動詞的時和體研究

1、動詞的時和體研究Tense and Aspect (I)Key Points: Uses of simple present;2. Uses of simple past;3. Uses of present progressive;4. Uses of past progressive.Brief Introduction英語動詞有兩種時（一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時），六種體（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體，過去進(jìn)行體，現(xiàn)在完成體，過去完成體，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體，過去完成進(jìn)行體），兩種態(tài)（主動態(tài)，被動態(tài)），三種式（陳述式，祈使式，虛擬式）I. Uses of Simple Present1. 表不受時限的客觀存在，包括

2、客觀真理、 格言事實等2. 表現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣動作，現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性經(jīng)常性發(fā)生 的動作，常與頻度副詞連用( always, hardly ever= almost never) 我們常10點鐘上床睡覺. We are usually in bed by 10.3. 表現(xiàn)時狀態(tài)和現(xiàn)在瞬間動作，只適用于 靜態(tài)動詞或表示短暫動作的動態(tài)動詞動態(tài)動詞: 表運動狀態(tài)的動詞 jump, hit, open, close （表短暫動作）靜態(tài)動詞：表相對靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的動詞 如be動詞，表感覺的動詞 feel, 表心理狀態(tài)的動詞think( 表示的意義具有持續(xù)性)4. 表將來時間 （三種句型）1）I hope/ I bet + t

3、hat 分句中, 可用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來 I hope he likes my gift. (will like) I bet it rains tomorrow. (will rain)2）see ( to it)/ make sure/ make certain + that 分句中 I ll see that nobody disturbs you ( will disturb).3）if/ when 引導(dǎo)的條件分句或時間分句中 注：1）和2）中的分句可換成將來時，3）不能5. 表過去時間 I hear you have got a part-time job. = I heard you

4、 got/ had got a part-time job. 能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示過去時間的動詞: tell, say, hear, learn, gather（了解，推測，得知） 等或稱作：歷史性現(xiàn)在時 (Historic Present)II Uses of Simple Past1. 表過去時間 We had a meeting yesterday afternoon. 一般過去時表示的時間與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系， 已成為過去/不復(fù)存在，比較： I studied in Canada for 7 years. ( 現(xiàn)已不在加拿大) I have studied in Canada for 7 y

5、ears. （可能在加拿大也可能在別地）2. 表現(xiàn)在時間和將來時間1）I wondered if you could help me. ( want, wonder, think, hope) 表現(xiàn)在時間，相當(dāng)于I wonder, 區(qū)別在前者表婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣。2）表與現(xiàn)在事實相反的主觀設(shè)想或?qū)淼闹饔^設(shè)想，不能換為一般現(xiàn)在時We are really tired. Its time we had a rest. If I had money, I d buy a big house. Id rather you went now. ( wish) Exercise 11BPut the verbs

6、 in brackets into the simple present or the simple past:Ill make sure that everything _ (be) in order.2. I hope (that) I _ (see) you there.3. See that you _ (be) ready at 8 oclock.4. Im getting tired - its time we _ (go) home.5. Id rather you _ (buy) a car.issee / will seearewentbought6. I feel as i

7、f my head _ (be) on fire.7. Isnt it about time you _ (set to) and _ (do) some work？8. Its high time we _ (have) a rest.9. He acts as if he _ (know) English perfectly.10. I wish I _ (know) his name.11. Id rather you _ (live) closer to us.12. I _ (wonder) if you were free this evening.wasset todidhadk

8、newknewlivedwonderedExercise 11B13. I hope you _ (sleep) well.14. I _ (say) you are wrong.15. John _ (tell) me that there was a car accident last night.16. I _ (hear) old Mrs Smith has lost her cat.17. I _ (want) to ask if I could borrow your ladder.18. The ten oclock news _ (say) its going to be co

9、ld tomorrow.Exercise 11Bsleep / will sleepsaytellshearwantedsaysExercise 11B19. I _ (suggest) you phone me tomorrow.20. Two and three _ (make) five. I hope she _ (not dislike) the flowers.22. If only I _ (have) more money, I could buy some new clothes.23. I bet I _ (get) there before you.24. Dont co

10、me tomorrow. Id rather you _ (come) next weekend.suggestmake / makesdoesnt dislikehadgetcameExercise 11B25. A: I havent got a table cloth. B: Suppose we _ (use) a sheet?26. A: Daddy, can I watch TV? B: Suppose you _ (do) your homework first?27. If it _ (rain), the match would be cancelled.28. I _ (g

