計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)(第二版)chapter16ArtificialIntelligenceandExpertSystem課件

1、Computer Science in EnglishDesigned and Programmed ByJiang TongqiangMiao TianshunTeaching Assisted CoursewareComputer Science in EnglishII. Grammatical Notes to the Text III. Words Bank to the TextIV. Exercises of the ChapterI. Pre-reading QuestionsChapter 16 Artificial Intelligence and Expert Syste

2、mII. Grammatical Notes to the Text III. Words Bank to the TextIV. Exercises of the ChapterI. Pre-reading QuestionsChapter 16I. Pre-reading Questions1. What is Artificial Intelligence?2. What can we do using Artificial Intelligence?3. What is Expert System? How does an Expert System work?1. What is A

3、rtificial Intelligence?Reference Key:Using the computer for tasks that normally require human intelligence.Chapter 16I. Pre-reading Questions2. What can we do using Artificial Intelligence?Reference Key:In addition to expert system, AI includes work in the following areas: neural networks, perceptiv

4、e systems, learning, robotics, AI hardware, and natural language processing.Chapter 16I. Pre-reading Questions3. What is Expert System? How does an Expert System work?Reference Key:An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledge of human experts in the form of heurist

5、ics.An Expert System solve problem by Reasoning using rules in knowledge base.artificial intelligence（AI）為the term 的同位語(yǔ)。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)held at Dartmouth college 作定語(yǔ)，修飾a conference。而該句中用and 將the year was 1956與后面的句子相連，目的在于強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間（1956）。1. The year was 1956, and the term artificial intelligence (AI) was coined by

6、John McCarhy as the theme of a conference held at Dartmouth College.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text該句中asas 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，表示行為方式。限制性定語(yǔ)從句that are incorporated into DSSs修飾conventional algorithms。that are specific enough most of the time to be useful 也是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾results。2. Heuristics do not guarantee resul

7、ts as absolutely as do conventional algorithms that are incorporated into DSSs, but they offer results that are specific enough most of the time to be useful.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text該句中，goal variable 作the term 的同位語(yǔ)。which 引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the solution。3. The term goal variable is used to descr

8、ibe the solution, which can be a computed value, an identified object, an action to be taken, or some other recommendation.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)searching for a rule that can be evaluated 作狀語(yǔ)，表目的。其中，that can be evaluated 為限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾rule。4. The inference engine continues to subdivide

9、 a problem into its subproblems in this manner, searching for a rule that can be evaluated.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text該句中現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，using an programming language 作狀語(yǔ)，表方式、手段。5. You can create an expert system using any programming language.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)developed by Edward

10、Shotlffle and Stanley Cohen of Stanford University 作定語(yǔ)，修飾該句的表語(yǔ)Mycin。with the help of Stanton Axline作狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明方式。a physician 是Stanton Axline 的同位語(yǔ)。6. One of the first expert systems was Mycin, developed by Edward Shotlffle and Stanley Cohen of Stanford University, with the help of Stanton Axline, a physic

11、ian.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text限制性定語(yǔ)從句that provides technical help to users 修飾unit。7. A help desk is a unit within the organization that provides technical help to users.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text該句中，a network -like structure 作a decision tree的同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)其作出解釋。之后是一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a network-l

12、ike structure。8. Some systems employ knowledge expressed in form of a decision tree, a network-like structure that enables the user to progress from the root through the network branches by answering questions relating to the problem.II. Grammatical Notes to the Textthat 引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾firms。從句中，形容詞短語(yǔ)n

13、ecessary to develop their own systems 作定語(yǔ)，修飾從句的賓語(yǔ)resources。 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)using programming language 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。9. Expert system shells have brought artificial intelligence within the reach of firms that do not have the resources necessary to develop their own systems using programming languages.II. Grammatical

14、Notes to the Textartificial 7B:ti5fiFEl adj. 人造的；人工的ambitious Am5biFEs adj. 野心勃勃的；有抱負(fù)的heuristic hjuE5ristik adj. 啟發(fā)式的neural 5njuErEl adj. 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的perceptive pE5septiv adj. 感覺(jué)敏銳的assumption E5sQmpFEn n. 假定，設(shè)想arise E5raiz vi. 出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生accumulate E5kju:mjuleit v. 積聚，堆積interpret in5tE:prit v. 解釋，說(shuō)明tailor 5teilE

15、 vt. 適應(yīng)，適合supplement 5sQplimEnt v. 補(bǔ)充III. Words Bank to the Textstrategy 5strAtidVi n. 策略devise di5vaiz vt. 設(shè)計(jì)，發(fā)明subsequently 5sQbsikwEntli adv. 后來(lái)，隨后reverse ri5vE:s adj. 相反的，倒轉(zhuǎn)的inference 5infErEns n. 推論approach E5prEutF n. 方法，步驟，途徑accomplishment E5kCmpliFmEnt n. 成就，完成manual 5mAnjuEl n. 手冊(cè)，指南populat

16、e 5pRpjJleit vt. 居住在中sophistication sE9fistikeiFEn n. 混合，復(fù)雜化III. Words Bank to the TextIV. ExercisesComprehensionFilling BlanksVocabularyTrue or FalseMatching TermsSummaryCloze (Summarizing the Text) Translating SentencesCollocationAnswering QuestionsSelecting WordsConceptual PhrasesTranslation1. AI

