醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件

1、簡(jiǎn)介醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯的來(lái)源基本構(gòu)詞方法讀音規(guī)則簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介語(yǔ)言大致有三要素: 語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯從語(yǔ)音上看,醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)與普通英語(yǔ)的讀音規(guī)則、發(fā)音方法沒(méi)有明顯差別。從語(yǔ)法上看,醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)雖然有自己的一些特點(diǎn),如大量使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等，但仍屬于普通英語(yǔ)的范疇，并沒(méi)有形成獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)法體系。醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件Public EnglishEnglishProfessionalMedicineMedical EnglishPublic EnglishMedical English而就詞匯而言,醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)中大量出現(xiàn)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯和術(shù)語(yǔ)（terminology ），可占到全文的10%20%。由于醫(yī)學(xué)是一門(mén)復(fù)雜的科學(xué),歷

2、史悠久,分支眾多,所以其詞匯量也就特別大,而且有著一些顯著的特點(diǎn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，詞形較復(fù)雜、長(zhǎng)度較長(zhǎng)的醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯都包含了一定的醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞根詞綴。醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件在一本中等容量的字典里醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯有多少? 保守估計(jì)大約100,000個(gè)而且在一個(gè)發(fā)展中的領(lǐng)域，這個(gè)數(shù)字還在迅速地?cái)U(kuò)大memorization!在一本中等容量的字典里醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯有多少? Learn Medical TerminologyNew students to Medical Terminology often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation.Learn M

3、edical TerminologypneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisAnkylosing Spondylitis Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica Fibromyalgia Tenosynoritis Myeloradiculopathy Osteomalacia Scoliosis SpondylolysisChonechondrosternonCavoequinovarusEnchondromatosisOsteomyelitispneumonoultramicroscopicsilico各個(gè)領(lǐng)域造

4、就的最長(zhǎng)單詞不一而論，大部分情況下公認(rèn)最長(zhǎng)的單詞是： 共1934個(gè)字母的“色氨酸合成酶A蛋白質(zhì)”（一種含有267種氨基酸酶）的全稱(chēng)： MethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleucylphenylalanylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylarginyllysylglutamylglycylalanylphenylalanylvalylprolyphenylalanYlvalythreonylleucylglycylaspartylprolylglycylisoleucylglutamylglutami

5、nylsErylleucyllysylisoleucylaspartylthreonylleucylIsoleucylglutamylalanylglycylalanylasparthlalanylleucylglutamylleucylglycylisoleucylprolylphenylalanylseRylaspartylprolylleucylalanylaspartylglycylpRolylthreOnylisoleucylglutaminylasPfraginylalanylthreonylleucylarfinylalanylphenylalanylalanylalanylgl

6、ycylvalythreonylprolylalanylglutaminylcysteinylphenylalanylglutamylmethionylleucylalanylleuOylisoleucylarginylglutaminyllysyhistidylprolylthreonylisoleucylprolylisoleucylglycylleucylmethionyltyrosylalanylasparaginylleucylvalylphenylalanylasparaginyllysyglycylisoleucylaspartylglutamylphenylalanylthro

7、sylalanylglutaminylcysteinylglutamyllysylvalylglycylvalylaspartylserylvalylleucylvalylalnylaspartylvalylprolylvalylglUtaminylglutamylserylalanylprolylphenylalanylarginylglutaminylalanylalanylleucylarginylhistidylasparaginyvalylalanylprolylisoleucylprolylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylphenylalanylisol

8、eucylcysteinylprolylprolylaspartylalanylaspartylaspartylaspartylleucylleucylarginylglutaminylisoleucylalanylseryltyrosylglycylarginylglycyltyrosylthreonyltyrOsylleucylleucylserylarginylalanylglycylvalylthreonylglycylalanylglutamYlasparainylarginylalanylalanylleucylprolylleucylasparaginylhistidylleuc

