化。嬰兒可以在較早階段就脫離對母乳的依賴，也因此潛在地提高

2、了人口的增長率(Cohen 1991) 同時(shí)改變了人口結(jié)構(gòu)食物缺乏多樣性 營養(yǎng)不良牙齒空洞農(nóng)業(yè)對人類食性的影響通過栽培植物來獲取食物為儲(chǔ)存剩余物資提供了可能繼而支持了更為龐大的定居人口促進(jìn)了專門化生產(chǎn)或非生計(jì)生產(chǎn)者如陶工、教士等的產(chǎn)生最終導(dǎo)致了隨后出現(xiàn)的城市與文明的多樣化。農(nóng)業(yè)對社會(huì)演進(jìn)的影響人口，語言和文化農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)剩余價(jià)值，人口增長 向外擴(kuò)張，人口遷徙語言和習(xí)俗的傳播“The most important process in Holocene human history全新世人類史最重要的進(jìn)程” (Diamond & Bellwood 2003)中文網(wǎng)上資源http:/ most impo

3、rtant process in Holocene human history全新世人類史最重要的進(jìn)程” (Diamond & Bellwood 2003)Japonicarice粳稻 Indicarice秈稻 TropicalMillets熱帶小米TropicalMillets(Sorghum)熱帶小米（高粱）YamsBananas薯類香蕉Wheats & barley(sheep & goat)小麥大麥（綿羊山羊）ChineseMillets中國小米BarnyardMillet稗“monsoon” lineDomestication Centres馴化中心人類生存模式的轉(zhuǎn)變Mobility

4、流動(dòng)性Cultural responses to risk and uncertainty (Halstead and OShea 1989)Diversity多樣性Exchange交換Resource Management資源管理Storage儲(chǔ)存植物本身的變化Teosinte Maize2mmDomesticated WildGlycine max Glycine soja Vigna angularisAzukiBean 赤豆Soybean大豆Fruit SizeCucumis melo甜瓜ssp. agrestis ssp. melo Loss of seedsbananaMusa s

5、p.Changes in size and colour of rootsDacus carotaLoose to Compact Panicle in Rice生長習(xí)性的變化：疏松變?yōu)槊芩胄?Wild Rice野生稻DomesticatedRice 馴化稻Domesticated Cereals 馴化的谷物Rice稻Foxtail Millet黍Broomcorn Millet黍 Wild Progenitors 野生祖本Oryza rufipogon普通野生稻Setaria viridis青狗尾草Panicum?野黍 ? Shattering (wild) to non-shatterin

6、g (domesticated)WILD野生IMMATURE不成熟DOMESTICATED馴化農(nóng)業(yè)工具的產(chǎn)生和變化農(nóng)業(yè)遺跡的發(fā)現(xiàn)Origin of Agriculture (some basic definitions)農(nóng)業(yè)起源發(fā)展的一些基本術(shù)語和定義:Cultivation/Herding Change in human behavior栽培/圈養(yǎng)人類行為的變化Domestication Change in species( plants/animals)馴化 物種的變化 Agriculture Change in landscape (land use)農(nóng)業(yè)景觀的變化 社會(huì)/文化/經(jīng)濟(jì)的變

7、化考古學(xué)研究的視角：稻作的起源與傳播Wild Foods: Co-staples 野生食物資源與稻作發(fā)展同步(田螺山遺址6900-6300 BP)Acorns橡子, Trapa菱角, Euryale芡實(shí)Rice: cultivated in managed shallow wetland near siteacornTrapa EuryaleWater chestnut fox-nut Ling jiao qian shiCyclobalanopsisLagenaria scicerariabottlegourdWild melon(Cucumis meloSubsp. agrestis)Wi

8、ldgrapeRubus (blackberry)Gathered fruits & nuts: treesChoerospondiasAxillaresSouthern SourJujube南酸棗Amygdalus cf. davidiana (wild mountain(?) peach)Actinidia (wild kiwi)Modern Archaeologicaldomesticated wild immatureRice spikelet base Scarsn=2641 Increase in domestic typeFuller, Qin et al. 2009, Scie

9、nce 323: 1607-10Comparison of ubiquity of plant resources from Mid-Lower Yangzte sites (8000-6000BP)長江下游：綽墩遺址（馬家浜文化6000BC)39503700BCS11S11（G7）S10S9河道S12S8S7S5S6S13S14長江下游良渚文化早期5000BPL2北G3G2水稻田發(fā)掘區(qū)東部TN3-10E15-16（S-N）長江下游良渚文化晚期 茅山遺址4300BPDomesticated Cereals 馴化的谷物Rice稻Foxtail Millet黍Broomcorn Millet黍 W

10、ild Progenitors 野生祖本Oryza rufipogon普通野生稻Setaria viridis青狗尾草Panicum?野黍 ? 粟黍小米（粟黍）類農(nóng)業(yè)起源發(fā)展的考古研究中國古文獻(xiàn)中的粟、黍Millet Domestication 小米的馴化Adapted from Liu, L. and Chen, X. 2012, Fig. 4.3 Years Cal. BCPanicum miliaceum植硅石的鑒定方法粟黍粟黍農(nóng)業(yè)工具的證據(jù)Peiligang Sitesc. 6500 BC加工工具的證據(jù)？現(xiàn)代粟淀粉粒Modern foxtail millet東胡林遺址磨棒T8(3)-9

