英語語法—動(dòng)詞的時(shí)和體

1、英語語法動(dòng)詞的時(shí)和體時(shí)間、時(shí)和動(dòng)詞什么是現(xiàn)在？什么是過去？什么是將來？參照層次上現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻現(xiàn)在過去將來ButHow do you explain the following sentence?Paris stands on the River Seine（塞納河）.語義上現(xiàn)在過去時(shí)間（早于現(xiàn)在）將來時(shí)間（晚于現(xiàn)在）現(xiàn)在時(shí)間（包括現(xiàn)在）在語義層次上“現(xiàn)在”是最具有普遍性和最不明確的類目。Albatrosses（信天翁）are large birds.Albatrosses were large birds.例1是一種泛泛而談，時(shí)間是適用于現(xiàn)在、過去和將來。例2則是一個(gè)有限制的說法，暗示信天翁已經(jīng)絕

2、種了。例2的作者對(duì)于所描寫事物過去的狀態(tài)是否延續(xù)至今，沒有表示他的態(tài)度。例如John spends a lot of money. (過去、現(xiàn)在和將來都如此)John spent a lot of money. (只有過去如此)語法意義上在形態(tài)上，英語動(dòng)詞除了現(xiàn)在和過去形式之外，沒有將來形式?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)不僅可以表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，也可以用來表示將來時(shí)間。（當(dāng)然還有另外表示將來時(shí)間的結(jié)構(gòu)）Today is Monday.Tomorrow is Tuesday.What are you doing today?What are you doing tomorrow?因此現(xiàn)在時(shí)也被稱為“非過去”時(shí)。過去、現(xiàn)在

3、和將來在語義上的三種組合在語法上被不平均地分為過去和非過去兩個(gè)類目。靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的意思同一事件有時(shí)既可以用一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來說，也可以用一個(gè)抽象名詞來表達(dá)。Mary hoped for success.表示a past hope of MaryPeter knows a great deal.表示Peters present knowledgeThe home team will be defeated.表示a future defeat of the home team按照名詞與動(dòng)詞之間的類比，關(guān)于某一事件的抽象名詞也可以劃分單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)，相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞也可以通過使用頻率狀語而“復(fù)數(shù)化”。單一事件Ves

4、uvius (維蘇威火山) erupted in 77 AD.= In 77 AD. there was an eruption of Vesuvius. 眾多事件The country was invaded many times. = There were many Invasions of the country.諸如erupt和invade的動(dòng)詞可與可數(shù)名詞相比。當(dāng)這類動(dòng)詞用于現(xiàn)在完成體中，它們不能表示某個(gè)單一的不間斷地延續(xù)至今的狀態(tài)。I have known the Penfolds all my life.I have driven sports cars for years.像b

5、e，have和know這一類表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞表示的是一種不間斷的狀態(tài)。這類動(dòng)詞很少和頻率狀語一起出現(xiàn)。The chair has beautiful carved legs quite frequently.單一事件Vesuvius (維蘇威火山) erupted in 77 AD.= In 77 AD. there was an eruption of Vesuvius. 眾多事件The country was invaded many times. = There were many Invasions of the country.要注意的是，這里講的是動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)的意義，而不是動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)動(dòng)

6、詞。因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)動(dòng)詞可能既有動(dòng)態(tài)意義也有靜態(tài)意義。例如：當(dāng)have作為possess的意思時(shí)它是靜態(tài)的，而當(dāng)作為eat的意思時(shí)，它又是動(dòng)態(tài)的。We have dinner at Maxims quite frequently.動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞意義的特征之一是它們常常暗指施事，即暗指有關(guān)動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)的施事者。因此動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的意義能夠出現(xiàn)在祈使句，而靜態(tài)意義則不行。Learn how to swim.Know how to swim.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)the simple present tense狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在時(shí)（the state present）：它包括了普遍的無時(shí)間性的陳述，或所謂“永恒真理”。Honesty is t

