2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)31

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

I___tocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.meant

B.hasmeant

C.wasmeaning

D.hadmeant

【答案】D

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)but之后的動(dòng)詞waspreventedfrom為過去時(shí)態(tài)，而meantocallonyou發(fā)生waspreventedfrom之前，過去的過去，則時(shí)態(tài)為過去完成時(shí)。在句意：我本想拜訪你，但被阻止了。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Ⅷ.(ForensicAppraisal)

ForensicevidencehasplayedaroleinmanyCanadianwrongfulconvictions.In2007,theSupremeCourtheldina4:3decisionthatpost-hypnosis(催眠后)identificationsshouldnotbeadmittedbecauseoftheirunknownreliabilityandtheriskofwrongfulconvictions.ThisdecisionpresentsapotentialforCanadiancourtstoplacestricterreliability-basedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityofexpertevidenceincludingunreliableforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.Atthesametime,variousinquirieshavemademanyimportantrecommendationsaboutreformingthepracticeoftheforensicsciences.Manyoftheserecommendationshavebeenimplemented,thoughthetendencyhasbeentodosoonadiscipline-by-disciplineandjurisdiction-by-jurisdictionbasis.

AnumberofwrongfulconvictionsinCanadahavebeencausedbyfaultyforensicevidence.Therearetwomainwaystorespondtosuchdangers.Oneisbyreformingtheproductionofthestate’sforensicevidence.Theotherisforthecourtstoplacereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.TheCommissionofInquiryintoProceedingsAgainstGuyPaulMorininits1998reportfoundthatOntario’sForensicCentreforForensicSciencehadmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidencethatpurportedtolinkMr.MorintothemurderbeforehisDNAexoneration.ThisinquiryheardtestimonythatCrownprosecutorshadassumedthattheCentrewasinfallibledespitefindingproblemsincontaminationofevidenceandthemisuseofpublishedresearch.ManyreformswereintroducedatthatcentralcrimelaboratoryinOntariointhewakeofthehighlypublicizedinquiry.Adecadelater,asimilarinquirywasheldintheneighbouringprovinceofManitobawhenhaircomparisonevidencewasagainrefutedbyDNAtesting.TheManitobainquiryheardthattheRoyalCanadianMountedPolicelabshadstoppedconductinghaircomparisonevidenceinlightofmoreadvancedDNAtesting,butstoppedshortofrecommendingthatsuchhaircomparisonevidencebeinadmissible.Italsodidnotrecommendthatthecrimelaboratoriesbeseparatedfromthepolice.Finally,itsuggestedthatitdidnothavejurisdictiontoorderanationalauditofcasesthatreliedonhaircomparisonevidence,eventhoughtheprovinceofManitobahadconductedsuchaninquiry.

ManyofthesamethemesfoundintheMorininquirywhichfocusedonhairandfibrecomparisonevidencere-emergedadecadelaterwhentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.

79.AftertheSupremeCourtdecisionin2007,theadmissibilityofforensicevidencebecame___.

80.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthewaytorespondtothedangersofwrongfulconviction?

81.OnefindingincommonintheinquiryoftheprovincesofOntarioandManitobaisthat___.

82.Theunderlinedword“theme”canbereplacedbythefollowingwordinthecontext___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stricter

B.morereliable

C.morereliabilitybased

D.moreexpertise

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Haircomparisonevidenceisinadmissible.

B.Thestate’sforensicevidenceproductionshouldbereformed.

C.Variousinquiriesshouldbeearnedouttomakerecommendationsaboutreformingthepracticeoftheforensicsciences.

D.Thecourtsshouldimposereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theforensiccentersmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidence

B.theevidencehadbeencontaminated

C.thetwoprovincesareconductedhaircomparison

D.thehaircomparisonevidencedoesnotmatchtheDNAevidence

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.subject

B.subjectmatter

C.topic

D.issue

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】79.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段ThisdecisionpresentsapotentialforCanadiancourtstoplacestricterreliability-basedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityofexpertevidenceincludingunreliableforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.（這一決定意味著加拿大法院有可能對(duì)專家證據(jù)的可采性，包括國(guó)家提供的不可靠的法醫(yī)證據(jù)，施加更嚴(yán)格的基于可靠性的限制）可知，法庭證據(jù)的可采性會(huì)基于更多的可靠性而不是使得法院證據(jù)的可采性變得更可靠，選C選項(xiàng)“基于更多的可靠性”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“更可靠”錯(cuò)誤；A選項(xiàng)“嚴(yán)格”以及D選項(xiàng)“更多的專業(yè)知識(shí)”和原文不符。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