9、ylValylalanyllysylleucyllysylglutamyltyrosylasparaginylalanylalanylprolylprolylleucylglutaminylglgycylphenylalanylglycylisoleucylserylalanylprolylaspartylglutaminylvalyllysylalanylalanylisoleucylaspartylalanylglycylalanylalanylglycylalanylisoleucylserylglycylserylalanylisoleucylvalyllysylisoIeucylis

10、oleucylglutamylglutaminylHistidylasparaginyliSoleucylglutamylprolylglutamyllysylmethionylleucylalanylalanylleucyllysylvalylphenylalanylcalylglutaminylprolylmethionlysylalanylalanylthreonylarginylserine（1934個(gè)字母） 各個(gè)領(lǐng)域造就的最長(zhǎng)單詞不一而論，大部分情況下公認(rèn)最長(zhǎng)的單詞是醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件學(xué)習(xí)和記憶醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯有一定的方法，也可以幫助“理性的”猜出不熟悉的詞匯的意思 這樣，需要記住

11、的詞匯限于 400到500 個(gè)左右(常用的)，但它們的組合是無(wú)限的 學(xué)習(xí)和記憶醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯有一定的方法，也可以幫助“理性的”猜出electrocardiogram + -gram 書(shū)寫(xiě)、圖；記錄electro-電的、電子的+ cardio- 心臟electrocardiogram + -gramelecpneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisnju:mnultrmaikrskpiksilikvlkeinukuniusis 醫(yī)硅酸鹽沉著病,矽肺病pneumono- (of lung) ultra- (beyond) micro (very sma

12、ll) scopic- (of viewing or observing) silico- (of silicon) volcano coni- ( koni, of dust) osis-(forming the name of a disease) pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicoEverything solved?-Far from it!Everything solved?-Far from 醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯的來(lái)源醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯的來(lái)源醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)在其長(zhǎng)期的發(fā)展過(guò)程中受到多種語(yǔ)言的影響,其詞匯大約75%來(lái)源于Greek(希臘語(yǔ))及Latin(拉丁語(yǔ)) :Anglo-Saxon

13、(古英語(yǔ)): 醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)中人體部分的名稱(chēng)主要來(lái)源于此，如handfootarm, eye, ear, chin, heart, bone etc. 這些詞匯至今應(yīng)用頻率仍很高醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件Greek (希臘語(yǔ)):主要是大部分的醫(yī)學(xué)復(fù)合詞匯:dyspepsia消化不良pharyngeal咽的醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件Latin (拉丁語(yǔ)):很多醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)源于此,如:mammal 哺乳動(dòng)物pectorals 胸肌abdominal 腹部的 1895年,國(guó)際公認(rèn)拉丁語(yǔ)為世界醫(yī)藥界國(guó)際用語(yǔ)，正規(guī)的處方或藥名應(yīng)該用拉丁語(yǔ)書(shū)寫(xiě)。醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件French (法語(yǔ)):對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)的影響比不上G

14、reek(希臘語(yǔ))及Latin(拉丁語(yǔ))，位居第三，如：massage 按摩 goitre 甲狀腺腫Italian (意大利語(yǔ)):如：influenza 流行性感冒malaria瘧疾醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件Spanish (西班牙語(yǔ)):如：mosquito蚊子Japanese (日語(yǔ)):如：Ginseng人參Spanish (西班牙語(yǔ)):如：Chinese？ 陰yin 陽(yáng)yang氣功qigong拔火罐(fire) cupping Chinese？ 基本構(gòu)詞方法 基本構(gòu)詞方法three elements used to make up a medical term: word rootsSuff

15、ixesPrefixesthree elements used to make upWord Roots (WR)The main part or foundation of the word is the root. Usually derived form Greek or Latin Frequently indicates a body partMost medical terms have one or more word rootsWord Roots (WR)The main part oIdentify the word root in the following non-me

16、dical words:teacher, teaches, teaching (teach)speaking, speaker, speaks (speak)reader, reading, reads (read)Word roots in medical terminology are usually derived from Greek or Latin and usually refer to a body part.Identify the word root in the Examples of Word RoodsExamples of Word RoodsCombining F