7、he best policy.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.Two and three make five.The Nile is the longest river in Africa.除了這類諺語、科學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)論斷或地理上的陳述體現(xiàn)了最大的時(shí)間普遍性，下列句子也可以包括在狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在時(shí)，盡管這些狀態(tài)的時(shí)間跨度在或大或小的程度上是受到限制的：Margaret is tall.He does not believe in hard work.We live near Toronto.習(xí)慣現(xiàn)在時(shí)（the habitual present）習(xí)慣現(xiàn)在時(shí)是指動(dòng)詞

8、在一定期間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的一系列事件。We go to Brussels every year.Bill drinks heavily.She makes her own dresses.習(xí)慣現(xiàn)在時(shí)的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是：它可以輕易地加上一個(gè)頻率狀語來明確重復(fù)的頻率，如every night, seldom等。瞬間現(xiàn)在時(shí)（the instantaneous present）習(xí)慣現(xiàn)在時(shí)是具有動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞意義的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中最普通的時(shí)態(tài)。如果動(dòng)詞指的是一個(gè)大致在講話時(shí)開始并結(jié)束的單一行為，那就是瞬間現(xiàn)在時(shí)了。因?yàn)樗查g現(xiàn)在時(shí)意味著事件很少或沒有持續(xù)性，它只出現(xiàn)在某些較受限制的情景中。這些情景包括下列幾種：評(píng)論Black

9、 passes the ball to LeoLeo shoots!動(dòng)作演示及其他自我評(píng)論：I pick up the fruit with a skewer, dip it into the batter, and lower it into the hot fat.I enclose herewith a form of application特殊感嘆句（以狀語開頭）Here comes the winner! Up you go.行為語 (描述說話方式的動(dòng)詞)I advise you to withdraw. I apologize. We thank you for your rece

10、nt inquiry.涉及現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的三種主要用法現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在時(shí)習(xí)慣現(xiàn)在時(shí)瞬間現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示非現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的特殊用法表示過去的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)是常見的敘事文體特征。歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)描寫仿佛現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的過去，因?yàn)樗鼈鬟_(dá)了目擊者的敘述的某種具有戲劇色彩的即時(shí)性。涉及過去時(shí)間的現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于交際動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其用法是非常特殊的：The ten oclock news says that theres going to be a bad storm.Martin tells me the Smiths are moving from No. 20.I hear that poor Mr. Simpson

11、 has gone into hospital.這一類動(dòng)詞還包括諸如understand, hear和learn等。這些句子如果使用一般過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成體也是可以的；但現(xiàn)在時(shí)意味著：盡管交際事件發(fā)生在過去，但它的結(jié)果傳播的信息還在發(fā)生作用。所以，下面這句話也可以用現(xiàn)在時(shí)The Book of Genesis speaks of the terrible fate of Sodom (索多瑪，罪惡之城) and Gomorrah (俄摩拉城，罪惡之都).這句話表示，盡管創(chuàng)世紀(jì)成書于幾千年之前，它現(xiàn)在仍然向我們“講述”著。過去的事物仍能活躍在現(xiàn)在的概念還解釋了，為什么在有關(guān)作家、作曲家、藝術(shù)家等以

12、及他們現(xiàn)存作品的句子中，也可以選用現(xiàn)在時(shí)：In The Brothers Karamazov（卡拉馬佐夫兄弟）, Dostoevsky （陀思妥耶夫斯基）draws/drew his characters from sources deep in the Russian soil.Like Rubens（魯賓斯）, Watteau（華托） is/was able to convey an impression of warm, living flesh by the merest whiff of colour.表示將來的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在主句中，指將來的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)總伴有時(shí)間狀語，用以表示事件是預(yù)先

