國際貿(mào)易-英語chap012講解課件

1、INTERNATIONAL TRADE國際貿(mào)易天津師范大學管理學院 周 紅 博士 副教授Chapter 12Trade Blocs and Trade Blocks 貿(mào)易集團和貿(mào)易禁運Outlines of chapter 12Types of economic blocsIs trade discrimination good or bad?The basic theory of trade blocs: trade creation and trade diversionOther possible gains from a trade blocThe EU ExperienceNorth

2、 America becomes a blocTrade blocs among developing countriesTrade embargoesOutlines of chapter 12貿(mào)易集團的類型貿(mào)易歧視的利弊貿(mào)易集團的基礎理論：貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造和貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移可能從貿(mào)易集團獲得的其他收益歐盟的經(jīng)驗北美成為一個貿(mào)易集團發(fā)展中國家的貿(mào)易集團貿(mào)易禁運12.1 Types of economic blocsTrade bloc: A group of countries that have agreed to have low or no barriers on trade among themse

3、lves, while maintaining regular barriers to trade with countries outside the bloc.Free-trade areacustom unionCommon marketEconomic union12.1 貿(mào)易集團的類型貿(mào)易集團（Trade bloc）：每個成員國都可以自由或者至少更加便宜地從其他成員國進口，同時對非集團成員國設置進口壁壘。歐盟便是這么做的，它允許成員國之間自由貿(mào)易，卻限制從歐盟以外的國家進口。 經(jīng)濟集團的類型：自由貿(mào)易區(qū)（Free-trade area）關稅同盟（custom union）共同市場（C

4、ommon market）經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟（Economic union）12.1 Types of economic blocs Figure 12.1 Types of Economic Blocs12.1 Types of economic blocsFree-trade areaa trade bloc in which the member countries remove trade barriers among themselves but each keeps its own separate barriers to trade with outside countries. 在自由貿(mào)

5、易區(qū)內(nèi)，成員國之間的貿(mào)易壁壘被廢除，但是它們各自仍保持對非成員國的貿(mào)易壁壘。12.1 Types of economic blocsCustoms unionA trade bloc in which the member countries remove trade barriers among themselves and adopt a common set of barriers to trade with outside countries在關稅同盟中，成員國之間取消貿(mào)易壁壘，并且對外設置共同的貿(mào)易壁壘。 12.1 Types of economic blocsCommon mark

6、eta bloc of countries that have a customs union and also allow freedom of factor flows among themselves 在共同市場內(nèi)，除實行關稅同盟制度外，還允許要素在成員國之間全面自由流動（例如勞動力和資本）。12.1 Types of economic blocsEconomic uniona bloc of countries that have a common market and also unify other economic policies在完全的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟內(nèi)，成員國實行統(tǒng)一的經(jīng)濟政策，包

7、括貨幣政策、財政政策和社會福利政策，以及貿(mào)易和要素的流動政策。12.2 Is trade discrimination good or bad?Is trade discrimination good or bad?“stepping stone” （Joseph E.Stiglitz） or a “stumbling stone” （Jagdish.Bhagwati）Good sides: forming a customs union or free-trade area must be good because it is a move toward free tradeBad side

8、sForming the trade bloc may encourage people to buy from higher-cost partner suppliersdestroying much gains from global tradeCausing international friction 12.2 貿(mào)易歧視的利弊所有這些貿(mào)易歧視是好還是壞？有兩種截然不同的觀點。一種很自然的觀點是，建立關稅同盟或者自由貿(mào)易區(qū)一定是好的，因為它向自由貿(mào)易邁進一步。另一方面，也可以想到建立一個自由貿(mào)易集團帶來的弊端，即便最初也是從貿(mào)易壁壘適用于所有國際貿(mào)易開始的。第一，建立貿(mào)易集團會鼓勵人們從

9、高成本的成員國進口。第二，貿(mào)易歧視理論具有20世紀30年代貿(mào)易互惠的意味。當時國家之間獨立簽訂的協(xié)議抵消了大量全球貿(mào)易收益。第三，組建貿(mào)易集團會引發(fā)國際摩擦，直接原因就是允許某些國家加入貿(mào)易集團就意味著將其他一些國家排斥在集團之外。12.2 Is trade discrimination good or bad?WTO rules about trade blocsThe basic WTO principle is that trade barriers should be lowered equally and without discrimination for all foreign-

