2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號51

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys___togotoschool.

問題1選項

A.tobeencouraged

B.beenencouraged

C.beingencouraged

D.beencourage

【答案】C

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。介詞with可引出分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，表示一種陪襯性動作或補(bǔ)充說明。A選項：動詞不定式常作目的狀語或表示將來的動作，不能引出陪襯性動作；B選項和D選項這兩種形式不屬于非謂語動詞，排除；C選項現(xiàn)在分詞表示陪襯性動作，符合題意。因此C選項正確。

2.單選題

Weweregreatlysurprisedbytheway___thingsweredonehere.

問題1選項

A.what

B.inwhich

C.as

D.which

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。本句主語是we，謂語為詞組weresurprisedby，賓語theway；thingsweredonehere屬于完整的句子，根據(jù)句意可知修飾theway；結(jié)合四個選項可知空格處要填入從句關(guān)系詞。判斷出此處考查theway+從句的固定用法：theway后引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有三種：1.that；2.inwhich；3.省略。句意：我們對這里的做法感到非常驚訝。因此B選項正確。

3.單選題

Ⅵ.(Jurisprudence)

Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.Iwasquiteclear,asGreenberg’sdiscussionreveals,aboutwhatImeantbyit,andsotherealquestioniswhetheranyoneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication.Greenberg,however,makesthesurprisingclaimthatnooneissocommitted.RecognizingthatDworkinisonepossibletargetoftheRealistcritiqueasIreconstructit,Greenbergclaimsthat“theright-answerthesisisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject.”Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.WhenGreenbergclaimstheFoundationalistaspectofDworkin’stheoryisn’tcentralheisnotmakingaclaimabouttheamountofeffortDworkindevotestodefendingtheright-answerthesis,whichisobviouslysubstantial.Greenberg’srealclaimisthattheDworkinofLaw’sEmpireisnotnecessarilycommittedtotheright-answerthesis.IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.Sofar,thisisjustacomplicatedadmissionthatDworkinacceptsaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication;thebestGreenbergcandoistoassert“thatmostofDworkin’sargumentscouldsucceedconsistentwiththefalsityoftheright-answerthesis.”GreenbergdoesnotshowthatthisisDworkin’sview,anditiscertainlynotDworkin’sviewinhisearlywork,sincethe“retroactivity”objectiontolegalpositivismturns,quiteclearly,onthetruthoftheright-answerthesis.GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.ButnoneofthischangesthefactthattheactualRonaldDworkinholdsatheoryofadjudicationinvolvingtheFoundationalistStorybecauseheholdsaparticularviewaboutlawandmorality.

71.Greenbergpronouncestheuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”.Theauthorrebutthecomment____.

72.Theessenceoftheright-answerthesisisthat___.

73.Fromtheunderlinedsentence,onecanknowthat___.

74.Readingthewholeparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrong?

問題1選項

A.cynically

B.byfightingback

C.withdisagreement

D.withagreement

問題2選項

A.nooneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication

B.itisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject

C.itisapotent,livingtargetoftheRealistcritique

D.everycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw

問題3選項

A.GreenburgdidnotthinkofJohnMackie

B.JohnMackiegaveuptheright-answerthesis

C.DworkinwasnothappywithJohnMackie

D.JohnMackiedecidedacase,whichreflectsGreenburg’stheory

問題4選項

A.Theauthorisbasicallyafoundationalistscholar.

B.TheauthorisarguingwithMr.Greenburg.

C.TheauthordoesnotagreewithDworkingtheory.

D.Greenburgmaybecorrectinoneaspect.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】71.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文開頭Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短語“審判理論”是“不尋常的”，恐怕我只能用一個限定詞來回敬：“審判理論”根本沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法，因此，似乎有通常意義的寫作本身就是“不尋常的”）可知作者是通過提出自己的觀點(diǎn)來反駁格林伯格的觀點(diǎn)，選B選項“通過反擊”；A選項“冷笑”，C選項“與之有分歧”以及D選項“與之協(xié)議”都不符合原文。因此B選項正確。

