國際商務(wù)預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生專業(yè)課件

1、Chapter1GlobalizationChapter1GlobalizationWhat Is Globalization?Globalization - the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economyThe world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated global economic systemWhat Is Globalization?Globaliz

2、What Is The Globalization of Markets?Historically distinct and separate national markets are merging It no longer makes sense to talk about the “German market” or the “American market”Instead, there is the “global market”falling trade barriers make it easier to sell globallyconsumers tastes and pref

3、erences are converging on some global normfirms promote the trend by offering the same basic products worldwideWhat Is The Globalization of What Is The Globalization of Markets?Firms of all sizes benefit and contribute to the globalization of markets97% of all U.S. exporters have less than 500 emplo

4、yees98% of all small and mid-sized German companies participate in international marketsWhat Is The Globalization of What Is The Globalization of Production?Firms source goods and services from locations around the globe to capitalize on national differences in the cost and quality of factors of pro

5、duction like land, labor, energy, and capitalCompanies can lower their overall cost structure improve the quality or functionality of their product offeringWhat Is The Globalization of Why Do We Need Global Institutions?Global institutionshelp manage, regulate, and police the global marketplacepromo

6、te the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business systemWhy Do We Need Global InstituWhy Do We Need Global Institutions?Examples includethe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)the World Trade Organization (WTO)the International Monetary Fund (IMF)the World Bankthe

7、 United Nations (UN)the G20Why Do We Need Global InstituWhat Do Global Institutions Do?The World Trade Organization (like its predecessor GATT) polices the world trading systemmakes sure that nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties promotes lower barriers to trade and investmen

8、t154 members in 2011What Do Global Institutions DWhat Do Global Institutions Do?The International Monetary Fund (1944)maintains order in the international monetary systemlender of last resort for countries in crisisArgentina, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, Ireland, and Gre

9、eceThe World Bank (1944) promotes economic development via low interest loans for infrastructure projectsWhat Do Global Institutions DWhat Do Global Institutions Do?The United Nations (1945)maintains international peace and securitydevelops friendly relations among nationscooperates in solving inter

10、national problems and in promoting respect for human rightsis a center for harmonizing the actions of nationsThe G20forum through which major nations tried to launch a coordinated policy response to the 2008-2009 global financial crisisWhat Do Global Institutions DWhat Is Driving Globalization?Decli

11、ning barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital average tariffs are now at just 4%more favorable environment for FDIglobal stock of FDI was $15.5 trillion in 2009facilitates global productionTechnological change microprocessors and telecommunicationsthe Internet and World Wide Webtran

12、sportation technology What Is Driving Globalization?What Does Globalization Mean For Firms?Lower barriers to trade and investment mean firms canview the world, rather than a single country, as their marketbase production in the optimal location for that activityBut, firms may also find their home ma

13、rkets under attack by foreign firmsWhat Does Globalization Mean Declining Trade And Investment BarriersAverage Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of Value Declining Trade And InvestmenWhat Does Globalization Mean For Firms?Technological change meanslower transportation costs help creat

14、e global markets and allow firms to disperse production to economical, geographically separate locations low cost information processing and communicationfirms can create and manage globally dispersed productionlow cost global communications networks help create an electronic global marketplacegloba

15、l communication networks and global mediacreate a worldwide culture and a global consumer product market What Does Globalization Mean The Changing Demographics Of The Global EconomyFour trends are important: The changing world output and world trade pictureThe changing foreign direct investment pict

16、ureThe changing nature of the multinational enterpriseThe changing world orderThe Changing Demographics Of How Has World Output And World Trade Changed?In 1960, the U.S. accounted for over 40% of world economic activity, but by 2009, the U.S. accounted for just 24% a similar trend occurred in other

17、developed countriesIn contrast, the share of world output accounted for by developing nations is risingexpected to account for more than 60% of world economic activity by 2020How Has World Output And WorlHow Has World Output And World Trade Changed?The Changing Demographics of World GDP and Trade Ho

18、w Has World Output And WorlHow Has Foreign Direct Investment Changed Over Time?In the 1960s, U.S. firms accounted for about two-thirds of worldwide FDI flows Today, the United States accounts for less than one-fifth of worldwide FDI flowsOther developed countries have followed a similar patternIn co

19、ntrast, the share of FDI accounted for by developing countries has risen Developing countries, especially China, have also become popular destinations for FDIHow Has Foreign Direct InvestHow Has Foreign Direct Investment Changed Over Time?Percentage Share of Total FDI Stock 1980-2007 How Has Foreign

20、 Direct InvestHow Has Foreign Direct Investment Changed Over Time?FDI Inflows 1988-2008 How Has Foreign Direct InvestWhat Is A Multinational Enterprise?Multinational enterprise (MNE) - any business that has productive activities in two or more countriesSince the 1960sthe number of non-U.S. multinati

21、onals has risenthe number of mini-multinationals has risenWhat Is A Multinational EnterThe Changing World OrderMany former Communist nations in Europe and Asia are now committed to democratic politics and free market economiescreates new opportunities for international businessesbut, there are signs

22、 of growing unrest and totalitarian tendencies in some countries China and Latin America are also moving toward greater free market reformsbetween 1983 and 2010, FDI in China increased from less than $2 billion to $100 billion annuallybut, China also has many new strong companies that could threaten

23、 Western firmsThe Changing World OrderMany fHow Will The Global Economy Of The 21st Century Look?The world is moving toward a more global economic systemBut globalization is not inevitablethere are signs of a retreat from liberal economic ideology in RussiaGlobalization brings risks the financial cr

24、isis that swept through South East Asia in the late 1990sthe recent financial crisis that started in the U.S. in 2007-2008, and moved around the worldHow Will The Global Economy OfIs An Interdependent Global Economy A Good Thing?Supporters believe that increased trade and cross-border investment mea

25、n lower prices for goods and servicesgreater economic growthhigher consumer income, and more jobsCritics worry that globalization will causejob lossesenvironmental degradationthe cultural imperialism of global media and MNEsAnti-globalization protesters now regularly show up at most major meetings o

26、f global institutions Is An Interdependent Global EHow Does Globalization Affect Jobs And Income?Critics argue that falling barriers to trade are destroying manufacturing jobs in advanced countriesSupporters contend that the benefits of this trend outweigh the costscountries will specialize in what

27、they do most efficiently and trade for other goodsand all countries will benefitHow Does Globalization Affect How Does Globalization Affect Labor Policies And The Environment?Critics argue that firms avoid the cost of adhering to labor and environmental regulations by moving production to countries

28、where such regulations do not exist, or are not enforcedSupporters claim that tougher environmental and labor standards are associated with economic progressas countries get richer from free trade, they implement tougher environmental and labor regulationsHow Does Globalization Affect How Does Globa

29、lization Affect National Sovereignty?Is todays global economy shifting economic power away from national governments toward supranational organizations like the WTO, the EU, and the UN?Critics argue that unelected bureaucrats have the power to impose policies on the democratically elected governments of nation-states Supporters claim that the power of these organizations is limited to what nation-states agree to grantthe power of the organizations lies in their ability to get countries to agree to follow certain actionsHow Does Globalization Affect How Is Globalization Affecting The World