跨文化商務溝通英文版教學課件第2章

1、Chapter 2Universal SystemsChapter 2Universal Systems*Universal SystemsEconomic SystemsPolitical SystemsEducational SystemsMarriage and Family Systems Social Hierarchies and Social Interaction*Universal SystemsEconomic Sys*HDIU.S. 4Australia 2Brazil84Canada 6China 101France20Germany 9India 134Japan12

2、Mexico57Netherlands 3New Zealand 5Singapore26South Korea15United Arab Emirates30United Kingdom28Country Rank*HDIU.S. 4Country *France - The French Republic has 22 regions, divided into 96 departments. President is the head of state and serves a 7-year term. Prime minister is appointed by the Preside

3、nt from the majority party in the National Assembly.Germany president is elected by members of the federal and state legislatures for a maximum of two 5-year terms. Chancellor is head of government, elected by the lower house of Parliament, the Federal Assembly.Japan - constitutional monarchy but em

4、peror has no power. Prime minister, lower house, and upper house elected by the people. Prefectures (states) have governors elected by people. *France - The French Republic *Iran - Six religious leaders and six lay leaders make up Council of Guardians; council approves presidential candidates. Mexic

5、o - federal government with president elected by those over 18; voting is obligatory. President may serve only one term, but senators and deputies may serve more than one term (terms cannot be consecutive). Federal government controls some industries and education.United Arab Emirates federation of

6、seven emiratesSouth Korea most members of government are elected. State council includes the president, prime minister, and 15-30 ministry heads.*World EconomicsForeign competitionIncreased productivityWorld competition for positionsQuality versus priceSupernationalismSubnationalism*World EconomicsF

7、oreign compet*Formal andInformal EducationFormal education - a formalized educational structure; education acquired in schoolInformal education - no formal educational infrastructure*Formal andInformal Education*Education in the U.S. Learning concepts emphasized Students taught to think for themselv

8、es Emphasis on reasoning and developing intellectual abilities*Education in the U.S. Learni*Education in the U.S.Anybody can get into college in the United States. Malaysians, remarking on the easy accessibility of American colleges and universities, compared U.S. schools unfavorably to that of the

9、British who once ruled Malaysia and provided the model for their educational system. However, the Malaysians observed, “You Americans put men on the moon, so there must be something right about your system.”(Althen, 2003, p. 102)*Education in the U.S.*Education in JapanNational curriculum is set up

10、by the Ministry of Education.Lessons are compulsory; core subjects are Japanese, Math, and English.Teaching is considered a high status profession. Teachers must continue their professional involvement, be moral citizens, and be role models to students.Schools differentiate by ability. Schools have

11、high expectations for students. Parental involvement is very strong.*Education in JapanNational cu*Social Stratificationauthoritypowerproperty ownershipincomelifestyleoccupationeducational backgroundaltruistic activitykinship connectionsties with volunteer associationsRanking of people in a society

12、into higher and lower positions by other members of society, resulting in a hierarchy of respect and prestige.On what basis do we rank people?*Social Stratificationauthorit*Occupational RankingsU.S.Japan_Supreme Court justicesPrefectural governorsPhysiciansUniversity professorsState governorsLocal j

13、udgesPresidents cabinet Officers in large firmsDiplomatsGovernment section headsMayors of large citiesDoctorsUniversity professorsArchitectsScientistsOwners of businessesCongressional leadersLabor union leadersBankersNewspaper reporters*Occupational RankingsU.S.*Family SystemsNuclear family (father,

14、 mother, children)Extended family (grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins)*Family SystemsNuclear family *Common Family SystemsPolygyny (1 man, many wives) Arab countries/Islamic believersPolyandry (1 woman, many husbands) Polynesian nationsMonogamy (1 husband and wife) North and South America, EuropeS

15、erial Monogamy (people remarry after divorce or death of spouse) U.S.*Common Family SystemsPolygyny*Social Hierarchies/ InteractionSocial reciprocity - the way formal and informal communications are handled. Involves independent social reciprocity (avoids commitment) symmetrical-obligatory social re

16、ciprocity (people have an equal obligation) complementary-obligatory social reciprocity (people are forever indebted to others)Group membership has two extremespeople can belong to many groups or very few groups people in the middle try to balance group affiliation and personal freedom*Social Hierar

17、chies/ Interacti*Intermediaries - people who act as go-betweens with other peopleFormality - the degree of preciseness, regularity, or conformity expected within the societyProperty private (U.S.) utilitarian (Mexico) community (Native American)*Hierarchical DivisionsEthnic groupsSocial classesCastesTribesGender*Hierarchical DivisionsEthnic *HDI and Inequality-adjusted HDIHuman Development Index (HDI) measures purchasing power, health, and education for the whole population and for women.Inequality-adjusted HDI measures the inequalities between