72.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“theright-answer”定位到原文Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.（正確答案命題——即每個案例在法律問題上都有正確答案的想法——將是一個關(guān)于裁決的基礎(chǔ)主義故事的例子，因此現(xiàn)實(shí)主義批判就有了一個有力的、活生生的目標(biāo)）可知選D選項“作為一項法律問題，每個案例都有正確答案”，同時可知A選項“沒有人致力于一個關(guān)于裁決理論的基礎(chǔ)主義故事”，C選項“它是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義批判的一個有力的、活生生的目標(biāo)”錯誤，并不是正確答案命題的本質(zhì)；B選項“這不是德沃金項目的中心”也不能回答正確答案命題的本質(zhì)這個問題，排除。因此D選項正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到劃線句子部分GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.（格林伯格可能是正確的，人們可以有一個不同于德沃金的關(guān)于道德本質(zhì)的觀點(diǎn)，并放棄正確答案的論點(diǎn)：約翰?麥凱將是一個恰當(dāng)?shù)睦?，盡管不是格林伯格心目中的那個，也不是德沃金會滿意的）可以判斷出德沃金對約翰?麥凱不太滿意，選C選項“德沃金對約翰?麥基不滿意”；A選項“格林伯格沒有想到約翰?麥基”和原文相悖；B選項“約翰?麥基放棄了正確答案的論點(diǎn)”劃線句子未涉及，排除；D選項“約翰?麥基決定了一個案件，這反映了格林伯格的理論”和原文相悖。因此C選項符合題意。

74.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。閱讀原文可知作者只是在客觀的評價各個學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)，而不是基礎(chǔ)主義方法論者，選A選項“作者基本上是一位基礎(chǔ)主義學(xué)者”；根據(jù)原文Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短語“審判理論”是“不尋常的”，恐怕我只能用一個限定詞來回敬：“審判理論”根本沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法，因此，似乎有通常意義的寫作本身就是“不尋常的”）可知B選項“作者正在和格林伯格先生爭論”符合原文；由原文IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.（我相當(dāng)同意格林伯格的觀點(diǎn)，即德沃金“最關(guān)心的是確定……法律以一種特定的方式依賴于道德”，“正確答案理論……是他整體法律理論和他關(guān)于道德的觀點(diǎn)的下游結(jié)果”）可知C選項“作者不同意德沃金理論”，作者認(rèn)為德沃金的理論是下游結(jié)果，以及D選項“在某一方面，格林伯格可能是正確的”符合原文。因此A選項符合題意。

4.單選題

V.Duringthefirsthalf2015,boththeDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengersbecameablemastersofsocialmedia,pressreleases,andlobbyingtacticstocurryfavoramongvotingshareholdersofallstripes.Trianwasabletowinthepublicendorsementofsignificantproxyadvisoryfirms(suchasGlass-LewisandISS),whileDuPontsecuredsupportofsignificantinstitutionalinvestors(suchasCALPERS).Whenthedustfinallysettled,theincumbentshadekedoutvictoriesonallfourchallengedseats.Butthemarginwasuncomfortablysmall,withthesplitlargelyseparatingself-identified“l(fā)ongterm”investors(includingindexfundssuchasVanguard,BlackRockandStateStreet)from“shortterm”investors(whichincludedbothactivisthedgefundsandasizableportionofretailinvestors—estimatedtocontrolaroundthirtypercentoftheshares).

ThegovernancekerfuffleatDuPont,andtherhetoricalfisticuffsitprecipitated,helpsmotivatethispaper:Indeed,whileDuPontisacompellingcasestudyinitsownright,itisalsoemblematicofagrowingrecenttrendofshareholderactivism—onethathasattractedanincreasinglyperferviddebatewithinthecorporatelawandfinancecommunityaroundcontemporaryactivism’smerits.ThereislittledoubtthatactivismhasbecomeaforcetobereckonedwithamongU.S.issuers.ThelastfifteenyearsbearwitnesstoadiscernibleescalationofproxyfightssimilartoDuPont’s.Moreover,evenasthenumberofproxychallengershasescalated,theyhaveenjoyedgreatersuccess:dissidentsnowgainsomemeasureofvictory(throughsettlementoroutrightvictory)inovertwo-thirdsofthechallengestheylaunch.

