英語學習英語四級完形填空篇

1、四級完型填空題的解題方法與技巧完形填空或改錯時間15分鐘，1篇文章，20道多項選擇題或改錯，占總分的10%，合計70分。一、完型填空題的設計填空(Cloze)又稱綜合填空，其命題原理是格式塔心理學。格式塔心理學強調整體感知，完形填空測試的就是考生結合上下文的語境(context)對英語的整體感知能力。一篇完形填空測試考生的什么能力，這與短文的空格設計密切相關。如果空格要求學生填入連詞、介詞、冠詞等，那么空格為功能性空格；如果要求填入名詞、形容詞、動詞等實義詞，那么空格為語義空格。目前，完形填空試題的題目難度不斷加大，重點從傳統(tǒng)工程題逐漸轉到對整體語感的測試和整個語篇的理解，所以根據(jù)上下文選擇詞

2、匯的題目比例正在增大。一、完型填空題的設計設計者遵循一定的要求和準那么，以保證測試的信度和效度。所給的空有規(guī)那么的排列，大約在近250字的文章中每隔816字就有一個空格，而且是按照一定的間隔并根據(jù)語法或詞匯測試的標準設計的。這些空格外表看起來沒有什么意義，實際上綜合了詞匯、語法結構以及閱讀理解所要測試的內容，它不僅測試應試者在詞匯和句子水平上運用語言的能力，還測試應試者在語篇上綜合運用語言結構的能力。完形填空中所填的詞是與文章的上下文緊密聯(lián)系的。所以難度較大，往往成為學生失分較嚴重的題項。一、完型填空題的設計從內容看，完型填空涉及說明文，議論文等眾多文體體裁，而題裁更涉及到社會領域的方方面面，

3、政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、教育、醫(yī)學、天文、體育、科技等等。所以考生具備大量的背景知識也是格外重要的。二、完型填空題的做題步驟完形填空的測試點及解題方法從外表來看，就是要求考生把每個句子中刪掉的詞恢復出來。因此，要做好完形填空，必須要在通讀全文、把握結構與大意的前提下，根據(jù)所提供的選項及句子的結構、語法、語篇等信息，通過邏輯推理、比照等手段最后確定答案。根據(jù)完形填空這一測試特點，一般采取以下五個步驟逐一進行。步驟一，通讀全篇，把握總的思想，了解知識背景。完形填空題在出題時有這樣一條準那么：去掉20個空不影響對整篇的理解，而且一般而言，短文的前兩句話不應設題。我們應該細讀文章首句，因為這是我們了解文章的

4、“窗口。這樣，我們就可以判斷體裁、把握背景、推測大意、主題或結構。這一點很重要。在閱讀文章的過程中，學生積極搜集頭腦中已有的相關知識，結合文章內容形成對文章的整體把握，我們稱之為圖式。圖式能夠幫助我們對文章內容產(chǎn)生期待，能夠簡化推斷，并在隨后的閱讀中，不斷修正，以求與原文一致。比方，Three girls went walking in the woods. They were enjoying themselves so much that they forgot the time and stayed too long. A dragon kidnapped them. As they w

5、ere be dragging off. They cried for help. Three heroes heard the cries and set off their horses to rescue the girls. One possible result: The heroes came and fought with the dragon and rescued the girls. Then the heroes returned the daughters to their places. Maybe, you can guess that the three girl

6、s married the three men respectively. 如果我們對文章非常熟悉，那么文章內容與你頭腦中的圖式相結合，你解題將會勢如破竹，一發(fā)不可收拾。又如： Writing in a diary, watching television, talking with friends, speaking on the telephone, and reading a menu-what do they have in common? . Thus, _ may be defined as the means by which people exchange feelings a

7、nd ideas with each other. A. information B. learning C. communication D. acquisition 步驟二，選擇答案。有兩中選擇答案的方法：一，可以不看選項，自己猜測正確答案，然后再在選項當中選擇最接近自己猜測的一項。二，可以將選項帶入空格內檢測。按照先易后難的原那么，即首先選出那些只根據(jù)上下文就能確定的直接的明顯的答案。這就增強了信心，減輕了心理壓力。然后瞻前顧后，不要忘記首尾照應。另外，要牢記文章的中心思想，每個空白處的含義應與前后句的意義聯(lián)系起來理解。步驟三，為不確定答案尋找線索。 文章前面的空格提出的問題很有可能要到