13、就確定和不能更改的，而且其確定程度猶如它正在現(xiàn)在發(fā)生一樣。The plane leaves for Ankara at eight oclock tonight.在從句中，尤其在條件和時(shí)間分句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于表示將來則更為常見。Hell do it if you pay him.Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her.小說敘事中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)和用于小說敘事中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)之間，有著密切的聯(lián)系。唯一的差別就是，用歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)的方式敘述的事件是真實(shí)的，而用小說的“歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)”所敘述的事件是虛構(gòu)的：The crowd swarms around

14、the gateway, and seethes with delighted anticipation; excitement grows, as suddenly their hero makes his entrance 在文體上，這和講故事時(shí)通常使用過去時(shí)態(tài)的傳統(tǒng)做法形成明顯的對(duì)比。在舞臺(tái)指導(dǎo)說明中使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)是一個(gè)特殊的例外：Mallinson enters. The girls immediately pretend to be working hard. William assumes a businesslike air, picks up two folders at rand

15、om, and makes for the door.這里，傳統(tǒng)上使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，似乎是為了表明，在我們閱讀劇本時(shí)，劇中的事件正在演出。概括敘述中，也采用類似的傳統(tǒng)方法。P125表示過去時(shí)間的過去時(shí)的意義過去時(shí)在它最常見的用法中，把下面兩種意義的特征結(jié)合起來：事件/狀態(tài)必定發(fā)生在過去，從其完成到現(xiàn)在之間有一段間隔。講話者或作者一定了解事件/狀態(tài)發(fā)生的確切時(shí)間。動(dòng)詞短語中過去時(shí)的確定過去（Definite Past）時(shí)間的意義，相當(dāng)于名詞短語中的定冠詞。就確定意義而言，現(xiàn)在時(shí)與過去時(shí)與指示詞this和that的“指近”和“指遠(yuǎn)”意義之間，也可以找到某種平行關(guān)系。過去時(shí)的情景用法Did you loc

16、k the front door?Did you lock the front door at bedtime?通過較廣泛的情景（或一般知識(shí)）所得到的確定性，可以用來解釋以人、地點(diǎn)或事物為話題的歷史或傳記性的陳述中一般過去時(shí)的用法：Byron died in Greece.I have a friend who was at school with Kissinger.This picture was painted by the owners grandfather.Rome was not built in a day.過去時(shí)的前指和后指用法當(dāng)過去時(shí)所指的過去時(shí)間已由先前使用的過去時(shí)所表示

17、時(shí)，我們可稱之為“前指”。Then we entered the citythe square was deserted在其他情況下，先前使用的非確定過去意義上的現(xiàn)在完成體，可以說是提供了一個(gè)以后出現(xiàn)的過去時(shí)的前提：They have decided to close down the factory. It took us completely by surprise.There have been times when I wished myself safely home in bed.在其他情況下，前指涉及的是同一分句中的時(shí)間狀語：Last Saturday, we went to t

18、he theatre.當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語放在過去時(shí)后面時(shí)，可稱之為確定過去的后指用法：We went to the theatre last Saturday.對(duì)于動(dòng)詞短語的“確定”，相關(guān)的時(shí)間不必說明，要緊的只是在原則上時(shí)間應(yīng)該是可以具體說明的。過去的事件、狀態(tài)和習(xí)慣與現(xiàn)在時(shí)的三種意義相對(duì)應(yīng)，過去時(shí)也有三種意義，包括事件過去時(shí)，狀態(tài)過去時(shí)和習(xí)慣過去時(shí)。T2 那時(shí)T1 現(xiàn)在事件過去時(shí)狀態(tài)過去時(shí)習(xí)慣過去時(shí)事件過去時(shí)（the event past）:指過去的一個(gè)單一確定事件The eruption of Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii.狀態(tài)過去時(shí)（the state past）Arc

19、hery was a popular sport for the Victorians.習(xí)慣過去時(shí)（the habitual past）In ancient times, the Olympic Games were held at Olympia in Southern Greece.In those days we used to live in the country.We used to get up at 5 a.m. every morning all through the summer.She addressed and posted the letter.She dislik