17、orm (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually an “o”Usually indicates a body partCombining Forms (CF)Combining Form (CF) is a Word Combining Forms ExamplesCardi/ + o = cardi/oheartgastr/ + o = gastr/ostomachhepat/ + o = hepat/olivernephr/ + o = nephr/okidneyoste/ + o = oste/oboneCombining Forms

18、 ExamplesCardi/Compound WordCompound words can be formed when 2 or more word roots are used to build the word. Sometimes word roots are words.Word root + word root = Compound wordChicken + Pox = Chickenpox Word root word root compound wordExamples: underage, shorthand, download, brainstem Compound W

19、ordCompound words caCompound WordCompound word can also be formed from a combining form and a whole word.Therm/o + meter = Therm/o/meter Combining form word compound wordCompound WordCompound word canSuffixesA suffix is added to the end of a word root to modify its meaning. The suffix will usually t

20、ell what is happening to the root. A combining vowel is often used to connect a suffix to a root term. Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speechUsually derived from Greek or LatinSuffixesA suffix is added to tExamples of SuffixArthr/o-centesis Arthrocentesisjoint pu

21、ncture puncture of a jointthroac/o -tomy Thoracotomychest incision incision of the chestgastr/o -megaly Gastromegalystomach enlargement enlargement of the stomachExamples of SuffixArthr/o-cenSuffix: Singular vs. PluralGreekSingular Suffixes-on Spermatozoon, ganglion-maCarcinoma, lipoma-sisCrisis, pr

22、ognosis-nxLarynx, pharynx Plural Suffixes-aSpermatozoa, ganglia-mataCarcinomata, lipomata-sesCrises, prognoses-gesLarynges, pharyngesSuffix: Singular vs. PluralGreSuffix: Singular vs. PluralLatinSingular Suffixes-a Vertebra, conjunctiva-usBacillus, bronchus-umBacterium, ilium-is TestisPlural Suffixe

23、s-aeVertebrae, conjunctivae-iBacilli, bronchi-aBacteria, ilia-esTestesSuffix: Singular vs. PluralLatSuffix: Singular vs. PluralLatinSingular Suffixes-ex cortex-ixAppendix-axthoraxPlural Suffixes-icescortices-icesappendices-acesthoracesSuffix: Singular vs. PluralLatPrefixesWord element located at the

24、 beginning of a wordChanges the meaning of the word. It will usually tell something more specific about the word root. Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negationPrefixesWord element located aExamples of PrefixA- mast -ia without breast conditionhyper- therm -i

25、a excessive heat conditionintra- muscul -ar in muscle relating toExamples of PrefixA- Word AnalysisHEMATOLOGYHEMAT/O/LOGY Root Suffix(blood) (Study of)Combining VowelWhen you analyze a medical term, begin at the end of the word.The ending of a word is called a suffix.All medical terms contain suffix

26、es.Word AnalysisHEMATOLOGYWhen yoWord AnalysisHEMATOLOGYHEMAT/O/LOGY Root Suffix(blood) (Study of)Combining VowelRoot + combining vowel + suffixStart at the suffixLogy = Study ofThen go back to the beginning of the word.Hemat = bloodAnalysis (put it together)Study of bloodWord AnalysisHEMATOLOGYStar

27、t aWord AnalysisBIOLOGISTBI/O/LOGIST Root Suffix(Life) (Specialist in)Combining VowelRoot + combining vowel + suffixStart at the suffixLogist = specialist in (the study of)Go to the beginningBi = lifeAnalysisSpecialist in (the study of) lifeWord AnalysisBIOLOGISTStart atWord AnalysisELECTROCARDIOGRA

28、MELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAMRoot + CV + root + CV + suffixStart at the suffixGram = recordGo the to beginningElectr = electricityCardi = heartAnalysisRecord of the electricity in the heartWord AnalysisELECTROCARDIOGRAMWord AnalysisRootsCardi/o = heartGastr/o = stomachHemat/o = bloodDermat/o = skinSuffix-l