8、文章的末尾才才能找到答案。所以，對于那些難度頗高的空格只有在字里行間尋找線索。一定要上下連貫，符合邏輯。步驟四，回頭補缺 我們不提倡在一個題上耽誤太多的時間。如果有一個不會我們可以暫時放過，繼續(xù)思路做下面的題，等通篇做完后再回過頭來考慮這個選項。切忌，一定要保證思維的連續(xù)性和統(tǒng)一性。步驟五，核實答案。 我們可以從以下幾方面對所選答案進行核查： 1)所選擇的單詞或短語是否符合本句內容，使上下文連貫和諧，與全文意義相協(xié)調； 2)所選擇的單詞或短語是否符合某種固定搭配；3)所選擇的單詞或短語是否符合某種句型、時態(tài)、語態(tài)的特殊要求，如虛擬語氣從句中的謂語動詞用原形(過去式、過去完成式)；4)所選詞本身

9、或附近的詞有無特殊要求，如有些動詞后面只接動名詞而不能接不定式。 5)保持自信，不要輕易否認以前選過的選項。必要時對個別答案仍需推敲，發(fā)現(xiàn)不妥，要重新考慮，但應慎重，無確實把握，仍應相信第一印象。完型填空題的考察內容詞匯第一、 詞義辨析 詞單詞的掌握，根本義 例1 That “something special was men creative individuals who could invent machines, find new 75 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. A) origi

10、ns (由來,出身) B) sources C) bases D) discoveries第二、 形近詞辨異例1 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she 75 everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car. A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed例2 Following 8

11、8 , the man guided the plane toward the airfield. A) impression B) information C) inspections D) instructions例3 Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never discuss likes and dislikes in front of him or allow 66 else to do so. A everybody B anybody C somebody D nobody第三、 詞語搭配例1 Th

12、e man had to circle the airport several times in order to become 85 with the controls of the plane.A) intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close例2 Did you ever have someones name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? When this happens again, do not try to recall it. Do som

13、ething 73 for a couple of minutes and the name may come into your head.simple B) apart C) else D) similar例3 A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply, all these were important factors in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. But they

14、 were not enough. Something 73 was needed to start the industrial process.A) else B) near C) extra 額外的，不包括其中的 D) similar例4 Take it _69_ granted that he likes everything and he probably will A. with B. as C. over D. for例5 But these various means of communication differ in important ways _68_ human la

15、nguage. A. about B. with C. from D. in例6 the great tit(山雀) is a case _77_point. A. in B. at C. of D. for語法：句第一、 指代關系例1 The foreign research scholar usually isolates 76 in the laboratory as a means of protection; However, what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system quite d

16、ifferent from 79 at home.76. A) himself B) oneself C) him D) one79. A) those B) which C) what D) that例 2 No two speakers speak in exactly the same way. We can always hear differences 74 them,74. A) between B) among C) of D) from例 3 We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it with _73_. A.

17、 ours B. theirs C. another D. others例4 They also suggest that our readers do not call for friends only among those who are most like them, but find many_78_ differ in race. 78. A. people B. who C. what D. friends第二、 虛擬語氣例1 Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; Th

18、ey expect students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 84 that their students should not be too dependent on them.84. A) hate B) dislike C) like D) prefer例 2 A geographer might be described as one

19、 who observes, records, and explains the differences between places. If places 87 alike, there would be little need for geographers.87. A) being B) are C) be D) were例 3but _63_ you were to move the skin you would not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged. A. since B. if C. as

20、 D. while第三、 倒裝知識要點: 倒裝分完全倒裝與局部倒裝兩種類型，重點是局部倒裝，即只有系動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞參與的倒裝。常見的倒裝結構可以分為四大類：1、 否認倒裝。指否認副詞或否認的副詞性結構hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once ，under no circumstances, in no way， no sooner than用于句首時所導致的倒裝。如：Vitamins do not provide energy, _42_ do they construct or build any part

