能運用漢譯英理論和技巧

1、能運用漢譯英理論和技巧 I. Reading & translation indispensable skills for students of English1. an important course for a student 2. an important requisite for an employee Syllabus for TEM 8:能運用漢譯英的理論和技巧，翻譯我國報刊雜志上的文章和一般文學作品。速度為每小時250 - 300個漢字。譯文必須忠實原意，語言通順。流暢。能運用英譯漢的理論和技巧，翻譯英美報刊雜志上的文章和文學原著。速度為每小時250 - 300個英文單詞。

2、譯文必須忠實原意，語言通順。流暢。測試形式： 主觀試題，考試時間60分鐘。 From Chinese to English: 150個漢字的段落 From English to Chinese: 150個英文單詞的段落 Challenges for students of English in reading & translation 1. Tom was not late for class because of his illness. 因為生病,湯姆上課沒有遲到。 2. My only capital is diligence. 我唯一的資本是勤奮。 Diligence my only

3、 means to success. II. Difficulties for Chinese students in reading & translation 嚴復(fù)：“一名之立，旬月踟躇?！?理查茲：“翻譯很可能是整個宇宙進化過程中迄今 為止最復(fù)雜的一種活動?！?- 許淵沖：英漢、漢英翻譯教程序言 , 19901. 兩種不同的文字系統(tǒng)： 中文： parataxis,意合法 英文： hypotaxis,形合法她彈鋼琴，他吹笛子。1) She plays the piano and he plays the flute. Both of them are musicians.2) She pl

4、ays the piano but he plays the flute. They play different musical instruments.3) While she was playing the piano, he played the flute. They produced beautiful tunes.4) After she played the piano, he played the flute. Their performances were a great treat to the guests.Examples:1) 瓜熟蒂落，水到渠成。 When a m

5、elon is ripe, it falls off its stem. When water flows, a channel is formed.2) Everything is good when new, but friends when old. 物莫如新，友莫如故。3) A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle. 沒有男人的女人好似沒有自行車的魚。 女人用不著男人，就象魚用不著自行車。Examples:4）Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when

6、there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch! 當你跟可愛的孩子們站在池子里，又有個年輕 的狄安娜在池邊好奇地接受你捉上來的任何東 西時，如果你懂得什么叫美的話，時間是過得 很快的?。?52）Zeugma 共軛1. The senator picked up his hat and courage. 參議員撿起了帽子，同時鼓起了勇氣。2. While the Vietnam vet was fighting, and

7、 losing limb and mind, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. 越戰(zhàn)老兵在浴血奮戰(zhàn)時，即使不缺胳膊少腿也回淪為瘋 子，而其他人這會兒卻躲在他們后面求學深造，一展宏 圖呢。3. Friction can be considerably reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by careful lubrication. 對機器仔細加以潤滑，能大大減少摩擦，從而延長機器 的壽命。4. A scientist constantly tried to defea

8、t his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusions 科學家會經(jīng)常設(shè)法去否定自己的假設(shè)，推翻自己的理 論，放棄自己的結(jié)論。5. The availability of venture capital financing to young, high technology companies has been a primary contributor to the dramatic revenue growth enjoyed by, and the increased competitiveness of, Americas high tec

9、hnology industry. 新興高科技公司所獲取的風險資本融資，對于美國高 科技產(chǎn)業(yè)收益率的大幅提高和競爭力的不斷提升起到 了重大的作用。6. The start-up program for the reactor must not be commenced before completion and formal acceptance of fire precautions and associated installations by the competent authorities in question and by the insurers or their repres

10、entatives. 在消防措施和相關(guān)設(shè)施完成并由有關(guān)當局及保險公司 或其代理人正式驗收之前，不得開始反應(yīng)堆程序。2. 植根于不同文化土壤中的兩種語言 1）Every dog has his day 2）月貌花容 with a face like the moon and a visage like a flower 3）His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 他用非常不快的口氣作了反駁。 4）Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and m

