2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)33

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

I___tocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.meant

B.hasmeant

C.wasmeaning

D.hadmeant

【答案】D

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)but之后的動(dòng)詞waspreventedfrom為過去時(shí)態(tài)，而meantocallonyou發(fā)生waspreventedfrom之前，過去的過去，則時(shí)態(tài)為過去完成時(shí)。在句意：我本想拜訪你，但被阻止了。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

MobyDick,nowregardedasagreatworkofAmericanliterature,wasvirtually___whenitwasfirstpublished,anditwasnotuntilmanyyearslaterthatMelville’sachievementswere___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.renowned...relegated

B.notorious...justified

C.hailed...understood

D.ignored...recognized

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)renowned“使有聲望”，relegated“貶職，把降低到，把……置于次要地位；使（球隊(duì)）降級(jí)”；B選項(xiàng)notorious“聲名狼藉的，臭名昭著的”，justified“證明……是正當(dāng)?shù)?；替……辯護(hù)”；C選項(xiàng)hailed“稱贊；致敬；招呼”，understood“明白；懂得”；D選項(xiàng)ignored“忽略；不顧”，recognized“確認(rèn)，承認(rèn)；具結(jié)”。句意：《白鯨》現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是美國文學(xué)史上的一部偉大作品，但它剛出版時(shí)卻幾乎___，直到許多年后，梅爾維爾的成就___。本句表達(dá)“《白鯨》剛出版時(shí)被人忽略，直到多年后，梅爾維爾的成就才被大家承認(rèn)”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

II.LegalHistory

Beforetheupheavalsofthelate11thandearly12thcenturies,thepeoplesofEuropewereorganizedpoliticallyinaloose,complex,andoverlappingstructureof(1)localunits,(2)lordshipunits,(3)tribal(clan)units,(4)largeterritorialunitssuchasduchiesorprincipalities,whichmightincludeanumberoftribes(clans),and(5)kingdoms,ofwhichtheFrankishkingdom,fromtheyear800,wascalledanumpire.ThekingdomswereconceivednotasterritorialunitsbutprimarilyasthecommunityoftheChristianpeopleunderaking(emperor),whowasconsideredtobeChrist’sdeputyandsupremeheadofthechurchaswellasofthenobility,theclans,andthearmy.Thechurchitselfwasnotconceivedasapoliticalunitbutprimarilyasaspiritualcommunityledultimatelybythekingoremperorandintermediatelybybishops,ofwhomtheBishopofRomewasbytraditionthemostimportant.

Withinthisgeneralclassification,therewereverywidedifferencesfromlocalitytolocality,lordshipunittolordshipunit,tribalunittotribalunit,andsoon.TheeconomyofEuropebeforethe11thcenturywaslargelylocalandagrarian.Therewasverylittleintercommunication;apartfrommonksandsomeothersoftheclergyandasmallnumberofmerchants,andexceptformilitarycampaigns,onlythehighernobilityandkingstravelled.Therewerepracticallynopermanentrepresentativesofthecentralauthoritiesinthelocalities.Effortstoplacethemweregenerallyfrustrated.Notonlypowerbutalsoculturewaswidelydispersed.Thecustomsofoneplacemightdiffersubstantiallyfromthecustomsofanotherplacefiftymilesaway.

Nevertheless,thepoliticalorganizationofthepeoplesofEuropeintheperiodfrom6thtothe11thcenturiesrevealsacommonpatternofdevelopment.

Thesmallestlocalpoliticalunitsweregenerallycalledvillae(“villages”or“vills”);theseweregroupedintocentenarii(“hundreds”),whichweregrouped,inturn,intocomitatus(“counties”).TheselocalunitsfirstcameintobeingwhenthewanderingtribesfromwesternAsia,havingswallowedupwhatwasleftoftheRomanEmpireintheWest,finallysettleddowninthe4th,5thand6thcenturies.

Thesecondtypeofunit,lordshipunits,cameintobeingsoonthereafter.Theirnumberincreasedassettlers“commendedthemselves”toleadingpersonagesamongthemandpromisedtorenderservicesinternforfoodandclothingaswellasforprotectionagainstenemies.

55.Whichofthefollowingdescriptionofakingdombeforethe11thcenturyisNOTcorrect?

56.Theoneswhodidnottravelbeforethe11thcenturywere___.