80.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文根據(jù)第二段TheManitobainquiryheardthattheRoyalCanadianMountedPolicelabshadstoppedconductinghaircomparisonevidenceinlightofmoreadvancedDNAtesting,butstoppedshortofrecommendingthatsuchhaircomparisonevidencebeinadmissible.（曼尼托巴省的調(diào)查人員聽說，由于更先進(jìn)的DNA測(cè)試，加拿大皇家騎警實(shí)驗(yàn)室已經(jīng)停止了毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)的研究，但并沒有建議不采納這種毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)）可知A選項(xiàng)“毛發(fā)比較證據(jù)不被采納”不符合原文，不是應(yīng)對(duì)錯(cuò)誤定罪危險(xiǎn)的方法；第二段Therearetwomainwaystorespondtosuchdangers.Oneisbyreformingtheproductionofthestate’sforensicevidence.Theotherisforthecourtstoplacereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.（應(yīng)對(duì)這些危險(xiǎn)主要有兩種方法。一是改革國(guó)家法醫(yī)證據(jù)的制作。另一種是法院對(duì)國(guó)家提供的法醫(yī)證據(jù)的可采性或內(nèi)容進(jìn)行基于可靠性的限制）可知B選項(xiàng)“國(guó)家的法醫(yī)證據(jù)制作應(yīng)該改革”和D選項(xiàng)“法院應(yīng)該對(duì)國(guó)家提供的法醫(yī)證據(jù)的可采性或內(nèi)容施加基于可靠性的限制”符合原文；根據(jù)第三段whentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.（當(dāng)安大略兒童法醫(yī)病理學(xué)調(diào)查委員會(huì)建議對(duì)法醫(yī)病理學(xué)的實(shí)踐進(jìn)行類似的改革時(shí)，這些主題再次出現(xiàn)）可知C選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)開展各種調(diào)查，提出改革法醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)踐的建議”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

81.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“theprovincesofOntarioandManitoba”定位到原文…foundthatOntario’sForensicCentreforForensicSciencehadmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidencethatpurportedtolinkMr.MorintothemurderbeforehisDNAexoneration.（對(duì)蓋伊?保羅?莫林訴訟程序的調(diào)查委員會(huì)在其1998年的報(bào)告中發(fā)現(xiàn)，安大略省法醫(yī)科學(xué)法醫(yī)中心在提供頭發(fā)和纖維證據(jù)方面犯了許多錯(cuò)誤，這些證據(jù)據(jù)稱是在莫林先生的DNA免責(zé)之前將他與謀殺案聯(lián)系起來的）以及Adecadelater,asimilarinquirywasheldintheneighbouringprovinceofManitobawhenhaircomparisonevidencewasagainrefutedbyDNAtesting.（十年后，在鄰近的馬尼托巴省進(jìn)行了一次類似的調(diào)查，當(dāng)時(shí)頭發(fā)比對(duì)的證據(jù)再次被DNA測(cè)試所駁倒）可知選D選項(xiàng)“頭發(fā)對(duì)比證據(jù)與DNA證據(jù)不匹配”；A選項(xiàng)“法醫(yī)中心在制作頭發(fā)和纖維證據(jù)時(shí)犯了許多錯(cuò)誤”以及C選項(xiàng)“兩省進(jìn)行頭發(fā)比較”并不是共同的發(fā)現(xiàn)；B選項(xiàng)“證據(jù)被污染了”和原文不符。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

82.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字定位到原文最后一段ManyofthesamethemesfoundintheMorininquirywhichfocusedonhairandfibrecomparisonevidencere-emergedadecadelaterwhentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.（10年后，安大略省兒科法醫(yī)病理學(xué)調(diào)查委員會(huì)(Goudgeinquiry)建議對(duì)法醫(yī)病理學(xué)的實(shí)踐進(jìn)行類似的改革，Morin調(diào)查聚焦于頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)，許多同樣的主題再次出現(xiàn)。）可知本句中themes表示“主題”，多指文學(xué)、藝術(shù)作品的主題，或論文、演說的主題，原文中指對(duì)在頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)這方面研究/討論所出現(xiàn)的主題；四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有“主題”的含義，A選項(xiàng)subject指書籍、文章、演講、討論等中所隱含的、暗示的，需要由讀者或聽眾推斷的主題或中心話題；B選項(xiàng)subjectmatter指供討論、思考或研究時(shí)考慮的東西；C選項(xiàng)topic可指文章、講話的題目，談話的內(nèi)容，又可指提綱中的標(biāo)題甚至段落的主題或中心思想，普通用詞，含義廣泛，但其范疇小于subject；D選項(xiàng)issue指有爭(zhēng)論、議論，急需討論研究的熱點(diǎn)話題；本題B選項(xiàng)更符合題意，表示對(duì)在頭發(fā)和纖維的比較證據(jù)這方面研究/討論所出現(xiàn)的主題。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Weweregreatlysurprisedbytheway___thingsweredonehere.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.what