11、ore temperate. (Shakespeare) Examples:5) “The chancellor has been sentenced to death.” “Give a dog a bad name.” “首相被判死刑?！?“欲加之罪，何患無詞。”6) 這個女人真是紅眼病，連朋友長得好看都要嫉妒。 She is a green-eyed woman, even jealous of her friends good looks.Examples:7.舊歷新年快來了。這是一年中的第一件大事。除了 那些負債過多的人以外，大家都熱烈地歡迎這個佳 節(jié)的到來。 The traditi

12、onal New Year Holiday was fast approaching, the first big event of the year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts which traditionally had to be paid off before the year was enthusiastically looking forward to it. 3. 兩種不同的思維方式和表現(xiàn)手法）你來得不是時候。 You could have come at a better time.） He cant se

13、e you quickly enough. 他想盡快和你見面。 3）Wed better let the sleeping dogs lie. 我們最好別去惹這個是非。More examples:4）The team was organized two years ago and it has yet to win a single game. 這個隊兩年前就成立了，到現(xiàn)在還沒贏過一場球。5）A：你應(yīng)該休息一下。 B: 我必須一口氣把它做完。 A: You should take a break sometime. B: I have to do this in one sitting. (p

14、erspective)More examples:6) I dont know her to speak to. 我和她只有點頭之交。7) A big elephant is not more an animal than a little cat is. 大象是動物，小貓也是動物。8) He was not the eldest son of his father for nothing. 他不愧是他父親的長子。（否定轉(zhuǎn)移） More examples: 9) A: You have a big nose. B: Look who is talking! A: 你的鼻子很大??！ B：你不是也

15、一樣！10) A: Those students are terrible. B: Dont I know it! A: 那些學生真差啊。 B：一點都沒錯。 (Mode of thinking) 11) The maxim was that when a married couple saw red lawyers saw green. 俗語說，夫婦吵得臉紅耳赤之時，便是律師招財進 寶之日。III. Strategical consideration of TranslationTranslation an early social activity in human history1.冊府元

16、龜里的外臣部 朝貢： “夏后即位七 年，于夷來賓。少康即位三年， 方夷來賓?！?（夏后即位：2197 B.C. 少康即位：2079 B.C.)2. 安世高，東漢，148 A.D. 二十余年，佛經(jīng)95部3. 埃及國王托勒密二世邀72學者到亞歷山大圖書館， 把圣經(jīng) 舊約從希伯來語譯成希臘語 (285 B.C. - 249 B.C.) 中國列代的翻譯理論： 玄奘：“既須求真，又須喻俗”（公元620年前后） 嚴復(fù)：“信、達、雅” (1853 - 1921) 魯迅：“我是至今主張寧信而不順的?！?（給瞿秋白的信） 傅 雷: “傳神”論：譯文和原文在形式上和精神上 同時一致起來。 （ 1951）錢鐘書:

17、“化境”說：原文的思想、感情、風格、神韻都 原原本本地化到譯文的境界里，不留任何翻譯 的痕跡。（1964） 奈達的動態(tài)對等原理 （Dynamic Equivalence）:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms ofmeaning and secondly in terms of style.翻譯就是在譯語中復(fù)制出與原語首先在意義上其次在風格上最切近與自然的等

18、值語。 (Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, p. 12, The Theory and Practice of Translation,1969) 對翻譯初學者的要求： 正確理解和表達原文的思想， 忠實與通順, 譯文的文字流暢地道。 翻譯的方法: literal translation & free translation直譯：按照詞或句的直接含義來表達原文。 優(yōu)點：能順其自然地表達原文的本色。 缺點：在一定程度上影響譯文的暢達 和可接受性。意譯：在原語與譯語無對應(yīng)形式的情況下， 采用折射或迂回的手段來表達原文。 優(yōu)點：能較好地保持譯入語的習慣性 和譯文

19、的可接受性。 缺點：在一定程度上影響譯文的準確性。1）能直譯時就直譯： 船小好掉頭：A small boat turns easily. 望而生畏：be terrified by the sight of 望梅止渴：quench ones thirst by thinking of plums 看風使舵，他的口氣立即變得溫和了。 Steering according to the wind, he immediately softened his tone. Examples: 他活該！老虎頭上撲蒼蠅。 Serve him right! Only fools catch flies on a