17、 is being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, which use to solve problems.2. enables the user to interact with the expert system. 3. houses the accumulated knowledge of the particular problem to be solved. 1. Human knowledge2. The user interface3. DecisionIV. ExercisesComprehension

18、 I. Fill in the following blanks. 4. The inference engine provides the ability that interprets the contents of the .5. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the of human experts in the form of .4. Reasoning, knowledge base5. Knowledge, ruleIV. ExercisesComprehension I. Fi

19、ll in the following blanks. 1. The model of an expert system consists of five main parts.2. AI includes work in the following areas: neural networks, perceptive systems, learning, robotics, AI hardware, and natural language processing.3. The user interface enables the user to interact with the exper

20、t system. The knowledge base houses the accumulated knowledge of the particular problem to be solved.4. The development engine provides the reasoning ability that interprets the contents of the knowledge base.5. The portion of the expert system that performs reasoning by using the contents of the kn

21、owledge base in a particular sequence is the knowledge base.1.F2. T3. T4.F 5. FIV. ExercisesComprehension II. True or False. 1.F2. T3. T4. F5. F(a) artificial intelligence (b) the inference engine (c) forward reasoning(d) case-based reasoning (CBR)IV. ExercisesComprehension III. Matching the terms.

22、_which uses historical data as the basis for identifying problems and recommending solutions._ the rules are examined one after another in a certain order._ the portion of the expert system that performs reasoning by using the contents of the knowledge base in a particular sequence._ using the compu

23、ter for tasks that normally require human intelligence.1.D2. C3. B4. A1. Describe the expert system model.IV. ExercisesComprehension IV. Answer the following questions. 1. The model of an expert system consists of four main parts. The user interface enables the user to interact with the expert syste

24、m. The knowledge base houses the accumulated knowledge of the particular problem to be solved. The inference engine provides the reasoning ability that interprets the contents of the knowledge base. The expert and the knowledge engineer use the development engine to create the expert system.2. Descr

25、ibe the function of user interface.IV. ExercisesComprehension IV. Answer the following questions. 2. The user interface enables the manager to enter instructions and information into the expert system and to receive information from it. The instructions specify the parameters that guide the expert s

26、ystem through its reasoning processing. The information is in the form of values assigned to certain variables.3. Comparing the advantage and disadvantage of Expert System.IV. ExercisesComprehension IV. Answer the following questions. 3. Expert system shells have brought artificial intelligence with

27、in the reach of firms that do not have the resources necessary to develop their own systems using programming languages. 9 In the business area, expert system shells are the most popular way for firms to implement knowledge-based systems.V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the f

28、orm where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret 1. This brand of tinned beans contains no _ colouring. artificial V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary

29、 ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret 2. Hes a very _ lad and he wants to play at the highest level. ambitious V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary ambitious inference tailor consiste

30、nt manual assumption artificial reverse interpret 3. This statement is not _ with what you said at yesterdays meeting. consistent V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artifici

31、al reverse interpret 4. Their _ that their project under way was something entirely new proved to be untrue. assumption V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse

32、 interpret 5. The whole speech might well be _ as a coded message to the Americans. interpreted V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret 6. The local

33、forces were trying to _ their policing style to increase public confidence. tailor V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret 7. The wrong attitude will

34、 have exactly the _ effect. reverse V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret 8. From his manner, we drew the _ that he was satisfied with the exam. in

35、ference IV. ExercisesCollocation V. Look at the following sentence taken from your reading passage. Just think about what else you can “apply” and fill in the sentences with the right words.e.g. When the success of Mycin had been established, the developers looked for other ways to apply their accom

36、plishments.IV. ExercisesCollocation 2. We must apply our en_ to finding a solution. ergies 1. A nurse is applying some me_ to his wound. dicineIV. ExercisesCollocation 4. The right thing would be to apply direct pr_ to the wound. essure 3. They forgot to apply the ha_ and the car rolled 60ft into th

37、e river. ndbrakeIV. ExercisesCollocation 6. The Government appears to be applying the same pr_. inciple 5. His project is concerned with applying the te_ to practical business problems. chnologyIV. ExercisesSummary VII. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.Artificial i

38、ntelligence (AI) is currently being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, 1 use human knowledge to solve problems. 2 all the prevailing systems, the most popular type of knowledge-based system is the expert system. An expert system is a computer program 3 attempts to represent the kn

39、owledge of human experts in the 4 of heuristics. The heuristics allow the expert system to function 5 a manner consistent with a human expert, advising the user on 6 to solve a problem. In 7 to expert system, AI includes work in many other areas. IV. ExercisesSummary The concept of expert system is

40、based on the assumption that an experts knowledge 8 be captured in computer storage and then 9 by others when the need arises. An expert system offers 10 capabilities as a decision support system. IV. ExercisesSummary 1. A. that B. which C. what D. it2. A. In B. Out C. Of D. From3. A. that B. toC. w

41、hat D. with4. A. areaB. fieldC. expertD. form5. A. onB. out C. withD. in6. A. which B. whatC. how D. when7. A. addition B. addingC. addD. additional 8. A. couldB. can C. will D. shall9. A. applied B. applyC. appliesD. applying10. A. manyB. a lot of C. total D. unique1. B2. C3. A4. D5. D6. C7. A8. B9. A10.D1. Heuristics do not guarantee results as absolutely as do conventio