B.inwhich

C.as

D.which

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。本句主語是we，謂語為詞組weresurprisedby，賓語theway；thingsweredonehere屬于完整的句子，根據(jù)句意可知修飾theway；結(jié)合四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可知空格處要填入從句關(guān)系詞。判斷出此處考查theway+從句的固定用法：theway后引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有三種：1.that；2.inwhich；3.省略。句意：我們對(duì)這里的做法感到非常驚訝。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Ⅲ.ConstitutionalandAdministrativeLaw

RobertPostnotesthatthreeinterestshavetraditionallybeenadvancedtojustifycampaignfinancereform:equality,anti-distortion,andtheeliminationofcorruption.Eachofthesethreeinterestsisfundamentalwithinasystemofrepresentativegovernment.Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.

Noneofthesethreeinterests,however,makessensewithinthediscursivedemocracyestablishedandprotectedbyFirstAmendmentrights.Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.ItisnowonderthattheconstitutionaljurisprudenceofcampaignfinancereformhasbeenamuddlesincethedaysofBuckleyv.Valeo.

CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.FirstAmendmentrightsprotectfreedomofspeechinordertopreservethepossibilityofself-government.TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.Ifwedenominatethecapacityofelectionstoselectrepresentativeswhoareresponsivetopublicopinionaselectoralintegrity,legislationaimingtopreserveelectoralintegrityservesacompellingconstitutionalinterestforpurposesofFirstAmendmentanalysis.CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaninteresttojustifycampaignfinancereform,accordingtoRobotPost?

2.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweendiscursivedemocracyanddirectdemocracy?

3.WhatcausesthelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmenttodisappear?

4.WhatwasthemajorfailureofCitizensUnitedaccordingtotheauthor?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Eachpersonhasanequalopportunitytoberepresented.

B.Theelectionresultshouldbepublished.

C.People’sviewshouldbepresentedwithoutalteration.

D.Theelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirroleswith“cleanhands”.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Peopledonotvotedirectly.

B.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherarepresentativecorrupts.

C.Thereisnobenchmarktomeasurewhetherpublicopinionisdistorted.

D.TheFirstAmendmentinterestsaremoreimportant.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Whenelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion.

B.Agovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.

C.Legislationprohibitscorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.

D.Whenpersonsarefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinion.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itsconclusionthatnoneofthethreeinterestsjustifiesthelegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpenditures.

B.ItmadenoanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.

C.Itdidnotaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationwascorrect.