57.Thereasonthattheeffortstoplacepermanentrepresentativesofthecentralauthoritiesinthelocalitiesweregenerallyfrustratedwasthat___.

58.Thepoliticalunitsfrom6thto11thcenturiesoriginatedin___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheFrankishkingdomwascalledanumpirefrom800A.D

B.Akingdomwasledbyakingoremperor,whowasconsideredtobethesupremeheadoftheterritory

C.ThekingdomswereconceivedprimarilyasthecommunityoftheChristianpeople

D.AkingdomwasoneoftheseveralstructuresofEuropeanpeople’spoliticalorganizations

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.monksandpriests

B.kingsandotherupper-classpeople

C.peasantswhowantedtoselltheirownproducts

D.merchants

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thepowerandculturewerewidelydispersed

B.thepeopledidnotunderstandeachother

C.therewasnocommonpatternofdevelopment

D.thecustomsofdifferentplacesdifferedsubstantially

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theleftoversoftheRomanEmpireintheWest

B.thelordshipunits

C.theleadingpersonagesamongthesettlers

D.thetribesfromwesternAsia

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】55.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段ThekingdomswereconceivednotasterritorialunitsbutprimarilyasthecommunityoftheChristianpeopleunderaking(emperor),whowasconsideredtobeChrist’sdeputyandsupremeheadofthechurchaswellasofthenobility,theclans,andthearmy.（王國不是作為領(lǐng)土單位，而是主要作為基督教人民在國王（皇帝）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的社區(qū)，國王被認(rèn)為是基督的副手和教會(huì)以及貴族、氏族和軍隊(duì)的最高領(lǐng)袖）可知王國并不是領(lǐng)土單位，國王也不是領(lǐng)土的最高元首，B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)王國是由國王或皇帝領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的，他被認(rèn)為是領(lǐng)土的最高元首”錯(cuò)誤，同時(shí)可知C選項(xiàng)“這些王國最初被認(rèn)為是基督教人民的社區(qū)”符合原文；第一段(5)kingdoms,ofwhichtheFrankishkingdom,fromtheyear800,wascalledanumpire.（5王國，其中法蘭克王國從800年起被稱為裁判）可知A選項(xiàng)“法蘭克王國從公元800年起被稱為裁判”符合原文；第一段thepeoplesofEuropewereorganizedpoliticallyinaloose,complex,andoverlappingstructureof…and(5)kingdoms（歐洲人民在政治上是以松散、復(fù)雜和重疊的結(jié)構(gòu)組織起來的……5王國）可知D選項(xiàng)“王國是歐洲人民政治組織的幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)之一”符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

56.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段…apartfrommonksandsomeothersoftheclergyandasmallnumberofmerchants,andexceptformilitarycampaigns,onlythehighernobilityandkingstravelled.（除了僧侶和其他一些神職人員以及少數(shù)商人之外，除了軍事行動(dòng)之外，只有貴族和國王出游）可知選C選項(xiàng)“農(nóng)民想賣自己的產(chǎn)品”，原文中農(nóng)民不會(huì)出游；A選項(xiàng)“僧侶和牧師”；B選項(xiàng)“國王和其他上層階級(jí)的人”以及D選項(xiàng)“商人”在原文中都會(huì)出游，不符合題意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

57.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Withinthisgeneralclassification,therewereverywidedifferencesfromlocalitytolocality,lordshipunittolordshipunit,tribalunittotribalunit,andsoon…Effortstoplacethemweregenerallyfrustrated.Notonlypowerbutalsoculturewaswidelydispersed.Thecustomsofoneplacemightdiffersubstantiallyfromthecustomsofanotherplacefiftymilesaway.（在這一總體分類中，各地、領(lǐng)主單位與領(lǐng)主單位、部落單位與部落單位等都有很大的差異……安置它們的努力普遍受挫。不僅權(quán)力如此，文化也被廣泛分散。一個(gè)地方的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣可能與五十英里外另一個(gè)地方的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣有很大的不同）可知權(quán)利和文化分散的原因都是每個(gè)地方的風(fēng)俗都有很大的差異，選D選項(xiàng)“不同地方的風(fēng)俗有很大的不同”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“權(quán)力和文化被廣泛分散”并不是常駐代表的努力普遍受挫的原因，權(quán)利和文化被分散的根本原因也是每個(gè)地方的風(fēng)俗都有很大的差異；B選項(xiàng)“人們彼此不理解”以及C選項(xiàng)“沒有共同的發(fā)展模式”原文未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

