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1、調(diào)查表的設(shè)計(jì)第1頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三2學(xué)習(xí)目的Objectives通過本課程的學(xué)習(xí),應(yīng)掌握(To understand)為什么使用調(diào)查表/調(diào)查表的目的(Why we use questionnaires)調(diào)查表的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) The advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires不同類型的問題以及其使用情境(不同情況下選擇不同問題) The different types of questions that can be used and the circumstances in which they would be

2、 used設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查表的方式,以及怎樣避免一些常見問題和缺陷 The way in which questionnaires can be designed and how to avoid some common problems and pitfalls第2頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三3收集信息的途徑(方式) Ways to Gather Information文獻(xiàn)研究(搜索): 搜索條件(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) Literature search: Search Criteria檔案查詢(回顧): 信息摘要表格 Review of records: Abstraction Fo

3、rm小組訪談: 訪談提綱(Focus group: Interview Guide)觀察: 觀察資料記錄(Observation: Observation Log)直接測量: 記錄(Direct measurement: Record)訪談: 調(diào)查表(問卷) (Interview: questionnaire)第3頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三4什么是調(diào)查表? What is a questionnaire?收集問題答案的工具(形式) An instrument (form) to collect answers to questions收集實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)(資料) 收集信息

4、或測量值 Collects factual data gathers information or measures一系列按照固定的、合理順序排列的書面問題/項(xiàng)目 A series of written questions / items in a fixed, rational order每項(xiàng)都需回答 (除非特別說明不需者) Every item is answered (unless instructed otherwise)誰完成它 (Who completes it)?應(yīng)答者 公眾/專業(yè)人員 (The respondent public/professional)可以代表應(yīng)答者的人 (

5、Someone on behalf of the respondent)調(diào)查者 (The interviewer)第4頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三5好調(diào)查表的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)What makes an effective questionnaire?一份好的調(diào)查表應(yīng)該是一系列問題經(jīng) 合理組織而成的工具,借此可以 簡單地用 相同方法收集 許多人 相同類型的信息,以便于可 定量、系統(tǒng)地分析資料An effective questionnaire is highly structured to allow the same types of information to be sim

6、ply collected from a large number of people in the same way so that the data can be analysed quantitatively and systematically 第5頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三6調(diào)查表在流行病學(xué)中的角色Role of Questionnaires in Epidemiology暴發(fā)調(diào)查/分析研究 (Outbreak investigation/Analytic study)監(jiān)測(Surveillance)評(píng)價(jià)/ 評(píng)估(Evaluation) 第6頁,共72頁

7、,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三7調(diào)查資料收集方式Survey data collection methods自我管理 (紙、筆) Self-administered(paper & pencil)面對(duì)面訪談 Face-to-face interview電話調(diào)查(實(shí)況或自動(dòng)化) Phone interview(live or automated)自我管理(計(jì)算機(jī)化) Self-administered-computer第7頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三8調(diào)查表的類型Types of Questionnaire按時(shí)間(調(diào)查內(nèi)容是否已經(jīng)發(fā)生)分 前瞻性 Pro

8、spective 回顧性 Retrospective按調(diào)查表填寫人員分 Completed by participant or researcher 自我管理式(被調(diào)查者)self-administered 調(diào)查者管理式(研究人員)interview-administered 適合于文盲或識(shí)字少的人群 (participation by illiterate people) 澄清含糊不清 (clarification of ambiguity)第8頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三9自我管理式(紙和筆)優(yōu)點(diǎn)Self-administered (paper & pencil

9、):Pros花費(fèi)低(Cheap)易管理(Easy to administer)能用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方式管理 (Can be administered in a standard manner)個(gè)體或小組均適宜(Can be individual or group)可以發(fā)郵件或發(fā)電子郵件(Can be done by mail or email)能在應(yīng)答者方便時(shí)完成(Can be completed at respondents convenience)可匿名(Can be done anonymously)保護(hù)隱私(Preserve confidentiality)容易獲取敏感問題信息 (Facilita

10、tes disclosure of sensitive information)第9頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三10自我管理式(紙和筆)缺點(diǎn)Self-administered (paper & pencil):Cons需要更多注意閱讀水平和說明 Need more attention to reading level & direction格式需簡單(沒有或很少跳轉(zhuǎn)) Needs simple format( few or no skips)相對(duì)短小的調(diào)查更好 Works better with relatively short survey難以控制不一致性或無應(yīng)答

