語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí) 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一、概述： 時(shí)態(tài)（The tense）是英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài)。英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)最常用的有十種，即：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，先在完成時(shí)，先在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。二、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)述1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（The Present Indefinite Tense） 表示客觀(guān)事實(shí)或普遍真理（不受時(shí)態(tài)限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. / Water boils at 100oC.表示現(xiàn)狀、性

2、質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用 (always, often, never, every day 等)。Ice feels cold. / We always care for each other and help each other.表示知覺(jué)、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：I know what you mean. / Smith own

3、s a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會(huì)，我的家人會(huì)非常高興。少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、beg

4、in、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排，肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. / Tomorrow is Wednesday.2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí) （The Past Indefinite Tense）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法：表示過(guò)去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常與表示過(guò)去具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（或有上下文語(yǔ)境暗示）；用于表達(dá)過(guò)去的習(xí)慣；表示說(shuō)話(huà)人原來(lái)沒(méi)有料到、想到或希望的事通 常用過(guò)去式。如：I met her in the stree

5、t yesterday. / I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine. / I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt.如果從句中有一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用過(guò)去式。如： He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常由以下詞語(yǔ)連接，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the

6、 moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. / He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that? / I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. / I didnt recognize him. = 5 * GB3 在間接引語(yǔ)中可表示“現(xiàn)在”的情況：How did

7、you know that I am/was Max.注意：有些動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間性非常強(qiáng)，稍不留心就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。例如：Hello! I _ you _ in London. How long have you been here? (1988)A. dont know; were B. hadnt known; are C. havent known; are D. didnt know; were3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)(The Future Indefinite Tense)表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall + 動(dòng)詞（常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)邊用如tomorrow、next week等）。第一

8、人稱(chēng)用shall+動(dòng)詞原形，其它人稱(chēng)用will；在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中各種人稱(chēng)均用will。如：I shall be delighted to come and meet your wife.表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。Well die without air or water.表示趨向行為的動(dòng)詞如come、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來(lái)時(shí)。be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別：be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)?lái)要做某事，這種打算往往經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；shall /

9、will do表示未事先考慮過(guò)，即說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定。be going to 表將來(lái)，不能用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正確) / If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯(cuò)誤)be to do sth.表按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句

10、。Autumn harvest is about to start.注：*疑問(wèn)句“shall I /we？”表示征詢(xún)意見(jiàn)：Shall we go now?*if引導(dǎo)的條件從句一般不用將來(lái)時(shí)，但可以說(shuō)“If you will”,表示一種請(qǐng)求或?qū)Ψ降脑竿篒f you will be quiet, Ill tell you what happened.你要是不吵不鬧的話(huà)，我就把所發(fā)生的事情告訴你4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(The Present Continuous Tense)表示說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的情況；表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的情況；表按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況；go、come、leav

11、e、arrive等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)時(shí)。如：It is raining now. / He is teaching English and learning Chinese. /I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday. /At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)The girl is always talking loud in public.(與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動(dòng)或某種感情色彩)下面四類(lèi)

12、動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。（A）表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的動(dòng)詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。5.

13、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(The Perfect Tense)常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的幾種情況：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. （B）表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / exp

14、ected + to have done/+that（從句）來(lái)表示。We had expected that you would be able to visit us. 我們?cè)鞠Ｍ隳軄?lái)看我們。I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.我原想去看你，但為事所阻沒(méi)去成。（C）“時(shí)間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years

15、before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一就”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.（主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去時(shí)。）在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。After

16、he (had) left the room, the boss came in. / We arrived home before it snowed. = 3 * GB3 同現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一樣，過(guò)去完成時(shí)與延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，動(dòng)詞通常應(yīng)是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。When Jack arrived he learned Mary _ for almost an hour. (1992)A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away 6. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(The Past Future Tense)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示相對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀

17、態(tài)。如, “Dont be silly!” said Sue. “He said that you would soon get well.”參照一般將來(lái)時(shí)對(duì)比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過(guò)去將來(lái)；come、go、leave等過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過(guò)去將來(lái)。7. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（The Past Continuous Tense）過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。They were calling mecalling me by

18、 namehunting for me.注：過(guò)去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作完成，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作未完成。Shirley _ a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it. A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing 與when從句連用，表示“一動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí)突然發(fā)生”Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes = 3 * G

19、B3 用于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示在從句動(dòng)作進(jìn)行期間主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生。My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself. A. fell; was riding B. fell; were riding C. had fallen; rode D. had fallen; was riding8. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(The Present Perfect Tense)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作。如，You know something? Tom has come back from abroad.Have you heard about the

20、story of Adam and Eve?表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)下去）的動(dòng)作，常用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，多帶有延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如: since, for there weeks, so far, in recent years等。The house has been empty for ages.Eg. I wonder why Jenny _ us recently. We should have heard from her by now. A. hasnt written B. doesnt write C. wont write D. hadnt written

21、 在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. = 4 * GB3 副詞before常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，如：Have you ever met him before?注意：終止性動(dòng)詞一般不與延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，所以有些句子在漢語(yǔ)中成立，在英語(yǔ)中則要適當(dāng)變通。如：“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了?！辈荒茏g作：“He has joined the army fo

22、r there years.”但可變通為“He has been a soldier / in the army for three years.”或“He joined the army three years ago”但是，終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式則可以用于完成時(shí)。例如：We havent seen each other for a long time.9. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)（The Future Continuous Tense） = 1 * GB3 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,如，This time on Friday I shall be flying to Paris. = 2

23、* GB3 有時(shí)也可表示預(yù)料不久將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，似乎比一般將來(lái)時(shí)顯得客氣。如，“A new play is coming to The Globe soon,” I said, “Will you be seeing it?”10. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)（The Present Continuous Tense）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，通常與since, for等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如，Im been expecting him for two days.The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand yea

24、rs.Eg.Now that she is out of a job. Lucy_going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider三. 注意幾組時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： = 1 * GB3 時(shí)間上有差異：凡有過(guò)去時(shí)間的均用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。 = 2 * GB3 結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

25、強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果，動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無(wú)關(guān)系。2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；如出現(xiàn)同一主語(yǔ)連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作（“連謂”）形式則只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)即可。3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：兩種時(shí)態(tài)都常與表一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動(dòng)作（句中不可有表示過(guò)去特定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)），而過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的事在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作（句中有表示過(guò)去特定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)）。She had been ill for a week before she came back. / She has been ill for a week.四某些固定句式中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是固定的、約定俗成的。1.This/It is the first/second.time + t