58.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第四段TheselocalunitsfirstcameintobeingwhenthewanderingtribesfromwesternAsia,havingswallowedupwhatwasleftoftheRomanEmpireintheWest,finallysettleddowninthe4th,5thand6thcenturies.（這些地方單位最初是在來自西亞的流浪部落吞沒了羅馬帝國在西方留下的東西，最終在4、5和6世紀(jì)定居下來時(shí)形成的）可知選A選項(xiàng)“羅馬帝國在西方的殘余”，B選項(xiàng)“貴族單位”和C選項(xiàng)“殖民者中的主要人物”原文未提及，D選項(xiàng)“來自西亞的部落”不符合原文所說的來自西亞的流浪部落。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Shegavehimbackthemoneyshe’dstolenforthesakeofher___

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.conscientious

B.consciousness

C.conscious

D.conscience

【答案】D

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)conscientious“認(rèn)真的；盡責(zé)的；本著良心的；小心謹(jǐn)慎的”；B選項(xiàng)consciousness“意識(shí)；知覺；覺悟；感覺”；C選項(xiàng)conscious“意識(shí)到的；故意的；神志清醒的”；D選項(xiàng)conscience“道德心，良心”。句意：為了她的___，她把偷來的錢還給了他。本句表達(dá)“為了她的良心（為了問心無愧）”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

ThesuccessfullaunchoftheSpecialOlympicGameshasdemonstratedthat___Shanghaiiswellonitswaytobecomeoneofthemostinternalizedmetropolisesworldwide.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.imperceptibly

B.conceivably

C.deceivably

D.imaginatively

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)imperceptibly“極微地；微細(xì)地；察覺不到地”；B選項(xiàng)conceivably“可以想象的是，可以想得到的是；可能的是；可以理解的是”；C選項(xiàng)deceivably沒有該單詞；D選項(xiàng)imaginatively“想象上地”。句意：特別奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的成功舉辦表明，___，上海正在成為世界上最國際化的大都市之一。本句表示“可以想象……”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Ⅻ.Sociology

Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.Balancingreferstotheprocessofweightinghowintrusivecertainmeansareincomparisontotheends—providedofcourse,thattheendsarelegitimate.Theconceptofproportionalityiscorollaryhere:inordertoassesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized,oneneedstoassesthreecriteria:effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.However,incurrentpoliticaldebates,whenanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresareinvolved,thelongheldgoldenruleforpolicymakinghasbeenreplacedbyanother,substantiallyemptyrhetoric:theinherentlyfalsedichotomyofthe“l(fā)ibertyvs.security”-binary.Thepaperwillhavetheanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresinfocus,buttherhetoricissweeping:ithasbeenextendedto,copiedin,andmergedwithcrimecontrolmeasuresandimmigrationcontrolaswell.

TheuniquenessofthisNewWorldis,thus,twofold:First,newstandardshavebeensetup(requiredandaccepted)forgovernmentactivisminthesphereofcurtailingfreedomasanexchangeforsecurity.People(thepoliticalclass,theelectorate)appeartobewillingtoreformulatethetraditionalbalancebetweenlibertyandsecurity:alittlebitmoredocumentsandID-checks,longerlinesandmoreflexiblesearch-warrantsseemanacceptabletaxleviedinreturnformorestringentdemandsforgovernment-providedsecurity.Forexample,oncebeingconvincedthatweactuallyneedtobesearchedandsurveilledforaviationsafety,forafasterprocess,wearewillingtogivingupsomeofourprivacyandenterafullbodyscanner.Itseemstobethecasethatthereisabroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprinciplesor,forthatmatter,thelawoftheGenevaConventionshavebecomeunsuitedforhandlingthepeculiarwarfareputonbysuicidebombersandterroristorganizations.Justabouteverywhereintheworld,thewaragainstterrorismhashadtheeffectofwideningthecontrolfunctionsofthenationalsecurityandimmigrationservices,aswellasofotherlawenforcementauthorities.Theexpandedmeasuresandproceduresthusintroducedwereoftenonesthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,butthistimearound,theycouldtakeadvantageofchangesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshockoverthetragiceventsandfearspreadingintheirwake.

1.TheconstitutionalbalancingisacorefeatureintheflowingBUT___.

2.Whatisthegoldenruleforpolicymakingaccordingtotheauthor?