21、of the body. A. either B. so C. nor D. never 2、 虛擬倒裝。指在IF引導的虛擬條件句中，將IF省略，把should, had, were提至主語前，形成倒裝。 e.g. Were I you, Ill never promise to do that.3、 強調倒裝。為突出強調某一成分而將它提至句首時，實行倒裝：句子結構要求倒裝：如： a. so 倒裝句 b. 以某些表示肯定的副詞開頭作狀語：only, often， then, so c. 以某些表示否認的副詞開頭作狀語；little, hardly, seldom, scarcely, neve

22、r, nowhere, not once d. 某些表示否認的副詞短語開頭作狀語: under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/before e. As作“雖然但是解時用半倒裝。4、 省略倒裝。涉及詞語包括so, neither, nor 例 _70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So第四、從句和強調句型 例 1 The word geography comes fro

23、m two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for “earth and graphing, 75 means “to write. A) what B) that C) which D) it例 2 but a bird has a single alarm cry, _75_ means “danger! A. this B. that C. which D. it例 3 These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillside

24、s to towns lying in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to places 88 the air is clean and the scenery (風景) is beautiful, A) there B) when C) which D) where 第三、 語篇考查 篇例 1 The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to hel

25、p a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. Although these wide modern roads are generally smooth and well maintained, with 73 sharp curves and many straight sections, a direct route is not always the most _75_ one. Large high ways often pass 76 scenic areas and interesti

26、ng small towns.73. A) little B) few C) much D) many75. A) terrible B) possible C) enjoyable D) profitable76. A) to B) into C) over D) by例 2 When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with 79 guidance. It is the students responsibility to find

27、books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; 79. A) maximum B) minimum C) possible D) practical完型填空題的相應對策針對出題者的考察內容，我們有以下相應的對策： 第一種：詞義與詞形辨析 四級完形考察詞匯不外乎同義詞、反義詞、形近詞，和詞的精確用法。我們應該了解高頻詞的近義詞、反義詞，形近詞和詞匯的根本義。例如， 1) Geographers comp

28、are and contrast _ places in the world. A. similar B. various C. distant D. famous 2) The findings _ that issues of trust and betrayal are central to friendship. A. secure (保護) B. assure保證 C. confirm證實 ) D. resolve決心，解決3) The big shops, beautifully decorated and brightly lit, stay open long after da

29、rk. Shop owners like Christmas because it is a time when people _ presents. A. change B. exchange C. transfer 轉移D. transform 轉變第二種：運用上下文邏輯關系填詞。對上下文邏輯關系的考察是完形填空題區(qū)別于單純句子理解的要點之一，也是處理語篇的重要特點。這就牽扯到有關語篇知識，這也是四級考察學生綜合運用語言能力的題型之一。語篇結構，顧名思義，是指在一定的情景下，作者的謀篇布局、銜接連貫、提供信息等等。為了把文章很好的組織起來，作者除了在句子內部用指代前指，后指、省略、連接外，

30、還會運用到一些句與句之間的連詞來表達并列、轉折、比照、列舉、原因、結果、讓步、補充等關系。下面我們給大家一些?？嫉倪B接詞： 表示并列關系的：and, on the one hand, on the other, (也可表比照)表示轉折關系的：however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, etc.表示比照關系的：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely,

31、etc.表示補充關系的：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, notbut, not only but also, etc.表示讓步關系的：although, though, no matter , even if, 表示原因關系的：because, since, as, for, now that, considering that, seeing that, in that, in as much as, on account of the fact that,

32、 for fear that, on the ground that, etc.表示結果關系的：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, etc.表示列舉關系的：first, second, third,firstly, secondly, next, in the first place, for one thing, to begin with, to conclude, etc.1) There are four types of blood. _ types are found in ever

33、y race, and no types is distinct to any race. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some (上下文)2) The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; _ what he really needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D

34、. also 邏輯關系3) Earths animals are disappearing faster than they reproduce. Because there is too little research and too much ignorance, _ is aware of how much we are losing. A. anyone B. no one C. someone D. either one 4) This act (法案) was formed to protect endangered species. _, land developers and

35、factory owners disagree. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Though第三種：固定搭配1) We judge race usually _ the coloring of the race: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. A. in B. from C. at D. on 2) Unlike other social roles that we are expected to _1_- as citizens, employees