20、ed and distrusted her advisers.事件過去時(shí)與狀態(tài)過去時(shí)和習(xí)慣過去時(shí)的區(qū)別之一是后兩者能改寫成used to，另外一個(gè)可供區(qū)別的標(biāo)志是，當(dāng)動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)在話語的順序中，它們就具有要求按順序先后解釋的傾向。表示現(xiàn)在和將來時(shí)間的過去時(shí)的意義在間接引語中，轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)常常要求從屬分句中的動(dòng)詞也采用過去時(shí)。A: Did you say you have/had no money?B: Yes, Im completely broke.A: How did you know that I am/was Max Wilson?B: Well, I remembered tha

21、t you are/were tall, and wear/wore glasses.2. 態(tài)度過去時(shí)（the attitudinal past）使用表示意愿及精神狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，反映的是講話者探詢式的態(tài)度，而不是過去時(shí)間。在下列成對(duì)的句子中，現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)都指現(xiàn)在的精神狀態(tài)，但后者更為禮貌：Do/ Did you want to see me now?I wonder/wondered if you could help us.3. 假設(shè)過去時(shí)（the hypothetical past）用于某些從屬分句，尤其是if-分句中，表示和講話人的信念或期待相反的意思。If you really wor

22、ked hard, you would soon get promoted.Its time we all took a rest.I wish I had a memory like yours.完成體和進(jìn)行體體（aspect）這個(gè)術(shù)語指的是一種語法類目，它反映在時(shí)間意義上看待或經(jīng)歷動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的方式。它不和表述時(shí)間相關(guān)，但在意義上體與時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)系很密切。時(shí)態(tài)體現(xiàn)在詞法上，體體現(xiàn)在句法上。完成體和進(jìn)行體可以簡(jiǎn)單地看成是：視為完整（完成）的動(dòng)作，和視為不完整的，即在進(jìn)行中（未完成或進(jìn)行中）的動(dòng)作。符號(hào)名稱例句類型B現(xiàn)在完成體過去完成體He has examined.He had examined.類

23、型C現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體過去進(jìn)行體He is examining.He was examining.類型BC現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體過去完成進(jìn)行體He has been examining.He had been examining.進(jìn)行體（the progressive aspect）表示在某個(gè)特定時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的事情。Joan sings well.Joan is singing well.例1指的是Joan作為一名歌唱家的能力；例2是指她在某一特定場(chǎng)合或在某一特定演出季節(jié)的表演。Joan sang well.Joan was singing well.例1用的一般過去時(shí)使我們將事件看作一個(gè)整體；而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)則

24、使我們將它看作一項(xiàng)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)，是持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的。I read a novel yesterday evening.I was reading a novel yesterday evening.例1指我昨晚看完了整部小說；例2指暗示我還沒有看完。進(jìn)行體的意義可以分為三個(gè)成分，具體的例子不必包含每一個(gè)成分：事件具有持續(xù)性事件具有有限持續(xù)性事件不一定完整進(jìn)行體表示的狀態(tài)、事件和習(xí)慣狀態(tài)進(jìn)行體：在許多情況下，進(jìn)行體不能用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。We own a house in the country.當(dāng)確實(shí)出現(xiàn)進(jìn)行體的場(chǎng)合，人們的感覺是，它意味著短暫性而不是永久性：We are living in th

25、e country. 短暫居住We live in the country. 永久居住(b) 事件進(jìn)行體表達(dá)的概念是，事件是持續(xù)的，而且尚未結(jié)束。The referee blows his whistle.The referee is blowing his whistle.The train was approaching.例1和例2都可能出現(xiàn)在足球比賽的實(shí)況廣播報(bào)道中，但是例1可能表示一聲短促的哨聲，例2則可能表示持續(xù)的或一聲接一聲的哨聲。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在事件比一般現(xiàn)在是更為普通，因?yàn)樗哂幸话阌糜诒硎敬祟愂录某掷m(xù)含義。A: What is Mary doing at this mom