11、ather) Peters looking for a job.29. Mr Smith _ (step) into his office, _ (sit) down and _ (begin) to fill in the forms.use(d)do / didrainedgathersteppedsatbeganExercise 11B30. At rise, the stage _ (be) dark. It _ (be) two-thirty in the morning and a hot, midsummers day has just begun. It _ (be) sile

12、nt MEL EDISON, in pajamas, robe and slippers _ (sit) alone on the tiny sofa, smoking a cigarette. He _ (rub) his face anxiously, then _ (cough) isisissitsrubscoughsIII Uses of Present Progressive1. 表正在進(jìn)行的動作 We are learning English grammar.2. 表現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動作 ( 一種暫時性，不是長期性) 與頻度副詞 always等連用時表示感情色彩,比較: You

13、 are always complaining about your work. (感情色彩) You always complain about your work. (說明事實)3. 表按計劃近期內(nèi)即將發(fā)生的動作 I am leaving China in a few weeks.注：用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表將來，句中要有表將來的 時間狀語（上下文），否則歧義，例如： Are you doing anything special tonight? (表示將來) Are you doing anything special now? (表示說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作)4. 其他用法1) 表剛剛過去的動作，只

14、適用于口語 You know I am telling the truth. what I am talking about.2）表婉轉(zhuǎn)口氣 I am hoping/ wondering you will help me.Exercise 11DPut the verbs in brackets into the simple presentOr the present progressive:My sister _ (live) at home for the moment.2. You _ (live) in North London, dont you?3. Why _ that gir

15、l _ (stand) on the table?4. Chetford Castle _ (stand) on a hill just outside the town.is livingliveis standingstandsExercise 11D5. She _ (see) her doctor twice a week.6. The weather _ (get) better and better.7. We _ probably _ (spend) next weekend at home.8. Water _ (boil) at 212Fahrenheit.9. The bo

16、ttle _ (boil). Shall I make tea?10. George _ (get) up at five oclock every day this week to prepare for his examination.seesis gettingare spendingboilsis boilingis gettingExercise 11D11. He _ always _ (write) with a special pen - just because he likes to be different.12. What _ you _ (talk about)? I

17、 cant make head or tail of it.is writingare talking aboutIV. Uses of Past Progressive1. 表過去某時（點/段）正在進(jìn)行的動作 What were you doing yesterday afternoon? I was studying in the library.2. 表過去某種習(xí)慣性動作3. 表過去將來時間里的動作 They were leaving a few days later4. 表現(xiàn)在時間和將來時間里的動作1）婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣 只限于 hope, want, wonder 等詞 比較委婉程度： I w

18、onder if you can help me. I wondered if you could help me. I am wondering if you can help me. I was wondering if you could help me.2）主觀臆想 用在 its time, I wish, Id rather, if 條件句中，和一般過去時用法無區(qū)別,如： It is time we were having a rest. It is time we had a rest.5. 過去進(jìn)行體與一般過去時比較 過去時 過去進(jìn)行體已經(jīng)完成的動作 未完成的動作陳述事實 側(cè)重動

19、作的持續(xù)性較短的動作 較長的動作 隨意、無目的動作 動作的時間順序 Tense and Aspect IIKey Points: Uses of present perfective (progressive)2. Uses of past perfective (progressive)I. Uses of present perfective1. have/ has + ed分詞構(gòu)成 2. 兩個主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法 I have eaten my dinner. (發(fā)生在過去某時的動作到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成。) He has lived here for 10 years/ since

20、 1999. (發(fā)生在過去某時的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在有 可能繼續(xù)。)3. 區(qū)別：已完成用法通常不與段時間連用，未完成用法常與段時間連用。 I have finished my homework. 已完成用法 I have known him for 8 years. 未完成用法II. Uses of present perfective progressive1. have/ has been +ing分詞構(gòu)成2. 用法與現(xiàn)在完成體未完成用法相仿，可以互換 He has lived here for 10 years. He has been living here for 10 years.