11、(項(xiàng)目) Difficult to address inconsistent or missing responses難以控制應(yīng)答率(隨情形、情景而變) Variable response rate (depending on situation & setting)第10頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三11面對(duì)面訪談:優(yōu)點(diǎn) Face-to-face interview: Pros 可以適用復(fù)雜調(diào)查 (Complex survey format can be used)使不一致或無應(yīng)答最小化 (Minimized inconsistent on missing resp

12、onses)應(yīng)答率一般高(Response rates are generally high)調(diào)查者在場可以渲染氣氛(Interviewer presence is motivating)可短可長(Can be short or long)容易根據(jù)調(diào)查內(nèi)容發(fā)現(xiàn)問題 (Easy to diagnose problems with survey content )第11頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三12面對(duì)面訪談:缺點(diǎn)Face-to-face interview:Cons花費(fèi)高 (Expensive)需要培訓(xùn)職員 (Requires trained staff)后勤保障復(fù)

13、雜 (Complex logistics)花費(fèi)調(diào)查者和被調(diào)查者時(shí)間長 (Very time consuming for respondent & interviewer)社會(huì)期望影響 (Social desirability effects)隱匿性最小 (Least anonymity)敏感問題應(yīng)答受限制 (Inhibit disclosure of sensitive information)第12頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三13電話調(diào)查:優(yōu)點(diǎn)Phone interview:Pros有可能實(shí)施復(fù)雜的調(diào)查(病毒所實(shí)驗(yàn)室感染) Complex survey forma

14、ts are possible使不一致或無應(yīng)答最小化 Minimizes inconsistent or missing response可自動(dòng)化實(shí)施 Can be automated可能比面對(duì)面訪談更好的獲得敏感信息 Somewhat better disclosure of sensitive information than face-to-face第13頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三14電話調(diào)查:缺點(diǎn)Phone interview:Cons花費(fèi)高 (Can be expensive)需要培訓(xùn)職員或特殊軟件 (Requires trained staff or

15、special software)費(fèi) 時(shí) (Very time consuming)調(diào)查需簡潔 (Survey need to be brief)對(duì)于許多應(yīng)答者不愿意 (Uncomfortable for many respondents)應(yīng)答率低于面對(duì)面訪談 (Response rate are lower than face-to-face)不是每個(gè)人都有電話 (Not every one has a phone)許多人監(jiān)督電話 (Many people monitor calls)第14頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三15自我管理式(計(jì)算機(jī))優(yōu)點(diǎn)Self-admi

16、nistered(computer):Pros 對(duì)于有計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)的人易于管理 Easy to administer for persons with computer literacy易于敏感信息的獲取 Facilities disclosure of sensitive information可以適用復(fù)雜調(diào)查 Complex survey formats can be used比現(xiàn)場調(diào)查(訪談)更“中性化” More”neutral” than a live interviewer使不一致或無應(yīng)答最小化 Minimizes inconsistent or missing response附錄

17、可能增加理解:音頻、注釋等 Supplements possible to increase comprehension:audio,glossaries,etc.易于資料分析 Facilitates data analysis第15頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三16自我管理式(計(jì)算機(jī))缺點(diǎn)Self-administered(computer):Cons計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)或計(jì)算機(jī)恐怖癥限制采用 Computer literacy or computer phobia can limit use相對(duì)于其他方法需花更多時(shí)間管理 Administration is time con

18、suming compared to other methods需要注意閱讀水平和說明 Needs attention to reading level & directions設(shè)計(jì)/規(guī)劃費(fèi)用高和/或費(fèi)時(shí) Programming can be expensive &/or time-consuming基于PC管理的答案容量巨大 Bulky if replying on PC-based administration第16頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三17資料收集方法的選擇Choosing data collection method方法選擇的原則(Choice of

19、method will be effected by):成本(Cost )時(shí)間(Time)后勤保障(Logistics)資源(Resources)調(diào)查內(nèi)容(如:敏感問題) Question content(e.g., sensitive items)第17頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三18資料收集方法2Implications of data collection method-2方法影響(Method will effect):調(diào)查表的長度(Length of the survey)調(diào)查的復(fù)雜性(Complexity of the survey)項(xiàng)目需要的閱讀水平(