26、ent?B: She is watching television.(c) 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行體：進(jìn)行體與習(xí)慣意義相結(jié)合意味著重復(fù)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于某一有限的時(shí)期中：The professor types his own letters. 永久習(xí)慣性The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill. 短暫習(xí)慣性At that time she was having regular singing lessons.在相對(duì)少見的情況中，進(jìn)行體同習(xí)慣意義一起，表示一系列事件中的每一事件都具有持續(xù)性/不完整性：Whenever I s

27、ee her, shes working in the garden.The Chief Secretary rises at 6:15 every morning. By 7 oclock he has taken a light breakfast, and is already reading the morning newspapers.Remember that when youre taking a rest, someone else is always working.進(jìn)行體和always，continually或forever相結(jié)合就喪失了它“短暫”的語義成分。Bill is

28、 continually/always/forever working late at the office.這些例子中的進(jìn)行體往往表達(dá)主觀上對(duì)于所描述行為的不以為然。因而在上例中說話人似乎在暗示，在辦公室工作到很晚是一種令人惱怒或可悲的習(xí)慣。在使用了forever之后，這種暗示顯得更加強(qiáng)烈。在其他情況中，可能就沒有這種貶抑的含義。A child is always learning.完成體John lived in Pairs for ten years.John has lived in Paris for ten years.Where did you put my purse?Wher

29、e have you put my purse?這兩個(gè)句子都表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻以前的一種狀態(tài)，但是一般過去時(shí)表示居住期已告一段落，而現(xiàn)在完成體則表示居住期一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在時(shí)間（甚至可能繼續(xù)至將來）。所以現(xiàn)在完成體表示“和當(dāng)前相關(guān)”的過去時(shí)間。完成體最廣義的解釋是，它表示先時(shí)時(shí)間（anterior time），即先于由時(shí)態(tài)或者句子其他成分或其語境所表明的任何時(shí)間指向的時(shí)間。T?T=指向時(shí)間I have already met your sister.T1=現(xiàn)在The flight was cancelled after we had paid for the tickets.T2=過去By next w

30、eek, they will have completed their contract.T1=現(xiàn)在T2將來的過去I am sorry to have missed the concert. I am sorry that I missed the concert.She regrets having abandoned the plan.She regrets that she abandoned the plan.現(xiàn)在完成體現(xiàn)在完成體的意義That house has been empty for ages.Have you known my sister for long?延續(xù)至今的狀態(tài)

31、。它對(duì)應(yīng)一般過去時(shí)的“狀態(tài)過去時(shí)”用法，但又與后者有別，它指明狀態(tài)至少繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻，比較：That house was empty for agesbut now it has been sold.Have you (ever) been to Florence?All our children have had measles(麻疹).延續(xù)至今的一個(gè)時(shí)期中不確定的事件。它對(duì)應(yīng)于“事件過去時(shí)”，但不同的是后者的時(shí)間是確定的。試比較Did you go to Florence (last summer)?Mr. Terry has sung in this choir ever since h

32、e was a boy.The province has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.延續(xù)至今的一個(gè)時(shí)期中的習(xí)慣（即重復(fù)事件）。它對(duì)應(yīng)“習(xí)慣過去時(shí)”，但其中說明的那個(gè)時(shí)期必須延續(xù)至今。請(qǐng)比較：The journal has been published every month since 1850.The journal was published every month from 1850 to 1888.T1狀態(tài)意義事件意義習(xí)慣意義非限定過去意義的變體涉及過去的某一個(gè)單一事件時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成體與三種意義或內(nèi)涵相關(guān)