Theburgeoningsuccessofproxyfightsisarguablyreflectedinthecontemporaneousgrowthofactivisthedgefunds,whichhaveballoonedfromunder$100millioninassetsundermanagementin2000toover$140billiontoday.Whiletheactivismtrendisremarkable,thecacophonousdebatesurroundingitreallystealstheshow.Thecompetingpositionsarebynowwell-troddenterrain.Activists,itisalleged,privilegeshorttermearningsovermoredurable(butlessliquid)investmentsinlongtermvalue,leadingtobusinessdecisionsthatnotonlyforsakelongtermvalueforimmediategain,butdosoinamannerthatsacrificesnetpresentvalue.Andindeed,severalstudiesofhedge-fundengagementsfindthathedgefundactivismsignificantlycurbslong-terminvestmentsinresearchanddevelopment,durableassets,andworkforcecapital.

1.Thefirstsentenceoftheparagraphsisclosestinmeaningwiththefollowingstatement.

2.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthefollowingbut___.

3.Thesecondparagraphtellsusthat___.

4.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorsaysthat“activistsprivilegeshorttermearningsovermoredurableinvestmentsinlongtermvalue”.Theunderlinedword“privilege”isclosestinmeaningwith___.

問題1選項

A.TheDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengersaremasters.

B.VotingshareholdersofalltypesconcernaboutDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengers.

C.Socialmediaandpressreleasescurryfavoramongvotingshareholdersofallstripes.

D.TheDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengersheldpressreleases.

問題2選項

A.DuPontwongreatvictory

B.significantinstitutionalinvestorssupportedDuPont

C.significantproxyadvisoryfirmssupportedTrian

D.theauthoristalkingaboutboardelection

問題3選項

A.thegovemanceatDuPonthascomeacrosssomeproblems

B.dissidentsgainovertwo-thirdsoftheseats

C.proxyfightssimilartoDuPont’sstarted15yearsago

D.shareholderactivismisgrowingandhasbecomeaforcetobereckonedwith

問題4選項

A.grantedspecialright

B.fightfor

C.favor

D.keepsecret

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段第一句Duringthefirsthalf2015,boththeDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengersbecameablemastersofsocialmedia,pressreleases,andlobbyingtacticstocurryfavoramongvotingshareholdersofallstripes.（在2015年上半年，DuPont的在任者和Trian的挑戰(zhàn)者們都成為了社交媒體、新聞發(fā)布和游說策略的高手，以討好所有有投票權(quán)的股東）可知選B選項“所有類型的投票股東都關(guān)注DuPont公司的現(xiàn)任股東和Trian公司的挑戰(zhàn)者”；A選項“DuPont公司和Trian公司的挑戰(zhàn)者都是大師級人物”不符合原文的形容，原文是說社交媒體、新聞發(fā)布和游說策略的高手，A選項太寬泛；C選項“社交媒體和新聞稿都在討好各種有投票權(quán)的股東”，D選項“DuPont公司和Trian公司的挑戰(zhàn)者舉行了新聞發(fā)布會”未涉及。因此B選項正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段Whenthedustfinallysettled,theincumbentshadekedoutvictoriesonallfourchallengedseats.（當(dāng)塵埃落定時，在任者已在所有四個面臨挑戰(zhàn)的席位上險勝），結(jié)合第一句話可知在任者是指DuPont的在任者，則DuPont是險勝而不是巨大的勝利，A選項“DuPont公司贏得了巨大的勝利”和原文不符；第一段Trianwasabletowinthepublicendorsementofsignificantproxyadvisoryfirms,whileDuPontsecuredsupportofsignificantinstitutionalinvestors.（Trian能夠贏得重要代理咨詢公司的公眾認(rèn)可，而DuPont則獲得了重要機(jī)構(gòu)投資者的支持）可知B選項“重要的機(jī)構(gòu)投資者支持DuPont”，C選項“重要的代理咨詢公司支持Trian”符合原文；由第一段第一句Duringthefirsthalf2015,boththeDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengersbecameablemastersofsocialmedia,pressreleases,andlobbyingtacticstocurryfavoramongvotingshareholdersofallstripes.（在2015年上半年，DuPont的在任者和Trian的挑戰(zhàn)者們都成為了社交媒體、新聞發(fā)布和游說策略的高手，以討好所有有投票權(quán)的股東）可以推測出這是在指董事會的選舉，D選項“作者正在談?wù)摱聲x舉”符合原文。因此A選項正確。