20、Reading level of the items)敏感信息的獲?。―isclosure of sensitive information)資料質(zhì)量(Data quality)資料錄入、分析難易(Easy of data entry and analysis)第18頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三19評(píng)價(jià)調(diào)查表的指標(biāo)(Evaluation Indexs of questionnaire)可靠性/信度 Reliability準(zhǔn)確性/效度 Validity第19頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三20可靠性/信度Reliability可靠性反映同一主題

21、的調(diào)查重復(fù)進(jìn)行時(shí)獲得信息的相似程度(一致性) Reliability - refers to the degree of similarity of information obtained when the measurement is repeated in the same subject (consistency)每次進(jìn)行的測量是否獲得相同測量值(結(jié)果/評(píng)價(jià))? Is the same value arrived at every time the measurement is taken/made ?重復(fù)實(shí)施時(shí)測量值(結(jié)果/評(píng)價(jià))是否變化較大? Do the values vary

22、a lot on repeated administration為提高可靠性,需強(qiáng)調(diào)變異來源 To improve reliability we need to address the sources of variation第20頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三21準(zhǔn)確性/效度Validity反映測量值與真值吻合的程度 Refers to the extent to which a measure actually measures what it is meant to measure (accuracy)如果一個(gè)觀測員或一臺(tái)儀器重復(fù)測量一個(gè)體某特征值時(shí),總比真值高

23、或總比真值低,則測量缺乏準(zhǔn)確性 The measure lacks validity if an observer or an instrument measures the characteristic in the same individual repeatedly higher or repeatedly lower than the real value系統(tǒng)誤差導(dǎo)致的偏倚 This systematic error introduces a bias可能可靠性好但不一定準(zhǔn)確 A measure can be reliable but not valid第21頁,共72頁,2022年,

24、5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三22變異來源Sources of Variation測量儀器(The instrument)如果一臺(tái)儀器對(duì)同一被測個(gè)體給出不同的結(jié)果 If the instrument itself gives different results for the same individual如血壓計(jì) (e.g. blood pressure cuff)觀測者(The observer)觀測者間變異(不同觀測者) Inter-observer variation - differences among observers觀測者內(nèi)變異(同一觀測者) Intra-observer v

25、ariation - differences in the same observer被測者/客體(The subject)生物學(xué)上的不一致性 (Biological inconsistencies)記憶 (Memory) 第22頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三23偏 倚Bias in Questions信息偏倚在應(yīng)答測量中系統(tǒng)差異 Information Bias = systematic differences in the measurement of a response回憶偏倚如,病例比對(duì)照更易于記憶某暴露因素/癥狀 Recall bias eg cases

26、being more likely to remember than controls觀察偏倚觀察者間和觀察者內(nèi)偏倚調(diào)查表是減少此偏倚的重要方法 Observer bias inter and intra a questionnaire is an important way to reduce this 無應(yīng)答偏倚(Non-response bias)應(yīng)答者與無應(yīng)答者之間差異 Those who respond are different from those who do not保證高應(yīng)答率降低(Reduce by ensuring high response rate)or分析時(shí)校正(如

27、年齡、性別、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況) Correcting for during analysis (eg age, sex, SEG)第23頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三24為什么我們需要調(diào)查表And why do we want one?一份好的調(diào)查表(A well designed questionnaire):為回答所研究問題提供足夠的資料 (Will give you appropriate data which should allow you to answer your research question)使可能的偏倚來源最小化,提高調(diào)查表的效度 (Will m

28、inimise potential sources of bias, thus increasing the validity of the questionnaire)第24頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三25基本原理Fundamental Principle 流行病學(xué)調(diào)查是一個(gè)驗(yàn)證假設(shè)的科學(xué)閉環(huán) (An epidemiological investigation is a scientific loop that tests a hypothesis)難(主)題(Problem)假設(shè)(Hypothesis)研究(Study)調(diào)查表(Questionnaire)問題(

29、Question)結(jié)果(Results)Answer第25頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三26假 設(shè)Assumptions調(diào)查表的使用是基于一定假設(shè)基礎(chǔ)上的 The use of questionnaires is based on certain assumptions個(gè)體應(yīng)該對(duì)所研究的具體問題有共同的理解,并且有一般的信念 That individuals will have had common of particular issues and will share general beliefs 參加婚禮/盡力發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的腦膜炎患者,因?yàn)檫@種疾病對(duì)孩子是一種威脅