3.Peopleappeartobewillingtoacceptthefollowinginreturnformoresecurity,EXCEPT___.

4.WhatisNOTacauseforintroductionofmeasuresthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,accordingtotheauthor?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.lawenforcement

B.policymaking

C.jurisdiction

D.legislation

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Assesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized.

B.Effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.

C.Libertyvs.security.

D.Constitutionalbalancing.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.moredocumentsandID-checks

B.longerlines

C.moreflexiblesearch-warrants

D.acceptabletax

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Changesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshock.

B.Peoplearewillingtogivingupsomeoftheirprivacy.

C.Thetragiceventsandfearspreading.

D.Abroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprincipleshavebecomeunsuited.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“constitutionalbalancing”定位到原文第一段第一句Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.（本文探討了“9.11”事件后法律發(fā)展的一個(gè)獨(dú)特特征：對(duì)憲法平衡的默認(rèn)規(guī)避，這是法理學(xué)以及立法、決策和執(zhí)法的一個(gè)核心特征）可知A選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)法”，B選項(xiàng)“決策”，D選項(xiàng)“立法”和原文相符，C選項(xiàng)“管轄”未涉及。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Theconceptofproportionalityiscorollaryhere:inordertoassesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized,oneneedstoassesthreecriteria:effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.However,incurrentpoliticaldebates,whenanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresareinvolved,thelongheldgoldenruleforpolicymakinghasbeenreplacedbyanother,substantiallyemptyrhetoric:theinherentlyfalsedichotomyofthe“l(fā)ibertyvs.security”-binary.（相稱性的概念在這里是必然的：為了評(píng)估所使用的手段和尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系，需要評(píng)估三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：有效性、必要性和造成的傷害程度。然而，在當(dāng)前的政治辯論中，當(dāng)涉及到反恐執(zhí)法措施時(shí)，長期以來被奉為制定政策的黃金法則已經(jīng)被另一個(gè)實(shí)質(zhì)上空洞的辭令所取代：固有的錯(cuò)誤的“自由與安全”二元對(duì)立）推斷出黃金法則就是前面提到的相稱性的概念，可知選A選項(xiàng)“評(píng)估所使用的手段與尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系”，B選項(xiàng)“有效性、必要性和造成損害的程度”的目的是為了A選項(xiàng)，不符合題意，C選項(xiàng)“自由與安全”錯(cuò)誤，和原文相悖；第一段第一句Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.（本文探討了9/11后法律發(fā)展的一個(gè)獨(dú)特特征：對(duì)憲法平衡的隱性規(guī)避，這是法學(xué)以及立法、政策制定和執(zhí)法的一個(gè)核心特征）可知D選項(xiàng)“憲法平衡”是政策制定的核心特征而不是黃金法則。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段People(thepoliticalclass,theelectorate)appeartobewillingtoreformulatethetraditionalbalancebetweenlibertyandsecurity:alittlebitmoredocumentsandID-checks,longerlinesandmoreflexiblesearch-warrantsseemanacceptabletaxleviedinreturnformorestringentdemandsforgovernment-providedsecurity.（人們（政治階層，選民）似乎愿意重新制定自由和安全之間的傳統(tǒng)平衡：多點(diǎn)證件和身份檢查，更長的隊(duì)伍和更靈活的搜查令似乎是可以接受的稅收，作為對(duì)政府提供的更嚴(yán)格的安全要求的回報(bào)）可知A選項(xiàng)“更多的文件和身份檢查”，B選項(xiàng)“更長的隊(duì)伍”和C選項(xiàng)“更靈活的搜查令”和原文一致；D選項(xiàng)“可接受的稅”是指人們把ABC三項(xiàng)作為和政府交換的內(nèi)容，而D選項(xiàng)本身不是交換的內(nèi)容。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到最后一段Itseemstobethecasethatthereisabroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprinciplesor,forthatmatter,thelawoftheGenevaConventionshavebecomeunsuitedforhandlingthepeculiarwarfareputonbysuicidebombersandterroristorganizations...Theexpandedmeasuresandproceduresthusintroducedwereoftenonesthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,butthistimearound,theycouldtakeadvantageofchangesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshockoverthetragiceventsandfearspreadingintheirwake.（似乎是這樣，人們普遍認(rèn)為，傳統(tǒng)的警務(wù)原則或日內(nèi)瓦公約的法律已不適合處理自殺式炸彈襲擊者和恐怖組織所發(fā)動(dòng)的特殊戰(zhàn)爭……因此所采取的擴(kuò)大措施和程序往往是立法者和執(zhí)法官員原本只夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)的措施和程序，但這次，由于社會(huì)對(duì)悲慘事件的震驚和隨之而來的恐懼蔓延，他們可以利用公眾情緒的變化）可知A選項(xiàng)“公眾情緒的變化由于社會(huì)的沖擊”，C選項(xiàng)“悲劇事件和恐懼蔓延”和D選項(xiàng)“于傳統(tǒng)的警務(wù)原則已經(jīng)變得不適合的事實(shí)的廣泛共識(shí)”和原文一致；最后一段Forexample,oncebeingconvincedthatweactuallyneedtobesearchedandsurveilledforaviationsafety,forafasterprocess,wearewillingtogivingupsomeofourprivacyandenterafullbodyscanner.（例如，一旦我們確信，為了航空安全，為了更快的過程，我們確實(shí)需要被搜索和監(jiān)視，我們?cè)敢夥艞壱恍╇[私，進(jìn)入全身掃描儀）可知B選項(xiàng)“人們?cè)敢夥艞壱恍┧麄兊碾[私”屬于人們?cè)敢馍釛壱恍〇|西來求得政府更好的保護(hù)的例子，不屬于實(shí)行立法人員和執(zhí)法官員在其他情況下只是夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)的措施的原因。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.單選題