33、：有關(guān)的時(shí)間區(qū)延續(xù)至今；事件發(fā)生在新近；動(dòng)作的結(jié)果在現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻仍然存在。選擇現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)，常常取決于講話人頭腦中是否有一個(gè)尚未結(jié)束的隱含時(shí)間區(qū)。Have you seen the Javanese Art Exhibition?Did you see the Javanese Art Exhibition?還在展出曾在此展出Have you heard the news? The president has resigned.Did you hear the news? The president has resigned.一般現(xiàn)在完成體經(jīng)常用于報(bào)道一則新聞。A: Has the po

34、stman left any letters?B: Yes, he did six months ago.B的回答顯得很荒唐，因?yàn)锳問題的隱含時(shí)間區(qū)應(yīng)該不超過一天。有recently，just的意思。The apples have all been eaten.My mother has recovered from her illness.Have any of the visitors arrived?一只蘋果也沒有剩下。我母親現(xiàn)在身體好了。是否有來訪者在這兒？一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成體中狀語的用法選擇一般過去時(shí)還是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，與時(shí)間指向有關(guān)，因此也與時(shí)間狀語的選擇和解釋有關(guān)。與過去時(shí)相關(guān)的狀

35、語：I saw her yesterday (evening)/a week ago/earlier this week/last Monday/the other day/at four oclock/in the morning/on Tuesday.(b) 與現(xiàn)在完成體相關(guān)的狀語I havent seen her up to now/ since Monday/since I met you/so far.(c) 與兩者都相關(guān)的狀語I saw her today/this month/this year/recently/before/this June/once/already.I h

36、ave seen her today/this month/this year/recently/before/this June/once/already.過去完成體No wonder Miss Matthews French was excellent she had lived in Paris since childhood.When we bought it, the house had been empty for several years.過去完成體一般的意思是指“過去的過去”，并且可以看作是現(xiàn)在完成體或一般過去時(shí)的先時(shí)形式。過去完成體表示的是先于過去某一指向時(shí)間的任何事件或狀

37、態(tài)。它的三種意義，即“狀態(tài)”、“事件”或“習(xí)慣”都可能出現(xiàn)。The goalkeeper had injured his leg, and couldnt play.It was foolish to fire McCabe: in two seasons, he had scored more goals than any other player.T2=那時(shí)T1=現(xiàn)在一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成體用過去完成體變換成“過去的過去”，這兩者之間的對(duì)比就消失了。My aunt had lived in Italy for four years.My aunt lived in Italy for fou

38、r years.My aunt has lived in Italy for four years.過去完成體不一定指比一般過去時(shí)所指更為遙遠(yuǎn)的時(shí)間。在有些情況下，尤其在after引導(dǎo)的分句中，這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)大致可以互換：I ate my lunch after Sandra had come back from her shopping.I ate my lunch after Sandra came back from her shopping.完成進(jìn)行體完成體和進(jìn)行體同時(shí)用于一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語中，它們各自有關(guān)的意義特征也結(jié)合起來了。在與進(jìn)行體主要意義相關(guān)的三個(gè)特征，即持續(xù)性，有限持續(xù)性和可能不完整

39、性中，前兩種特征賦予完成進(jìn)行體一種“短暫”的意思。Ive been writing a letter to my nephew.How have you been getting on?Its been snowing again.這些句子的完成進(jìn)行體可同一般完成體表示延續(xù)至今的狀態(tài)的用法相比，表示延續(xù)至今的短暫情景?！坝邢蕹掷m(xù)性”的因素使完成進(jìn)行體難以用于瞬息動(dòng)詞。He has been starting his car.He has been starting his book.第二句話是無意義的，除非把它理解為“他一直在試圖、打算動(dòng)手寫他的書。”當(dāng)完成進(jìn)行體和成就及過程謂語連用時(shí)，不完整可能性的特征就明顯了。即使擦窗的工作還沒有結(jié)束，也能使用完成進(jìn)行體。Have you cleaned the windows?No, I havent finished them yet.Have you been cleaning the windows?Yes, but I havent finished them yet.Ive written a novel, but I havent finishe