29、ogy = study of-logist = specialist-gram = record-ac = pertaining to-itis = inflammationCARDIOLOGYCARDI/O/LOGYStudy of the heartCARDIOLOGISTCARDI/O/LOGISTSpecialist in the heartHEMATOLOGISTHEMAT/O/LOGISTSpecialist in bloodWord AnalysisRootsCARDIOLOGYWord AnalysisRootsCardi/o = heartGastr/o = stomachH

30、emat/o = bloodDermat/o = skinSuffix-logy = study of-logist = specialist-gram = record-ac = pertaining to-itis = inflammationCARDIACCARDI/ACPertaining to the heartWhats different?The combining vowel is dropped when the suffix begins with a vowel.Word AnalysisRootsCARDIACWord AnalysisRootsCardi/o = he

31、artGastr/o = stomachHemat/o = bloodDermat/o = skinSuffix-logy = study of-logist = specialist-gram = record-ac = pertaining to-itis = inflammationDERMATITISDERMAT/ITISInflammation of the skinWord AnalysisRootsDERMATITISWord AnalysisRootsCardi/o = heartGastr/o = stomachHemat/o = bloodDermat/o = skinSu

32、ffix-logy = study of-logist = specialist-gram = record-ac = pertaining to-itis = inflammationGASTRITISGASTR/ITISInflammation of the stomachWord AnalysisRootsGASTRITISWord AnalysisRootsCardi/o = heartGastr/o = stomachHemat/o = bloodEnter/o = intestinesSuffix-logy = study of-logist = specialist-gram =

33、 record-ac = pertaining to-itis = inflammationGASTROENTEROLOGYGASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGYStudy of the stomach and intestinesBetween roots the combining vowel is not dropped, even if the second root begins with a vowel.Word AnalysisRootsGASTROENTEROWord AnalysisRootsElectr/o = electicityEncephal/o = brainGa

34、str/o = stomachSuffix-logy = study of-logist = specialist-gram = record-ac = pertaining to-itis = inflammationELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAMRecord of the electricity in the brainWord AnalysisRootsELECTROENCEPWord AnalysisPrefixBrady = slowTachy = fastRootCardi/o = heartSuffix-ia = cond

35、ition / diseaseBRADYCARDIABRADY/CARD/IACondition of a slow heartWord AnalysisPrefixBRADYCARDIAWord AnalysisPrefixBrady = slowTachy = fastRootCardi/o = heartSuffix-ia = condition / diseaseTACHYCARDIATACHY/CARD/IACondition of a fast heartWord AnalysisPrefixTACHYCARDIAWord Analysis - ReviewRoot = gives

36、 the essential meaning of the termSuffix = the word endingPrefix = a small part added to the beginning of a termCombining vowel = connects roots to suffixes and roots to other rootsCombining form = combination of the root and a combining vowelWord Analysis - ReviewRoot = gWord Analysis - RulesRead t

37、he meaning of medical words from the suffix, then to the beginning of the word and acrossDrop the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowelKeep the combining vowel between roots, even if the root begins with a vowelWord Analysis - RulesRead the 讀音規(guī)則 讀音規(guī)則醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件 醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)

38、的讀音要用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音,避免用拉丁語(yǔ)音。普通英語(yǔ)的發(fā)音規(guī)則有不少可適用于醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)，但拉丁語(yǔ)的讀音規(guī)則對(duì)它有很大的影響。醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯概述培訓(xùn)課件 1、醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)重音的一般規(guī)律（1）遵循拉丁語(yǔ)詞匯的重讀體系， 重音永不在最后一個(gè)音節(jié)。重音！ Sacrum？ Patient？ 1、醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)重音的一般規(guī)律重音！ Sacrum？ P（2）如果倒數(shù)第二個(gè)音節(jié)是長(zhǎng)音，重讀在該音節(jié)上。 Acidosis 酸中毒 Laryngotracheobronchitis 喉氣管支氣管炎（2）如果倒數(shù)第二個(gè)音節(jié)是長(zhǎng)音，重讀在該音節(jié)上。（3）如果倒數(shù)第二個(gè)音節(jié)是短音，重讀音節(jié)則在倒數(shù)第三個(gè)音節(jié)上。 如 Oviduct 輸卵管