30、(went to a wedding/ that we are trying to find out more about meningitis because this disease is a threat to our children and young people)這種理解和這些信念是共有的,并可清楚地表達(dá)、予以量化 That this understanding and these beliefs are shared and can be clearly expressed and quantified第26頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三27開始前Be

31、fore starting.調(diào)查表的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)是研究的主要部分之一,而不是附加的 Questionnaire design should be an integral part of the study, not an “add-on”因此(Therefore)確定研究的目標(biāo)(研究者本人或其他人員) Decide on the goals of the study (for yourself and for others)了解主體語言,專業(yè)(Know the subject literature, experts)了解應(yīng)答者社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況,職業(yè),特殊敏感性,教育水平、種族 Know the resp

32、ondents - (SEG, occupation, special sensitivities, educational, ethnic)了解多少成本,時(shí)間,樣本量,應(yīng)答率 Know how much cost, time, sample size, response rate第27頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三28調(diào)查表設(shè)計(jì)步驟12步Steps for Questionnaire Design1. 概念化調(diào)查表 (Conceptualize questionnaire)2. 確定后勤 (Determine logistics)3. 設(shè)置問題 (Develop q

33、uestions)4. 修改問題 (Revise questions)5. 預(yù)調(diào)查 (Pilot test questionnaire)6. 數(shù)據(jù)錄入預(yù)檢測 (Pilot test data entry)第28頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三29調(diào)查表設(shè)計(jì)步驟12步Steps for Questionnaire Design 7. 培訓(xùn)調(diào)查員(Train interviewers) 8. 實(shí)施調(diào)查(Implement questionnaire) 9. 數(shù)據(jù)錄入(Entry data)10. 分析資料(Analyze data)11. 報(bào)告結(jié)果(Report resul

34、ts)12. 利用發(fā)現(xiàn)(Use the findings)第29頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三30設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查表的階段 Stages in designing a questionnaire確定研究的目標(biāo)和使用調(diào)查表的目的 Decide on aim of the study and the purpose of using a questionnaire確定問題目錄(Decide on content of the questions)確定問題的格式(Decide on the format of the questions)確定調(diào)查表的版面設(shè)計(jì)(Decide on p

35、resentation and layout)制定編碼表(如合適) Formulate coding schedule (if appropriate)調(diào)查表的預(yù)調(diào)查和修訂(Pilot and refine questionnaire)第30頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三31 識(shí)別信息 (Identifying information) 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)信息 (Demographics) 臨床信息 (Clinical information) 暴露因素 (Exposures) 其他相關(guān)資料 (Other data that may be relevant) 調(diào)查表框架Out

36、line of Questionnaires第31頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三32 姓名(Name) - 與姓名相聯(lián)系的ID碼 (ID code linking to name) - 隨訪信息(如電話,電子郵件) follow-up information (ie phone, email) 敏感問題加密 Encryption may be necessary for sensitive information識(shí)別信息Identifying Information第32頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三33 性別 (Gender) 婚姻狀況(m

37、arital status) 教育 (education) 職業(yè) (occupation) 收入 (income) 小組/家庭成員數(shù) (group memberships) 從屬關(guān)系(單位) (affiliations) 宗教 (religion), 主要收入者 (principal wage earner), 每戶房子數(shù) (number of rooms per household) 人口學(xué)信息 Demographic Information第33頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三34 最后詢問收入或其他敏感問題 Ask questions about income o

38、r other sensitive issues at the end 用靈活的方式詢問私人問題,如: Ask personal questions in a sensitive manner, Examples : 包括您本人在內(nèi)共有多少人居住在這兒? “How many people, including yourself, live at this address?” 婚姻狀況?“What is your marital status?” 誰是家中收入主要來源者? “Who is the principle wage earner in the household?”人口學(xué)信息收集策略S

39、trategies for Collecting Demographic Information第34頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三35 從醫(yī)療記錄中得到 (Get from medical record) 確保覆蓋病例定義的所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (Be sure to cover all criteria for case definitions) 登記日期(Record dates)臨床信息Clinical Information第35頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三36 考慮病因推斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Consider criteria for causality

40、) - 先因后果(exposure occurs before event) - 一致性(consistent with other reports) - 聯(lián)系強(qiáng)度(strength of association) - 生物學(xué)合理(biologically plausible) - 劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系(dose response effect)暴露信息Exposure Information第36頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三37隨研究而變化 (Varies by study) 生態(tài)(Ecologic) - 降雨量(rainfall), 植被(vegetation), .