10、trading partner (MFN)But WTO rules permit some deviations from MFN under specific conditionsOne deviation is special treatment for developing countriesAnother deviation permits trade blocs invoving industrialized countries if the trade-bloc removes tariffs and other trade restrictions on most of the

11、 trade among its members, and if its trade barriers against nonmembers do not increase on average.12.2 貿(mào)易歧視的利弊鑒于各種原因，世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則在原則上市反對貿(mào)易歧視的。世界貿(mào)易組織的一個基本原則是對所有的外國貿(mào)易伙伴平等地、非歧視地降低貿(mào)易壁壘，即世界貿(mào)易組織主張的最惠國待遇原則。但是，世界貿(mào)易組織的另外一些規(guī)則允許在特定條件下最惠國待遇原則實行例外。一種例外是給與發(fā)展中國家的特殊待遇。另外一種例外允許貿(mào)易集團將工業(yè)化國家包括在內(nèi)，前提條件是貿(mào)易集團對成員國之間的絕大多數(shù)貿(mào)易取消關稅和其

12、他貿(mào)易限制，以及貿(mào)易集團不提高對非成員國的平均貿(mào)易壁壘。12.3 The basic theory of trade blocs: trade creation and trade diversionTrade creation: The net volume of new trade resulting from forming or joining a trade bloc, and one source of gains in well-being from the trade blocTrade diversion: The volume of trade shifted from l

13、ow-cost outside exporters to higher-cost bloc-partner exporters, resulting from forming or joining a trade bloc, and the source of losses of well-being from the trade bloc. 12.3 貿(mào)易集團的基礎理論：貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造和貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造（Trade creation）：是指在關稅同盟內(nèi)部取消成員國之間的關稅后，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)成本高的商品被成員國中生產(chǎn)成本低的商品所取代，來自成員國的低價進口商品替代了昂貴的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的商品，成員國之間的貿(mào)易

14、被創(chuàng)造出來。 貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移（Trade diversion）：是指形成或加入一個貿(mào)易集團后，產(chǎn)品從過去進口自較低生產(chǎn)成本國轉(zhuǎn)向從較高成本國進口，而造成貿(mào)易集團收益的損失。 12.3 The basic theory of trade blocs: trade creation and trade diversionFigure 12.2 Trade Diversion versus Trade Creation in Joining a Trade Bloc: UK Market for Imported Compact Cars12.3 The basic theory of trade blo

15、cs: trade creation and trade diversion圖表12-2中A圖表示，初始狀態(tài)為對所有進口小汽車征收統(tǒng)一關稅（點A），英國加入了貿(mào)易集團后，取消了對德國等成員國的進口關稅，但對于最便宜的來自于歐盟外的日本汽車，則并未取消關稅。在假設供給曲線為水平的條件下，所有原來從集團外進口的最便宜的10000輛汽車，現(xiàn)在都從成員國（如德國）進口。由點A至點B的變化表示還新增加了5000輛車的進口，這給英國帶來了國民福利收益（面積b），但同時由于從最便宜的集團外供應商那里進口10000輛汽車轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閺某蓡T國的進口，導致了國民福利收益的損失（面積c）。在這種情況下，損失超過了收益，進

16、而導致福利的凈損失：收益面積b=(1/2)(6000-5500)(15000-10000)=1250000(英鎊)損失面積c=(5500-5000)*1000=5000000(英鎊)凈損失=3750000(英鎊)12.3 The basic theory of trade blocs: trade creation and trade diversion圖表12-2中B圖表示，由于德國汽車的價格并不比日本汽車高出多少，加入貿(mào)易集團后，取消了對德國（和其他成員國）汽車的關稅，于是新增了9000輛汽車的進口，進而得到由面積b代表的貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造。另外，10000輛轎車從價格最便宜的日本供應商轉(zhuǎn)移至德國供

17、應商，但這一貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移所帶來的損失沒有A圖中那樣大，所以：收益面積b=(1/2)(6000-5100)(19000-10000)=4050000(英鎊)損失面積c=(5100-5000)*1000=1000000(英鎊)凈收益=3050000(英鎊)12.3 The basic theory of trade blocs: trade creation and trade diversionTrade creationArea b represents two gains: gains on extra consumption of the product and gains on replac