D.Itjumpedtoitsconclusionwithoutanalyzingthelegislativepurpose.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位選民有權(quán)在選舉其代表方面具有同等的影響力；選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)透明、不扭曲人民的意見；選舉產(chǎn)生的代表應(yīng)該發(fā)揮適當(dāng)?shù)淖饔?，不能有腐敗）可知A選項(xiàng)“每個(gè)人都有平等的機(jī)會(huì)被代表”，B選項(xiàng)“選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)該公布”，C選項(xiàng)“人們的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該不加改變地提出”原文都有提及；D選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)選的代表應(yīng)該以‘清白的雙手’履行他們的職責(zé)”原文未涉及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。定位到原文第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.（在話語民主中，與直接民主不同，輿論總是在演變；它沒有做出公民可以對(duì)其施加平等影響的決定）以及對(duì)比第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位選民有權(quán)在選舉其代表方面具有同等的影響力；選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)透明、不扭曲人民的意見；選舉產(chǎn)生的代表應(yīng)該發(fā)揮適當(dāng)?shù)淖饔?，不能有腐?。┛芍窨梢詫?duì)其施加平等影響意味著公民能夠直接投票，以及這兩者之間的區(qū)別在于是否直接投票，選A選項(xiàng)“人們不直接投票”；根據(jù)第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.（在話語民主中，公眾輿論從來沒有代表性，因此沒有衡量扭曲的基準(zhǔn)）可知先是公眾輿論從來沒有代表性，導(dǎo)致沒有衡量扭曲的基準(zhǔn)，公眾輿論從來沒有代表性是主要原因，C選項(xiàng)“沒有基準(zhǔn)來衡量民意是否被扭曲”邏輯關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)原文Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.（而國(guó)家保護(hù)代表角色道德不受腐敗侵害的利益最多可以算作憲法利益，與第一修正案通過話語民主保護(hù)自治完整性的利益相權(quán)衡）可知B選項(xiàng)“代表是否腐敗并不重要”，C選項(xiàng)“第一修正案的利益更重要”和原文相悖。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.（然而，如果選舉不選出關(guān)注公眾意見的代表，那么第一修正案的權(quán)利和自治價(jià)值之間的聯(lián)系就會(huì)消失）可知選A選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)選舉不選擇關(guān)注公眾意見的代表時(shí)”；根據(jù)最后一段TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.（《第一修正案》假定，個(gè)人應(yīng)自由影響公眾輿論的內(nèi)容，政府將對(duì)公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)。我們認(rèn)為，選舉將確保政府對(duì)公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)。）可知B選項(xiàng)“政府對(duì)公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)”和D選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)人們可以自由地影響公眾輿論的內(nèi)容時(shí)”能確?！兜谝恍拚浮窓?quán)利和自治價(jià)值之間的聯(lián)系；定位到最后一段開頭CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“聯(lián)合公民”得出的結(jié)論是，無論是平等、扭曲還是消除腐敗，都不能被視為具有憲法強(qiáng)制性的利益，足以證明立法禁止公司從其公司財(cái)務(wù)中直接進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競(jìng)選支出是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“立法禁止公司直接從他們的公司財(cái)務(wù)中進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的競(jìng)選支出”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.（但是，“聯(lián)合公民”在得出這一結(jié)論時(shí)，未能對(duì)《第一修正案》的相關(guān)權(quán)利進(jìn)行足夠深入的分析）可知選B選項(xiàng)“它沒有分析相關(guān)的第一修正案權(quán)利”，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“它沒有分析立法目的就妄下結(jié)論”過度推斷，干擾項(xiàng)；根據(jù)最后一段最后一句CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.（“聯(lián)合公民”沒有詢問它正在考慮的競(jìng)選資金立法是否有助于維持選舉的完整性）可知C選項(xiàng)“它沒有問競(jìng)選財(cái)務(wù)法案是否正確”錯(cuò)誤，是否正確和是否有助于維持選舉的完整性是有區(qū)別的；CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“聯(lián)合公民”得出的結(jié)論是，無論是平等、扭曲還是消除腐敗，都不能被視為具有憲法強(qiáng)制性的利益，足以證明立法禁止公司從其公司財(cái)務(wù)中直接進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競(jìng)選支出是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狝選項(xiàng)“它的結(jié)論是，這三種利益中沒有一種能證明禁止公司進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競(jìng)選支出的立法是正當(dāng)?shù)摹焙驮南嚆?。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.

InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighborbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbor;andthelawyer’squestion,whoismyneighbor?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbor.Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligentactorwhocausedtheharmbecause___.

2.LordAtkinthinksthat___.

3.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighborisonewho___.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.therelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo

B.theydonotknoweachother

C.theactorisnegligent

D.manufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Englishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare

B.theliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof“culpa”