41、實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Laboratory) - 抗生素耐藥性(antimicrobial resistance), - 分子標(biāo)記物(molecular markers), . 居住處所(Residence) - 暴露(Exposures), 地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS), 可能相關(guān)的其他信息Other Information that May be Relevant第37頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三38制定調(diào)查表基本原則Basic Rules保持調(diào)查表短、簡單(KISS keep it short and simple)調(diào)查表外觀重要,影響(Appearance is crucial

42、 and affects)應(yīng)答率(Response rate)易于資料匯總、分析(Ease of data summarisation and analysis)調(diào)查表的長度:短 應(yīng)答率 Length of questionnaire: shorter response rates問題順序很重要(Question order is important): 由易到難(Easy difficult)由一般到特殊(General particular)由具體到抽象(Factual abstract)以封閉式問題開始(Start with closed format questions). 以主要主題

43、相關(guān)的問題開始 Start with questions relevant to the main subject. 盡量避免用人口學(xué)和個(gè)人問題開始 Try to avoid starting with demographic and personal questions第38頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三39制定調(diào)查表基本原則Basic Rules 所有項(xiàng)目和頁編號(hào) Number all items and pages所有頁上注明標(biāo)識(shí)符 Put an identifying mark on all pages注明調(diào)查表寄送地址 Put the return addr

44、ess on the questionnaire首頁用粗體字標(biāo)明研究標(biāo)題 Put the study title in bold on the first page說明部分用粗體字 Print directions in bold唯一的標(biāo)識(shí)符 Remember the Unique Identifier第39頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三40制定調(diào)查表基本原則Basic Rules按主題或答案選項(xiàng)來組合問題 Group questions by topic or response options不要將最重要的條目放在最后 Dont put the most impor

45、tant item last以相關(guān)的無脅迫性的問題開始 Open with relevant non-threatening questions盡可能短、邏輯性強(qiáng)、相關(guān)、悅目的調(diào)查表最可能被完成 It is most likely to be completed if easy on the eye, relevant, logical and as short as possible.第40頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三41制定調(diào)查表基本原則Basic Rules每次提問只問一個(gè)信息 Ask for one piece of information at a tim

46、e:如果你一直看James Bond 的電影而6個(gè)小時(shí)沒有上衛(wèi)生間,此時(shí)你妻子給你拿來了三明治,你會(huì)在20分鐘內(nèi)起床去衛(wèi)生間嗎? If you had not passed water for 6 hours but were watching a James Bond movie, and your wife brought you a sandwich would you get up to go to the toilet in the next 20 minutes? Y/N記住“不知道” (Remember “dont know”)第41頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39

47、分,星期三42制定調(diào)查表基本原則Basic Rules準(zhǔn)確你經(jīng)常晚上不得不起來上衛(wèi)生間嗎?(是/否) Be precise Do you often have to get up at night to pass water? Y/N適當(dāng)/敏感內(nèi)部習(xí)慣 Be appropriate/sensitive bowel habits目的總是減少偏倚 Aim always to minimise bias第42頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三43 事實(shí)(Factual) - 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),實(shí)驗(yàn)室,臨床信息 demographic, laboratory, clinical inf

48、ormation 觀念與態(tài)度(Opinions and Attitudes) - 與研究主題相關(guān)的信念、理想、體質(zhì)、價(jià)值等 Beliefs, ideas, predispositions, and values related to the topic under study 信息/知識(shí)(Information/knowledge) - 測量人們知識(shí)水平(知識(shí)擁有或缺乏) measures what people know (presence or absence of knowledge) - 正確或錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)(correct or incorrect knowledge) 調(diào)查問題的類型Ty

49、pes of Questions第43頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三44 行為(Behavior) - 行為描述(description of behavior) (難以評(píng)價(jià)人們所想與實(shí)際所為)(difficult to evaluate how people think they behave versus what they actually do) 構(gòu)造/組合(Constructs) - 多個(gè)問題反映一個(gè)結(jié)果 multiple responses to capture a single outcome (如通過詢問職業(yè)、教育程度、收入水平來反映社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況) (