18、ement of higher-cost by low-cost partner productionTrade diversionArea c represents the national loss from the low-cost outside exporters to higher-cost bloc-parner exporters12.3 貿(mào)易集團的基礎理論：貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造和貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造即圖表12-2中A圖的面積b所示的收益。面積b代表了英國經(jīng)濟的兩種收益：消費更多成品的收益，以及英國高成本的生產(chǎn)被集團成員國低成本生產(chǎn)替代的收益。貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移是英國的進口從集團外的低成本出口商轉(zhuǎn)向集團

19、內(nèi)高成本出口商的貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移量。它導致面積c的收益損失。12.3 The basic theory of trade blocs: trade creation and trade diversionSome conclusionsthe gains from a trade bloc are tied to trade creation and the losses are tied to trade diversionThe lower the partner costs relative to the outside-world costs, the greater the gains. A

20、ny trade diversion will be less costlyThe more elastic the import demand, the greater the gains. The trade creation in response to any domestic price decline will be greater.12.3 貿(mào)易集團的基礎理論：貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造和貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移一些結論：貿(mào)易集團產(chǎn)生的收益來自貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造，而損失來自貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移。成員國與集團外的國家的成本差異越小，成員國獲得收益越大。貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移的成本就越低。進口國需求彈性越大，成員國的收益就越大。任何因國內(nèi)價格的下降而引

21、起的貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造就會更大。12.4 Other possible gains from a trade bloc An increase in competion can reduce pricesAn increase in competion can lower costs of productionFirms can lower costs by expanding their scale of productionIncreases opportunities for business invesments12.4 可能從貿(mào)易集團獲得的其他收益 競爭的增加導致價格下降競爭的增加能夠降低生產(chǎn)

22、成本廠商可以通過擴大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模來降低成本建立貿(mào)易集團會為商業(yè)投資增加機會12.5 The EU ExperienceThe European Union from 1957 to 1992 was a customs union, in which member countries remove tariffs and other barriers to trade among themselves and adopt a common set of external tariffs.In 1992 the Single European Act promoted free movement o

23、f workers and capital, so the EU became a common market. (The act also required removal of many remaining nontariff barriers to trade among the member countries.)As the EU further integrates, including the adoption of the euro as a common currency by 17 of its members, the EU is moving toward econom

24、ic union, in which all economic policies would be unified.12.5 歐盟的經(jīng)驗歐洲聯(lián)盟的前身在1957-1992年間是關稅同盟。關稅同盟取消了成員國之間的關稅和其他形式的貿(mào)易壁壘，并采用一個共同的對外關稅。1992年，單一歐洲法案促進了勞動力和資本的自由流動，所以歐盟變成了共同市場。（同時，該法案還要求成員國之間消除許多殘存的非貿(mào)易壁壘。）隨著歐盟進一步一體化，包括17個國家采用歐元作為它們的共同貨幣，歐盟朝著經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟邁進。在經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟中，所有的經(jīng)濟政策都將統(tǒng)一。12.6 North America becomes a blocNAFTA

25、：Provisions and ControversiesNAFTA：EffectsRules of Origin Rules of origin determine which products have been produced within the free-trade area, so that they are traded freely within the area, and which products have not been produced within the area. These rules guard against a firms ruse of doing

26、 minimal processing within the area and then claiming that the outside product is locally produced.12.6 北美成為一個貿(mào)易集團北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)：規(guī)定和爭議北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的影響原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則 原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則（Rules of origin） 可確定哪些產(chǎn)品是在自由貿(mào)易區(qū)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的，可在自由貿(mào)易區(qū)內(nèi)自由流通；同時也能確定哪些產(chǎn)品不是在區(qū)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的。這個規(guī)則可以制約外國公司通過只在區(qū)內(nèi)進行少量的加工而聲稱產(chǎn)品在本地生產(chǎn)的行為。12.7 Trade blocs among developing countriesE

27、fforts by developing countries to form trade blocs failed in the 1960s and 1970s, but they have become more successful since 1990.Trade among the MERCOSUR countries in South America expanded since the bloc was formed in 1991, but some of this expanded intrabloc trade is trade diversion.12.7 發(fā)展中國家的貿(mào)易

28、集團發(fā)展中國家建立貿(mào)易集團的努力在20世紀60年代和70年代遭遇了失敗。但是自1990年以來取得了很大的成功。南方共同市場內(nèi)成員國間的貿(mào)易從1991年集團成立以來得到快速增長，但其中的一些集團內(nèi)貿(mào)易的增長是由貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移造成的。12.8 Trade embargoesTrade discrimination can be more belligerenta trade block instead of a trade bloc. A nation or group of nations can keep ordinary barriers on its trade with most countr