Weare___facedwiththenecessitytorecognizethathavingmorepeopleimpliesalowerstandardofliving.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.readily

B.smoothly

C.inevitably

D.deliberately

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)readily“容易地；樂意地；無困難地”；B選項(xiàng)smoothly“平穩(wěn)地；平滑地；順利地；流暢地；平靜地；均勻地”；C選項(xiàng)inevitably“不可避免地；必然地”；D選項(xiàng)deliberately“故意地；緩慢而謹(jǐn)慎地”。句意：我們___要認(rèn)識(shí)到有更多的人就意味著更低的生活水平。本句表達(dá)“不可避免地認(rèn)識(shí)到”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.

InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighborbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbor;andthelawyer’squestion,whoismyneighbor?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbor.Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligentactorwhocausedtheharmbecause___.

2.LordAtkinthinksthat___.

3.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighborisonewho___.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.therelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo

B.theydonotknoweachother

C.theactorisnegligent

D.manufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Englishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare

B.theliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof“culpa”

C.theliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing

D.everypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.livesnextdoortoyou

B.youoweadutyofcare

C.shouldbetakengoodcareof

D.hasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw

B.Thedoerfailedtotakecare

C.Thefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers

D.Thedoerhasforeseentheresult

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.（合同相對(duì)性的缺失使一個(gè)人無法對(duì)給自己造成傷害的過失行為人獲得賠償，無論該過失行為是否構(gòu)成了對(duì)他人的違約）可知選A選項(xiàng)“兩者之間缺乏契約關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“他們彼此不認(rèn)識(shí)”，C選項(xiàng)“行為人疏忽”第一段未提及；根據(jù)第一段第二句TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實(shí)對(duì)最終消費(fèi)者負(fù)有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過程中造成傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）可知D選項(xiàng)“制造商對(duì)最終消費(fèi)者不負(fù)有注意義務(wù)”和原文相悖。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.（過失責(zé)任，無論你將其視為“罪犯”的一種，或?qū)⑵湟暈槠渌贫戎械囊环N，無疑是基于公眾普遍的道德錯(cuò)誤情緒，而犯罪者必須為此付出代價(jià)）可知C選項(xiàng)“過失責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ)是公眾認(rèn)識(shí)到違法者必須為他們的過錯(cuò)付出代價(jià)”正確；根據(jù)第二段開頭InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.（用阿特金勛爵的話說：目前我滿足于指出，在英國法律中，必須而且是一些關(guān)系的一般概念，產(chǎn)生了一種謹(jǐn)慎的義務(wù)，書中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的特殊情況只是實(shí)例）可知A選項(xiàng)“英國法沒有注意義務(wù)的一般概念”和原文相悖；B選項(xiàng)“過失責(zé)任應(yīng)該被定義為一種‘過失’”原文沒有直接說明；第二段Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.（但是，在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，任何道德準(zhǔn)則都不會(huì)責(zé)難的作為或不作為都不能被視為給予每一個(gè)受其傷害的人要求救濟(jì)的權(quán)利）可知D選項(xiàng)“每個(gè)受傷的人都應(yīng)該被賦予要求救濟(jì)的權(quán)利”不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.（這樣，誰是我的鄰舍呢？