20、tigers head. 你“借刀殺人”之計好厲害呀！ Your scheme to murder with a borrowed knife is very effective. A wise man thinks all that he says; a fool says all that he thinks. 智者思其所言， 愚者言其所思。This organization is today collapsing on its clayfeet. Its organs have been cut out, dissected andreshaped so that they may pe

21、rform the way thepuppet masters want. 今天這個泥足支撐的組織正在崩潰。它的器官被割掉、肢解和整形，以使其按照木偶操縱者所要求的方式行事。 （馬來西亞總理馬哈蒂爾2004年在第58屆聯(lián)合國大會上的發(fā)言） Language enriched by literal translation幽默 (humor); 邏輯 (logic); 芭蕾 (ballet); 引擎 (engine); 撲克 (poker); 歇斯底里 (hysteria);達摩可利斯之劍 (Damocles Sword, 意指某種威脅); 潘多拉的匣子 (Pandoras Box, 指災(zāi)禍之源)

22、; 挪亞方舟 (Noahs Ark, 代表和平); 猶大之吻 (Judas Kiss, 表示奸詐的背叛)Lose face 丟面子 paper tiger 紙老虎Gongfu 功夫 yinyang 陰陽Long time no see 好久未見 貌合神離的假朋友： pull ones leg 拖后腿; eat ones words 食言; make ones hair stand on end 令人發(fā)指; a walking skeleton 行尸走肉; foot the bill 踩著支票； laugh ones head off 笑掉大牙 in the seventh heaven 升天

23、(a place or condition of utmost happiness) hang on sbs lips 掛在嘴上 (listen attentively) 2）不能直譯時就意譯 She liked to be with him better than with others. a. 她喜歡與他在一起， 并不那樣喜歡與別人在一起。 b. 她覺得跟他比跟別人在一起更開心。 c. 她覺得跟他在一起最開心。 望穿秋水：have long been looking forward 望塵莫及：too far behind to catch up; too inferior to compa

24、re with He got the sack because he used to loosen his tongue. 他曾因信口開河而被解雇 范進被胡屠戶一口啐在臉上，罵了個狗血噴頭。 Butcher Hu spat in Fan Jins face, and poured out a torrent of abuse. Examples: 八字還沒有一撇呢 a. not even the first stroke of the character 八 is in sight. b. There is not the slightest sign of anything happenin

25、g yet. 他沒料到半路上會殺出一個程咬金來。 a. He did not expect that Cheng Yaojin should appear half way. b. Little did he expect that half way another man should appear and try to poke his nose into the matter. Examples: Sleep came upon me as it came on many other outcasts, against whom house-doors were locked, and

26、house-dogs barked. 我和其它那些無家可歸、無處棲身的流浪漢一樣，在 不知不覺中睡著了。Examples: Benjamin Franklin ： If we do not hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately. a. 咱們要是不biao（提手邊加票）到一塊兒，保準會 吊到一塊兒。 b. 如果我們不能緊密地團結(jié)在一起，那就必然分散地 走上絞刑臺。1. 表層義和隱含義：Denotation and connotation Nida: “Translation means translating the mea

27、ning.” I am never at a loss for a word, and he is never at a loss for the word. 我從來不愁找不到詞來表達思想，而他從來不愁 找不到最合適的詞來表達思想。Examples: 婦人問道：“叔叔，青春多少？” 武松道：“武二二十五歲” The woman asked again, “Brother-in-law, how many green springtimes have you passed?” “Twenty-five,” Wusong answered. Pearl S Buck:All Men Are Bro

28、thers 一徑來至一個院門前，看那鳳尾森森，龍吟細細，正是瀟湘館。 At last he came to a secret door which was hidden away behind a thicket of high ferns by the edge of a quiet pond. A mysterious thumping which seemed to come from a water dragon living at the bottom of the pond, filled the air. - Florence & Isabel Mehugh:The Dream of the Red Chamber Bamboo dense as phoenix plumage there made a rustling music. - Yang Hsienyi and Gladye Yang:A Dream of Red Mansions2. 歸化譯法與異化譯法: Domestication and alienation 魯迅：“翻譯和旅行外國是很相像的，它必須有異國 情調(diào)，就是所謂洋氣?！?且介亭雜文二集 “題未定”草 1）All roads lead