11、9上的淀粉粒Donghulin site現(xiàn)代黍淀粉粒Modern broomcorn millet東胡林遺址TG2(4)-2-1上的淀粉粒Donghulin siteCishan site Pit 1Xinglonggou siteXinglonggou location 1 (8000-7000BP) Broomcorn millet :1.62*1.2mmXinglonggou location 3 (4000-3500BP) Broomcorn millet: 1.98*1.82mm？New evidence from Bagash, Kazakhstan卡薩克斯坦的新證據(jù)Frachet

12、ti et al, Antiquity Dec. 2010Mainly pastoralist site:Wheat (5) & Panicum millet(28)Directly dated 5400-5100BPModel A：Sedentary = millets agriculture定居=小米農(nóng)業(yè)起源 A rapid shift from mobile gathering to settled farming比較研究之一：小米起源vs.水稻起源Model B：Sedentary before rice agriculture定居 早于 稻作農(nóng)業(yè)起源 Early rice culti

13、vation along with wild resources (freshwater) management. No shift from forager to farmer兩種起源模式的差別，對探討農(nóng)業(yè)起源機(jī)制等理論，具有很重要的意義。從自然環(huán)境和植物的生態(tài)學(xué)特點(diǎn)上，比較容易理解兩種起源模式的產(chǎn)生。廣西那梭普通野生稻W(wǎng)ild rice at Nasuo, GuangxiEcological Background印度東北部野生稻W(wǎng)ild rice from NE IndiaFoxtail Grasses 狗尾巴草Inferred Millet DomesticationzoneOn the

14、 periphery of high Agricultural potential of the central plainsNear the north/west limitof summer rains氣候原因比較研究之二：小米農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展 vs.水稻農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展North Model：from millets to “mix-crops” agriculture從小米類農(nóng)業(yè)走向“五谷豐登”的多元化過程?；旌辖?jīng)濟(jì)模式North Model：from millets to “mix-crops” agriculture從小米類農(nóng)業(yè)走向“五谷豐登”的多元化過程?；旌辖?jīng)濟(jì)模式South Model: e

15、ntrenched rice farmer and fishing (fresh water resource management) 飯稻羹魚的復(fù)合經(jīng)濟(jì)模式比較研究之二：小米農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展 vs.水稻農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展 Black: clear primary domestication centreGrey: possible primary centre/ important secondary domesticationKa: approximate age of early agriculture in 1000s of years before presentEarly Agriculture w

16、ithoutPottery農(nóng)業(yè)先于陶器Early Pottery withoutAgriculture陶器先于農(nóng)業(yè)Centres of origin map; Purugganan & Fuller (2009) Nature比較研究之三：東亞與西方Monsoon/ Summer Crop Areas季風(fēng)/夏季作物帶Winter rains/ winter cropsGrinding-boiling Frontier研磨蒸煮Sticky cereals糯性 & non-milking 非奶制品Grinding/baking zone研磨/烘焙區(qū)India: ChapattisWest/Sout

17、h Asia: roasting & baking西亞/南亞:烘烤TandoorNaan(Pakistan)Deep antiquity & highly embedded:West Eurasian grinding, ovens & roasting年代久遠(yuǎn)深深嵌入歐亞西部的研磨、烘烤傳統(tǒng)Earliest ovens最早的烤爐:Tell Mureybit, Syria(PPNA, 9500 BC)grinding, ovens & bread: fundamental to West Eurasian civilizations歐亞文明的基礎(chǔ)：磨制、烘烤與面包A. Typical Egyp

18、tian tomb art埃及墓葬藝術(shù): Grinding, baking, brewing研磨、烘焙、釀酒B. Mesopotamia:Early cylinder sealD. A few of many Egyptian hieroglyphs of different bread loaf types.埃及象形文字中不同的面包C. Early script: food, eat based on bevel-rim bowlDeep antiquity & highly embedded:East Eurasian boiling年代久遠(yuǎn)深深嵌入的歐亞東部煮食傳統(tǒng)Ceramics as

19、sociated with Late Pleistocene (Palaeolithic), often caves (from 18,000 BP in South China; 15,000 BP inJapan & Siberia相關(guān)陶器出現(xiàn)于晚更新世（舊石器），一般為洞穴遺址（南中國18000BP，日本/西伯利亞15000BP）No connection to agriculture!與農(nóng)業(yè)無關(guān)！中國新石器時(shí)代的各類“蒸”“煮”炊器Fu 釜 + Zhijiao 支腳Fu 釜 + Zao 灶Zeng 甑Li 鬲Ding 鼎Yan 甗Steamer Ding 隔檔鼎+Boiling, steaming, hot-pots and Chinese Civilization煮、蒸的飲食文化、禮器祭祀和中國文明examples of ceremonial Bronze Age vessel types for food and wine 青銅時(shí)代禮器some early Chinese characters derived from boiling vessels in Bronze Age & modern forms相關(guān)文字82H5 ( 2000BC) from Tonglin桐林 sit