36、, members of professional societies and _2_ organizations, it has its own principle. A. keep B. do C. show D. play A. all B. any C. other D. those第四種：結構識別but, not only but also, some others, 等詞組結構和一些重要的句型結構。There is no doubt that , so/suchthat, the sameas, it is that強調句型等等。Rich as our country is, th

37、e qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. The harder you work, the more progress you make. 1They also suggested that our readers do not look for friends only among those who are most like them, _ find many who differ in race. A. only B. and C. but D. then2Lets look at this definition i

38、n more detail because it is language, more than anything else, _62_ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world. A. that B. it C. as D. what 第五種：一些重點單詞的特殊用法Professors should _ repeating in lectures material that is in the textbook. A. refuse B. prohibit C. prevent D. avoidDespite the growing

39、 rate of divorce, but couples are now taking a different approach _ those wedding vows(誓言). A. making B. make C. to making D. to make 第六種：語法大項。對語法的考察主要集中在定語從句、狀語從句、非謂語動詞、主謂一致、邏輯主語、賓語，句型句式等內容上。學生應加強對此類語法的復習。 1The king placed wealth and power at Wagners disposal and made possible the building of a pla

40、ce- house, _ Wagners works could be performed (表演). A. and B. because C. there D. where2Formal learning is de-contextualized from daily life and indeed, _ Scibner and Cole have observed, may actually “promote ways of learning and thinking . A. like B. as C. what D. which 五、完型填空的解題技巧 技巧一：詞匯手段利用詞匯復現(xiàn)1、

41、 原詞復現(xiàn) 例 1： but it is the subconscious (下意識的) 78 that go to work to dig up a dim memory. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking place. A) deeds B) activities C) movements D) procedures2、同根詞復現(xiàn) 例 1 ：Even if a grade is not given, the student is 77 for learning the materi

42、al assigned. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. A) criticized B) innocent C) responsible D) dismissed例2： India or West Africa, where there is a long 81 of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should On the other hand, if you l

43、ive in a country where there is no traditional use of English， A) custom B) use C) tradition D) habit例3：These firms compete for sales. They try to learn just what the demand will be so that they can supply exactly what the consumers want. _ keeps the quality of goods from falling very low. A. Need B

44、. Competition C. Demand D. Consumer 3、上下義或同義詞復現(xiàn)例1：Both the visiting professor and his students lack background in each others cultures. Some 82 of what is already in the minds of American students is required by the foreign professor. A. concept B. feeling C. plan D. intelligence 例2：As a result, the

45、 trip had to be canceled, and they returned home _ and unhappy. A. disappointed B. disappointedly C. tired D. tiredly 4、解釋型復現(xiàn)例1：Our new house is very _ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes. A adaptable B comfortable C convenient D available技巧二：同現(xiàn)詞匯的同現(xiàn)關系指詞匯共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性。在語篇中，圍繞一定的話題，一定的詞往往會同時

46、出現(xiàn)，這些詞語屬于同一個詞匯套，形成了詞匯鏈，因此，每當我們遇到了其中的一個詞語時，根據(jù)情境便會聯(lián)想到詞匯套中的其他詞語。比方，提到教室一詞，下面出現(xiàn)的詞可能就是：blackboard, desk, students, chair, floor, lights, etc. 例1：My grandmother worked hard all day, making butter, washing clothes, cleaning the house, and even _ in the field when help was scarce. A. worked B. working C. di

47、d D. doing 例2：For example, there was the time I called in a _ to fix my air-conditioner before it was too warm. A. worker B. fixer C. repairman D. painter 例3：I usually have the problem of parents coming in and telling me how they really _ their kids. They tell me they stand over them when they do th

48、eir homework. They check their work and make a big fuss over their grades. They criticize the kids over everything having to do with school A. like B. treat C. hate D. make Within the next fifteen years man had gone to the moon, searching beneath its _ and dusty soil for signs of life. A. wet B. dam

49、p C. moist D. dry 技巧三：同性元素相斥技巧四：巧用圖式 A Pelican holds many fish in its 71. 72 may last a 73, but they wont last a week. A pelican is nearly as tall as you, and its beak is as long as your arm. A long skin sack, or pouch, hands down from its tremendous beak, 74 it look very different from other birds.