大氣污染控制工程：Lecture 3Air_Pollution_Control__Laws

1、Lecture 3 Air Pollution Control Laws and regulation, Control PhilosophiesLecture 3 Air Pollution Control Laws and regulation, Control Philosophies U.S. Air Pollution Control Laws and Regulations Air Pollution Control Philosophies U.S. Air pollution control laws and regulations Impacts of Laws and re

2、gulationsFirst laws and regulations, then control activitiesMost air pollution control activities in the United States take place in response to or in anticipation of air pollution laws and regulations. U.S. Air pollution control laws and regulationsThe flow of legal authority leading to Air Polluti

3、on Control Common Abbreviation of Air Laws and RegulationsEPA : Environmental Protection AgencySIP : State Implementation Plan (州執(zhí)行計劃）NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (美國室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量標準）PSD : Prevention Of Significant DeteriorationNSPS: New Source Performance StandardsNESHAP: National Emission

4、 Standard For Hazards And Air pollutionsACGIH: American Conference Of Governmental Industrial Hygienists U.S. Air pollution control laws and regulations NAAQS and ACGIH ( Page 28)Table 2.3 Air Quality standards and industrial exposure standards SubstancePermitted ambient C(NAAQS)Permitted industrial

5、 C(TWA and STEL)SO280 g/m3 (0.03ppm)2ppm, 8-h average U.S. Air pollution control laws and regulationsTWA: time-weighted-averageSTEL: short-term exposure limit中國大氣環(huán)境保護標準目錄 /hjbhbz/bzwb/According to 環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)（AQI）技術(shù)規(guī)定（試行）（HJ 6332012）：I: 050II: 51100III: 101150IV: 151200V: 201300VI: 300Six pollutants us

6、ed to calculate AQI in ChinaPM10,PM2.5SO2NO2COO3Ambient Air Quality Index in ChinaII Air Pollution Control PhilosophiesA perfect air pollution philosophy and implementing regulations are cost-effective, simple, enforceable, flexible, and evolutionary. Emission standards philosophy Air quality standa

7、rds philosophy Emission taxes philosophy Cost-benefit standards philosophy 1) Emission standards philosophyThe basic idea of the emission standard philosophy is that there is some maximum possible (or practical) degree of emission control .Cost is very bad. Best practical means philosophy Cleanest p

8、ossible air philosophy II Air Pollution Control PhilosophiesBest techniques for minimizing the emission of harmful air pollutantsStill widely used in casesProhibition of open burning of garbage and agricultural wastesFuel sulfur content and gasoline olefin content maximaGasoline oxygen content minim

9、a 1) Emission standards philosophyII Air Pollution Control PhilosophiesUseless of this philosophyExample: Electrostatic precipitators: cost if proportional to the area of the collecting surface. We can mandate any degree of control efficiency provided we have infinite resources.Best available contro

10、l technology (BACT)Reasonably available control technology (RACT)Maximum available control technology (MACT)Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) 1) Emission standards philosophyII Air Pollution Control Philosophies2) The Air Quality Standard PhilosophyII Air Pollution Control PhilosophiesZero dama

11、ge philosophyThreshold values are never exceededNo air pollution damage, ever, anywhereNeed to examine the dose-response data to determine the threshold values (NAAQS)II Air Pollution Control PhilosophiesUseless of this philosophyAssumption: zero damage below threshold valueThresholds derived from l

12、imited observationsVisibility is not a threshold-value propertyPrevention of Significant Deterioration amendment to CAAII Air Pollution Control Philosophies2) The Air Quality Standard Philosophy3) Emission Tax PhilosophyLaws based on emission tax philosophy would tax each emission of major pollutant

13、s according to its emission rate . Legal or illegalTax rates: Air quality standard philosophy OR Economic criteriaFor example: X cents per dollar of pollutant Y for all emitters.II Air Pollution Control Philosophies3) Emission Tax PhilosophyEconomic incentives:Tax rebates, low-interest-rate loans fo

14、r pollution control instruments, direct public subsidies for pollution control.Assumption:Environment can remove pollutants naturally and has a finite, renewable dispersive capacity at a pollution level.As public property, it should be rented to private users to return maximum revenue unless not ove

15、rloaded.II Air Pollution Control Philosophies4) Cost-benefit PhilosophyII Air Pollution Control PhilosophiesAssumption: no threshold or low enoughAccept some damage to someone somewherePollution control cost (or pollution control expenditure )Pollution damageTotal Concentration of air pollutantscost

16、4) Cost-benefit Philosophy: a simplified descriptionHigher concentration, higher damage cost.Higher concentration, lower control cost.Total = damage + controlMinimization of the sum of two costs d (sum of two costs )d c= 0II Air Pollution Control Philosophies4) Cost-benefit PhilosophyII Air Pollution Control PhilosophiesIn reality there is a damage curve for each individual, a control curve for each emitter, and a concentration dimensio