答案似乎是——那些受到我的行為密切而直接影響的人，當(dāng)我將我的思想導(dǎo)向被質(zhì)疑的作為或不作為時(shí)，我應(yīng)該合理地考慮他們是如何受到影響的）可知在侵權(quán)法的意義上，鄰居是會(huì)受到“我”行為密切影響的人，“我”需要考慮他們是如何受到影響，選B選項(xiàng)“你應(yīng)負(fù)注意義務(wù)”；A選項(xiàng)“住在你隔壁”，D選項(xiàng)“與你有友好的關(guān)系”原文未提及；原文只是說“我”的行為會(huì)密切和直接影響鄰居，沒有要求必須好好照顧?quán)従?，C選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該被好好照顧”錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段末TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.（阿特金勛爵的判決推理的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以說如下：（1）在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。（2）在這些案件中，法院確立了謹(jǐn)慎的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（3）在這些情況下，我們可以從法律規(guī)定的注意義務(wù)（注意標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）中推斷出來。過失法也適用于這種行為）可知A選項(xiàng)“法律規(guī)定有謹(jǐn)慎的義務(wù)”，B選項(xiàng)“行事者沒有注意”符合原文，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“行為者已經(jīng)預(yù)見了結(jié)果”和原文相悖，原文明確提出在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任；根據(jù)第一段TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實(shí)對(duì)最終消費(fèi)者負(fù)有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過程中造成傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）可知造成傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的話是需要承擔(dān)義務(wù)，則為C選項(xiàng)“該故障對(duì)他人造成損害或傷害”也屬于過失法的理由。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.單選題

People___thatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.convinced

B.anticipated

C.resolved

D.assured

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)convinced“說服；使確信，使信服”；B選項(xiàng)anticipated“預(yù)料，預(yù)期；預(yù)見，預(yù)計(jì)（并做準(zhǔn)備）”；C選項(xiàng)resolved“決定；溶解；使……分解；決心要做……”；D選項(xiàng)assured“保證；擔(dān)保；使確信；弄清楚”。句意：人們___，垂直飛行運(yùn)輸將像今天的飛機(jī)一樣運(yùn)載數(shù)百萬乘客。本句表達(dá)“人們?cè)?jīng)預(yù)計(jì)”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

XI.IntellectualPropertyLaw

Section106oftheCopyrightActgrants“theownerofcopyrightunderthistitle”certain“exclusiverights,”includingtheright“todistributecopies...ofthecopyrightedworktothepublicbysaleorothertransferofownership.”Theserightsarequalified,however,bytheapplicationofvariouslimitationssetforthinthenextseveralsectionsoftheAct,107through122.Thosesections,typicallyentitled“Limitationsonexclusiverights,”include,forexample,theprincipleof“fairuse”(107),permissionforlimitedlibraryarchivalreproduction,(108),andthedoctrineatissuehere,the“firstsale”doctrine(109).

Section109(a)setsforththe“firstsale”doctrineasfollows:“Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection106(3)[thesectionthatgrantstheownerexclusivedistributionrights],theownerofaparticularcopyorphonorecordlawfullymadeunderthistitle…isentitled,withouttheauthorityofthecopyrightowner,tosellorotherwisedisposeofthepossessionofthatcopyorphonorecord”,Thus,eventhough106(3)forbidsdistributionofacopyof,say,thecopyrightednovelHerzogwithoutthecopyrightowner’spermission,109(a)addsthat,onceacopyofHerzoghasbeenlawfullysold(oritsownershipotherwiselawfullytransferred),thebuyerofthatcopyandsubsequentownersarefreetodisposeofitastheywish.Incopyrightjargon,the“firstsale”has“exhausted”thecopyrightowner’s106(3)exclusivedistributionright.