39、（3）如果倒數(shù)第二個(gè)音節(jié)是短音，重讀音節(jié)則在倒數(shù)第三個(gè)音節(jié)上（4）有時(shí)倒數(shù)第二個(gè)音節(jié)變短，有維持詞根重音的現(xiàn)象。（4）有時(shí)倒數(shù)第二個(gè)音節(jié)變短，有維持詞根重音的現(xiàn)象。倒數(shù)第二音節(jié)中的元音后面跟兩個(gè)輔音，大多數(shù)情況下，其元音讀短音，重音在該音節(jié)上。 如bronchismus 支氣管痙攣倒數(shù)第二音節(jié)中的元音后面跟兩個(gè)輔音，大多數(shù)情況下，其元音讀短(4)復(fù)合詞的讀音規(guī)則:如果復(fù)合詞后面有影響重音位置的后綴或詞尾,依最末一個(gè)詞(根)的重音位置;其余的復(fù)合詞重音依照前一個(gè)詞. 如 cytobiology 細(xì)胞生物學(xué) bronchoscope 支氣管鏡(4)復(fù)合詞的讀音規(guī)則:如果復(fù)合詞后面有影響重音位置的后

40、綴或 2、元音字母讀音規(guī)則 重讀元音：在重讀音節(jié)中的元音，發(fā)音清楚、顯著，讀音強(qiáng)。 非重讀元音：在非重讀音節(jié)的元音，發(fā)音含糊、晦澀。強(qiáng)調(diào)：對(duì)重讀元音 必須正確發(fā)音。而非重讀音節(jié)中的不同元音之間的發(fā)音差別很小，有時(shí)即使讀錯(cuò)也無(wú)妨。 2、元音字母讀音規(guī)則 （1）在重讀閉音節(jié)中，元音字母一律讀它的短音。但也有例外，如gross。 （2）在重讀開(kāi)音節(jié)中元音讀長(zhǎng)音 （3）兩個(gè)元音在一起，前面一個(gè)元音重讀時(shí)，則此重讀元音讀長(zhǎng)音。 （4）元音字母在結(jié)尾時(shí)，無(wú)論重讀，都讀長(zhǎng)音，以a，e結(jié)尾的例外，如zona。 （5）有的雙重元音，按字母組合規(guī)則讀一個(gè)音.如ae/oe,eu,ei,ai （1）在重讀閉音節(jié)中，元

41、音字母一律讀它的短音。但也有3、輔音字母的讀音規(guī)則 （1）c 在e, ae , oe , i或y之前讀軟音s，在a , o , u或oi之前讀硬音k。3、輔音字母的讀音規(guī)則（2）g在e,ae,oe,i,y前讀dg,在a,o,u,oi前讀g。（3）雙輔音ps,pt,ct,cn,gn,mn作為單詞開(kāi)頭，第一個(gè)輔音不發(fā)音（4）ch多數(shù)情況下發(fā)k（2）g在e,ae,oe,i,y前讀dg,在a,o,u,Thank you for attentionThank you for attentionMathematical Formulas and Equation(4 + 7 - 5.886) 2 = -9

42、.462This formula is generally read as: four plus seven and five-eighths minus five point eighty-eight multiplied by six, all divided by two and a half, equals minus nine point four six two.Mathematical SymbolsMathematical Formulas and EquaSymbolReadingExampleMeaning in Full+plusu + vu plus vminusv uv minus u, times, multiplym vm times v (mass multiplied by velocity), divide, over120 40 one hundred and twenty divided by forty=equalbe equal to1 ton = 1000kg One ton equals (is equal to) one thousand kilograms.not equalx yX does not equal Y.be equivalent to1mm vertical 5NOne millimete