21、(強調(diào)一種持續(xù)性)3. 不能互換，比較： Who has eaten my dinner? （全吃光） Who has been eating my dinner? （有剩余） Example: 我工作了整整一天。 I have been working all day. 我學(xué)英語學(xué)了好些年了。 I have been learning English for quite a few years.我真累了。我一直在打羽毛球，我已經(jīng)很長時間沒打。I am really tired. I have been playing badminton. I havent played for a long

22、 time.我認(rèn)識這位作家有些年了，我一直都在讀他寫的小說。I have known this writer for several years. I have been reading his novels.III. Uses of past perfective1. had + ed 分詞構(gòu)成 2. 兩個主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法 相對的時間是過去：過去的過去，在過去某時之前發(fā)生的動作。 I had eaten my dinner before they came. 已完成 He told me that he had lived here for 10 years. 未完成 Exa

23、mple:當(dāng)我們到達(dá)操場的時候，比賽已經(jīng)開始了。When we got to / reached the playground, the match/game had begun.我還沒來得及向他解釋，他就走了。Before I explained to him, he had left.IV. Uses of past perfective progressive1. had been+ ing 分詞構(gòu)成2. 與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體用法相仿，只是時間推移 到了過去。 Example:在他大學(xué)畢業(yè)之前，他一直在努力地學(xué)習(xí)電腦。Before he graduated from the college,

24、 he had been making efforts to learn computer.在老師到來之前，我已經(jīng)在教室呆了五分鐘了。By the time the teacher came, I had been staying in the classroom for 5 minutes. 3. when/ before/ after/ until 引導(dǎo)的分句中過去完成體的用法。 表示動作先后，可以互換： When they came, I had eaten my dinner. I had eaten my dinner before they came. After I had ea

25、ten my dinner, they came. They didnt come until I had eaten my dinner. By the time they came I had eaten my dinner. 注：1) 通常一個動作用一般過去時，一個用過去完成體。2) After /before 本身已經(jīng)體現(xiàn)出動作的先后，所以也可都用一般過去時 I ate my dinner before they came.After I ate my dinner, they came.兩個動作可都用過去完成體，少，如by the time By the time they had

26、come, I had eaten my dinner.V. Imaginary use of past perfective1. 用于由if, if only, as if引導(dǎo)的分句中： If only you had told me before.2. 用于I wish, Id rather等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的that- 分句中： I would rather you had told her the truth.3. 用于expect, think, intend, mean (= intend) want, suppose等動詞，表示過去未曾實現(xiàn) 的希望、打算或意圖： I had intend

27、ed to make a cake, but I ran out of time.VI. More on the use of perfective aspect1. 完成體與have got/ have got to 我得到了一本新字典。 I have got a new dictionary. 我有一本新字典。（口語） I have a new dictionary. I have got a new dictionary./ I have got no time. I have got to do it. = I have to do it.2. It is / will be the

28、first time that I have been here. It was the first time that I had been here.Multiple Choice_, the players began the game. A) Having taken our seats B) Being taken the seats C) After we had taken our seats D) Taking the seats2. The Curies discovered radium after they _. A) were married B) had been m

29、arried C) married D) have marriedCC3. “Lets hurry. The President is coming.” “Oh, hasnt he come yet? I was afraid we _.” A) already miss him B) has already missed him C) had already missed him D) have already missed him4. You will hardly believe it, but this is the third time tonight someone _ me. A

30、) telephoned B) has telephoned C) telephones D) should telephoneCB5. You love your only son and indulge him so much that you _ him harm. A) are doing B) have done C) will have done D) are doing to do6. The company _ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. A) is promised B) is promis

31、ing C) has been promising D) promisedAC7. It has been about 7 years since they _. A) got married B) got marry C) get married D) have married8. As a young man he did not know that he _ become famous later on. A) was to B) should C) was going to D) wouldAA9. We _ the cold winter for the past 2 years.

32、A) would have B) had C) have had D) have been having10. She _ when that young man dived in and saved her. A) drowned B) was drowning C) was going to drown D) had drownedDB11. He _ many of the experiences he ever _ in his childhood. A) gradually forget had B) is gradually forgetting had C) was gradua

33、lly forgetting had D) have gradually forgotten had12. You have been within an inch of life and _ it. A) havent known B) didnt know C) do not know D) hadnt knownBB13. Our university is no longer what she _. A) had been B) had C) was D) will be14. She gave me that notebook on my birthday, and I _ it i

34、n my drawer. A) have since kept B) since kept C) am since keeping D) had since keptCA15. You _ your books about. A) constantly leave B) are constantly leaving C) constantly left D) have constantly left16. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been all possible, but I _ fully occupied

35、 the whole of last week. A) were B) had been C) have been D) wasBD17. She _ clean out the space room last week, but was too much occupied at that time. A) intended to B) was intended to C) had intended to D) has intended to18. When I saw her smiling face, I knew she _ good news of her husband. A) has B) has had C) had had D) was havingCC19. He did not arrive until the meeting was nearly over, for the simple reason that he _ asleep while watching television. A) had fallen B) has fallen C) fell D) was falling20. Henry would rather that his girl friend