50、ie socioeconomic status is captured with questions on occupation, education, and income level)調(diào)查問題的類型Types of Questions第44頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三45問題的內(nèi)容Content of Questions對(duì)所研究的問題保持高度關(guān)注 Keep a clear focus on your research question 文獻(xiàn)研究:為了詢問最相關(guān)和探索性的問題,必須知道的知識(shí)、信息等 (Literature search; what do we n

51、eed to know in order to ask the most relevant and probing questions?)人口學(xué)信息(Demographic information) 相關(guān)信息 (Contact information)第45頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三46 調(diào)查問題的格式Format of Questions 兩種主要的提問形式(Two main question formats)封閉式給出固定的答案 Closed format give a fixed response答案分類是已知的(Response categories ar

52、e known)答案不需要細(xì)節(jié)(Response do not require elaboration)答案必需清楚,簡單,明確,中立(不重疊) Categories need to be clear,Simple,unambiguous,neutral第46頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三47開放式 允許人用自己的語言來表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn) Open format allow people to express their views in their own words:答案分類未知(Response categories are unknown)答案需要細(xì)節(jié)(Respon

53、se require elaboration)你最痛苦、煩惱的癥狀是什么?請(qǐng)描敘(What is your most distressing symptom? Please describe: )_第47頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三48不同格式問題的意義Implications of items type封閉式(Close-ended items are)更可靠(More reliable)對(duì)于逐步展開更具有挑戰(zhàn)性(More challenging to develop)易被任何資料收集方法所采用 Easy used with any data collection

54、 method開放式依賴于(Open-ended items rely on)應(yīng)答者動(dòng)機(jī) (Motivation of respondent)調(diào)查者技巧 Skill of interviewer(if present)資料收集方法 Data collection method(work best in interviews)需充足的時(shí)間 (Having enough time)第48頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三49測量水平Levels of measurement名詞性(無序分類):互相排斥的分類來區(qū)別(是/否,男/女) Nominal: distinguish b

55、etween mutually exclusive categories (yes/no,male/female)有序分類:按分類順序排序 (如社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位) Ordinal: rank order among categories(e.g.SES)間距:各分類間間距相等排序(如Farenheit scale) Interval: rank order with equal spacing between categories(e.g. Farenheit scale)比:以真零點(diǎn)分類排序(如:攝氏溫度,年齡) Ratio: rank ordering with a true zero(e.g

56、. Celsius scale,age)第49頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三50措詞的一般性考慮General considerations in item wording易于理解和回答 (Easy to administer & answer)語句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單 (Simple sentence structure)避免“雙重問題” (Avoid “double-barreled” questions)避免“否定式”提問 (Avoid asking about “negatives”)避免行話定義術(shù)語 (Avoid jargondefine terms)適當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x水平(一

57、般人8級(jí)) Appropriate reading level(8th grade for genl pop)能回憶起來的實(shí)際時(shí)間(Realistic time frames for recall)第50頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三51 你服用過毒品嗎? Have you ever used drugs?第51頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三52避免:太一般化What Avoid: Being too general太一般化:你服用過毒品嗎? Too general:Have you ever used drugs?更好的提問方式(A bet

58、ter choice) : 你曾服用過下列任何一種嗎? Have you ever used any of the following: 酒精 (Alcohol) 大麻 (Marijuana) 甲安菲他明等 Methamphatamine(speed,crystal meth )etc第52頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三53 大多數(shù)人應(yīng)該更多的鍛煉身體、吃更多的水果與蔬菜? Most people should exercise more often than normally do and eat more fruits & vegetables?第53頁,共72頁

59、,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三54避免:雙重問題1What Avoid: Double barreled question-1雙重問題(Double barreled): 大多數(shù)人應(yīng)該比目前更多的鍛煉身體、吃更多的水果與蔬菜 Most people should exercise more often than normally do and eat more fruits & vegetables. 極不一致強(qiáng)烈一致 Strongly disagreestrongly agree 第54頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三55避免:雙重問題2What Avo

60、id: Double barreled question-2更好選擇(Better alternative): 大多數(shù)人應(yīng)該更多的鍛煉身體 Most people should exercise more often than normally do now. Strongly disagreestrongly agree 大多數(shù)人應(yīng)該吃更多的水果與蔬菜 Most people should eat more fruits & vegetables than normally do now. 第55頁,共72頁,2022年,5月20日,8點(diǎn)39分,星期三56 感染HIV的醫(yī)生和護(hù)士應(yīng)該不能照料

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