29、ies, but insist on making trade with a particular country or countries difficult or impossible.To wage economic warfare, nations have often imposed economic sanctions or embargoes, which are discriminatory restrictions or bans on economic exchange. What is being restricted or banned can be ordinary

30、trade, or it can be trade in services or financial assets, as in the case of a ban on loans to a particular country.12.8 Trade embargoesTrade discrimination can be more belligerenta trade block instead of a trade bloc. A nation or group of nations can keep ordinary barriers on its trade with most co

31、untries, but insist on making trade with a particular country or countries difficult or impossible.To wage economic warfare, nations have often imposed economic sanctions or embargoes, which are discriminatory restrictions or bans on economic exchange. What is being restricted or banned can be ordin

32、ary trade, or it can be trade in services or financial assets, as in the case of a ban on loans to a particular country.12.8 貿(mào)易禁運貿(mào)易歧視可以表現(xiàn)得更為激進用貿(mào)易禁運替代貿(mào)易集團。一個國家或者國家集團可以對大多數(shù)貿(mào)易國實行一般的貿(mào)易壁壘，但卻幾乎不與某些特定國家或國家群體發(fā)生貿(mào)易。為了發(fā)動經(jīng)濟戰(zhàn)爭，這種國家通常實施經(jīng)濟制裁（economic sanctions）或禁運（embargoes），即歧視性限制或者禁止性經(jīng)濟交往。被限制或者禁止的可以是一般貿(mào)易，也可以是服務或

33、金融資產(chǎn)交易，如禁止對特定國家提供貸款。12.8 Trade embargoes禁止經(jīng)濟往來的后果不難想象。一個國家拒絕與被制裁國進行貿(mào)易將同時使兩國在經(jīng)濟上收到損害，并且為第三國創(chuàng)造貿(mào)易機會。但是誰受到的損害最大？誰受到的損害最?。恳?guī)模是重要的，因為規(guī)模決定了被制裁國家受到的損失是否足以彌補制裁國因禁止貿(mào)易而受到的損害。為了分析決定經(jīng)濟制裁成敗的基本因素，先觀察一個特例：對被制裁國實施完全的出口禁運。圖表12-3設想了禁止向伊拉克出口所有商品的情況。該圖描繪了自1990年伊拉克開始侵略科威特時，許多國家對伊拉克實施了貿(mào)易限制的情形。除了限制向伊拉克出口，這些國家還禁止從伊拉克進口石油或其他商

34、品，或者向其提供貸款。這些制裁是在聯(lián)合國的一項決議下實施的，而且大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟強國都參與了這個反伊拉克行動。但仍然有約旦、伊朗和其他一些國家同情伊拉克并且在一些方面繼續(xù)維持與伊拉克的貿(mào)易關系。12.8 Trade embargoesFigure 12.3 Effects of an Embargo on Exports to Iraq12.8 Trade embargoes圖表12-3中B圖顯示沒有實施禁運的國家對伊拉克的出口為Sn，而且這種供給是有限的且缺乏彈性的。在實施禁運之前，實施禁令國家對伊拉克的出口是該國國內(nèi)供應與國內(nèi)需求之差。如果把圖表12-4中的禁運國和非實施禁運國的兩類出口供給加在

35、一起，就會得到在實施禁運之前對伊拉克有效的總出口供給曲線Sn +Se。在實施禁運前，伊拉克的進口需求量（Dm）等于圖表12-3中B圖的點F表示的總出口供給量。此時的價格是P0，而且伊拉克進口數(shù)量Q0。當一些國家決定對伊拉克實施出口禁運時，全球?qū)σ晾顺隹诠┙o中的一部分會消失。在圖表12-3中B圖的出口供給Se由于禁運而消失。剩下的對伊拉克的出口供給僅為Sn。由于進口被限制，伊拉克人發(fā)現(xiàn)可進口的商品變得更稀缺。隨著自由貿(mào)易均衡點F轉(zhuǎn)移為禁運均衡點E，產(chǎn)品的價格從P0上升至P1。進口品的稀缺使伊拉克整體福利損失了面積b+c。12.8 Trade embargoes禁運也給實施國帶來了損失，因為它們不能出口到伊拉克并且世界價格（伊拉克之外的）也略微有所下降。它們的損失為面積a，a在圖表12-3中以兩種相同的方式表示: 在A圖中，