What,however,ifthecopyofHerzogwasprintedabroadandtheninitiallysoldwiththecopyrightowner’spermission?Doesthe“firstsale”doctrinestillapply?IsthebuyerfreetobringthecopyintotheUnitedStatesanddisposeofitasheorshewishes?Toputthemattertechnically,an“importation”provision,602(a)(1),saysthat“importationintotheUnitedStates,withouttheauthorityoftheownerofcopyrightunderthistitle,ofcopies...ofaworkthathavebeenacquiredoutsidetheUnitedStatesisaninfringementoftheexclusiverighttodistributecopies…undersection106…”Thus602(a)(1)makesclearthatimportingacopywithoutpermissionviolatestheowner’sexclusivedistributionright.Butindoingso,602(a)(1)refersexplicitlytothe106(3)exclusivedistributionright.Aswehavejustsaid,106isbyitsterms“subjectto”thevariousdoctrinesandprinciplescontainedin107through122,including109(a)’s“firstsale”limitation.Dothosesamemodificationsapply—inparticular,doesthe“firstsale”modificationapply—whenconsideringwhether602(a)(1)prohibitsimportingacopy?

1.Whichwordisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“qualified”inthefirstparagraph?

2.Fromthesecondparagraph,onecanknowthatthe“firstsale”doctrine___.

3.Whatquestionistheauthoraskinginthelastparagraph?

4.Fromtheaboveparagraphs,weknowthatthestatementof___isnottrue.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.restricted

B.limited

C.eligible

D.certified

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.permitsownerofaparticularcopytodisposeofitastheywish

B.isacopyrightjargonthatordinarypeopledonotuse

C.setslimitationtoacopyrightowner’sexclusivedistributionright

D.forbidsdistributionofacopyofthecopyrightednovelHerzogwithoutthecopyrightowner’spermission

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.WastheHerzogprintedabroadandthensoldwiththecopyrightowner’spermission?

B.IsthebuyerfreetobringacopyintotheUnitedStatesanddisposeofitashe/shewishes?

C.Does602(a)(1)prohibitsimportingacopy?

D.Doesthe“firstsale”doctrineapplywhenacopyisinitiallysoldabroadwiththepermissionofthecopyrightowner?

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Acopyrightowner’sdistributionrightisunlimited.

B.107through122containvariousdoctrinesandprincipleslimitingtherightsconferredby106.

C.602(a)(1)grantsacopyrightownerimportationright.

D.Copyrightsconferredby106arenotunlimited.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.詞義辨析題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Theserightsarequalified,however,bytheapplicationofvariouslimitationssetforthinthenextseveralsectionsoftheAct,107through122.（然而，這些權(quán)利是有限制的，這些限制將在法案接下來的107至122節(jié)中提出），根據(jù)句子中l(wèi)imitations“限制；局限性”可推測(cè)qualified表示“限制”，被動(dòng)語態(tài)；A選項(xiàng)“限制；約束；限定（強(qiáng)調(diào)約束，這種約束大多來自法律等約束性文件）”；B選項(xiàng)“限制；限定（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間，范圍，數(shù)量的限制）”；C選項(xiàng)“合格的，合適的；符合條件的；有資格當(dāng)選的”；D選項(xiàng)“證明；保證”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Thus,eventhough106(3)forbidsdistributionofacopyof,say,thecopyrightednovelHerzogwithoutthecopyrightowner’spermission,109(a)addsthat,onceacopyofHerzoghasbeenlawfullysold(oritsownershipotherwiselawfullytransferred),thebuyerofthatcopyandsubsequentownersarefreetodisposeofitastheywish.Incopyrightjargon,the“firstsale”has“exhausted”thecopyrightowner’s106(3)exclusivedistributionright.（因此，即使106（3）禁止分發(fā)一份，說，這部小說版權(quán)赫爾佐格未經(jīng)著作權(quán)人許可，109（a）補(bǔ)充道，一旦赫爾佐格的一個(gè)副本被依法出售（或其所有權(quán)否則依法轉(zhuǎn)移），買方的復(fù)制和隨后的所有者可以按照他們的想法自由處置它。用版權(quán)術(shù)語來說，“首次銷售”已經(jīng)“耗盡”了版權(quán)所有者的106（3）獨(dú)家經(jīng)銷權(quán)）可知選C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)版權(quán)所有人的獨(dú)家發(fā)行權(quán)設(shè)置限制”，D選項(xiàng)“禁止未經(jīng)版權(quán)所有者的許可發(fā)行受版權(quán)保護(hù)的小說赫爾佐格的副本”屬于106（3）的內(nèi)容而不是“首次銷售”原則，錯(cuò)誤，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“允許某一特定副本的所有者按照他們的意愿處