C.theliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing

D.everypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.livesnextdoortoyou

B.youoweadutyofcare

C.shouldbetakengoodcareof

D.hasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw

B.Thedoerfailedtotakecare

C.Thefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers

D.Thedoerhasforeseentheresult

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.（合同相對(duì)性的缺失使一個(gè)人無法對(duì)給自己造成傷害的過失行為人獲得賠償，無論該過失行為是否構(gòu)成了對(duì)他人的違約）可知選A選項(xiàng)“兩者之間缺乏契約關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“他們彼此不認(rèn)識(shí)”，C選項(xiàng)“行為人疏忽”第一段未提及；根據(jù)第一段第二句TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國(guó)上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實(shí)對(duì)最終消費(fèi)者負(fù)有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過程中造成傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）可知D選項(xiàng)“制造商對(duì)最終消費(fèi)者不負(fù)有注意義務(wù)”和原文相悖。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.（過失責(zé)任，無論你將其視為“罪犯”的一種，或?qū)⑵湟暈槠渌贫戎械囊环N，無疑是基于公眾普遍的道德錯(cuò)誤情緒，而犯罪者必須為此付出代價(jià)）可知C選項(xiàng)“過失責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ)是公眾認(rèn)識(shí)到違法者必須為他們的過錯(cuò)付出代價(jià)”正確；根據(jù)第二段開頭InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.（用阿特金勛爵的話說：目前我滿足于指出，在英國(guó)法律中，必須而且是一些關(guān)系的一般概念，產(chǎn)生了一種謹(jǐn)慎的義務(wù)，書中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的特殊情況只是實(shí)例）可知A選項(xiàng)“英國(guó)法沒有注意義務(wù)的一般概念”和原文相悖；B選項(xiàng)“過失責(zé)任應(yīng)該被定義為一種‘過失’”原文沒有直接說明；第二段Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.（但是，在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，任何道德準(zhǔn)則都不會(huì)責(zé)難的作為或不作為都不能被視為給予每一個(gè)受其傷害的人要求救濟(jì)的權(quán)利）可知D選項(xiàng)“每個(gè)受傷的人都應(yīng)該被賦予要求救濟(jì)的權(quán)利”不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.（這樣，誰是我的鄰舍呢？答案似乎是——那些受到我的行為密切而直接影響的人，當(dāng)我將我的思想導(dǎo)向被質(zhì)疑的作為或不作為時(shí)，我應(yīng)該合理地考慮他們是如何受到影響的）可知在侵權(quán)法的意義上，鄰居是會(huì)受到“我”行為密切影響的人，“我”需要考慮他們是如何受到影響，選B選項(xiàng)“你應(yīng)負(fù)注意義務(wù)”；A選項(xiàng)“住在你隔壁”，D選項(xiàng)“與你有友好的關(guān)系”原文未提及；原文只是說“我”的行為會(huì)密切和直接影響鄰居，沒有要求必須好好照顧?quán)従?，C選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該被好好照顧”錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段末TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.（阿特金勛爵的判決推理的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以說如下：（1）在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。（2）在這些案件中，法院確立了謹(jǐn)慎的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（3）在這些情況下，我們可以從法律規(guī)定的注意義務(wù)（注意標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）中推斷出來。過失法也適用于這種行為）可知A選項(xiàng)“法律規(guī)定有謹(jǐn)慎的義務(wù)”，B選項(xiàng)“行事者沒有注意”符合原文，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“行為者已經(jīng)預(yù)見了結(jié)果”和原文相悖，原文明確提出在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任；根據(jù)第一段TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國(guó)上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實(shí)對(duì)最終消費(fèi)者負(fù)有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過程中造成傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）可知造成傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的話是需要承擔(dān)義務(wù)，則為C選項(xiàng)“該故障對(duì)他人造成損害或傷害”也屬于過失法的理由。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.單選題

Theyhadtheattemptto___Andersontothepresidency.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.evolve

B.elevate

C.evoke

D.evince

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)evolve“發(fā)展；進(jìn)化；使逐步形成；推斷出”；B選項(xiàng)elevate“提升；舉起；振奮情緒等；提升……的職位”；C選項(xiàng)evoke“引起，喚起；博得”；D選項(xiàng)evince“表明，表示”。句意：他們?cè)噲D___安德森當(dāng)上總統(tǒng)。本句表示“試圖提升安德森當(dāng)總統(tǒng)”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Itisstrictly___thataccesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.secured

B.forbidden

C.regulated

D.determined

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)secured“固定，系牢；鎖上；保護(hù)，使安全；（經(jīng)過努力）獲得；做擔(dān)?！?；B選項(xiàng)forbidden“禁止；妨礙；不準(zhǔn)（某人）做某事；禁止……進(jìn)入；阻止”；C選項(xiàng)regulated“調(diào)節(jié)；規(guī)定；控制；校準(zhǔn)；有系統(tǒng)地管理”；D選項(xiàng)determined“（使）下決心，（使）做出決定”。句意：嚴(yán)格___，除少數(shù)人外，所有人不得接觸機(jī)密文件。本句表達(dá)“嚴(yán)格規(guī)定”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.glanced

B.glimpsed

C.glared

D.scribbled

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)glanced“瞥閃，瞥見，掃視，匆匆一看（強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng)的加以注意瞥了一眼）；瀏覽；斜擊某物后斜彈開來；反光；輕擦（球）；（板球）斜擊”；B選項(xiàng)glimpsed“瞥見（強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)的，比如某個(gè)東西在眼前閃了一下，不是主動(dòng)去看）”；C選項(xiàng)glared“怒目而視，瞪眼看；發(fā)出刺眼的光”；D選項(xiàng)scribbled“亂畫；潦草地書寫；寫作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他離開辦公室前___手表。本句表達(dá)“主動(dòng)地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A