3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段itisalsoemblematicofagrowingrecenttrendofshareholderactivism…ThereislittledoubtthatactivismhasbecomeaforcetobereckonedwithamongU.S.issuers.（這也象征著最近股東維權(quán)主義的發(fā)展趨勢……毫無疑問，維權(quán)主義已成為美國發(fā)行人不可忽視的一股力量）可知選D選項“股東維權(quán)主義正在增長，并已成為一股不可忽視的力量”，第二段主要描述的就是股東維權(quán)主義的內(nèi)容，原文提到ThegovernancekerfuffleatDuPont（DuPon的管治混亂）的例子是為了提供相應(yīng)的論據(jù)來支持作者該觀點(diǎn)，則A選項“DuPon公司的管理遇到了一些問題”并不是第二段告訴我們的主要內(nèi)容；B選項“持不同政見者獲得超過三分之二的席位”在文中未提及；第二段ThelastfifteenyearsbearwitnesstoadiscernibleescalationofproxyfightssimilartoDuPont’s.（過去十五年來，類似DuPon的代理權(quán)糾紛明顯升級）根據(jù)這句話無法推測出C選項“與DuPon公司類似的代理權(quán)之爭始于15年前”，排除。因此D選項正確。

4.語義推測題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文劃分單詞句子Activists,itisalleged,privilegeshorttermearningsovermoredurable(butlessliquid)investmentsinlongtermvalue…（據(jù)稱，在長期價值方面，激進(jìn)分子優(yōu)先考慮的是短期收益，而不是更持久（但流動性更差）的投資……），privilege在本句中是謂語，表示“給……特權(quán)；優(yōu)先……”，選A選項“給予特殊的權(quán)利”；B選項“爭取”，C選項“較喜歡；偏袒；有利于；（非正式）長得像；悉心照料”，D選項“保密”不符合原文的含義，排除。因此A選項正確。

5.單選題

Manypeoplehavethe___abouttheblindanddeaf.

問題1選項

A.misconceptions

B.frustration

C.confession

D.acknowledgement

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項misconceptions“迷思概念；錯誤的想法”；B選項frustration“挫折”；C選項confession“懺悔；告解；供認(rèn)；表白”；D選項acknowledgement“承認(rèn)；確認(rèn)；感謝”。句意：許多人對盲人和聾人有___。本句表達(dá)“對盲人和聾人有誤解”，因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

Thelocalbusinesswasnotmuch___bythesuddenoutbreakoftheepidemic.

問題1選項

A.intervened

B.insulated

C.hampered

D.pampered

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項intervened“介入（intervene的過去式和過去分詞）”；B選項insulated“有隔熱（或隔音、絕緣）保護(hù)的”；C選項hampered“受阻礙的”；D選項pampered“飲食過量的；飲食奢侈的”。句意：這種流行病的突然爆發(fā)并沒有給當(dāng)?shù)氐纳虡I(yè)帶來多大的___。本句表達(dá)“當(dāng)?shù)氐纳虡I(yè)并沒有受阻礙”，因此C選項正確。

7.單選題

Ⅵ.Internationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasse.Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,andeconomicfactors,isstaggering.Scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly.Theunderlyingcausesofsuchdegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits,withtheresultthatpoliticalauthoritieshavenowishtoprohibitorstrictlyregulatethem;incentivestructuresmayoftenconstituteamorepromisingavenue.Thecomplexityofquestionsabouthumanimpactsontheenvironmentandhowtodecreaseormitigatethemcallsforahighdegreeofspecialization,whileatthesametimerequiringcoordinatedactiononanumberoffronts.Inlightofthesechallenges,internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedatrajectorythatseemsinevitable:fromgeneralruleswhosevaguenessoftenimpededtheirusefulnesstohighlyspecialized,technicalregimesfocusedonnarrowly-definedphenomenaandinteractingwitheachotherinaratherhesitantandclumsyfashion,andmorerecentlytotheaccelerationoftransnational,includingnon-state,regimebuilding.Itbecomesincreasinglydifficulttodiscerntheparticularcontributionthatlawcanmaketoenvironmentalprotectionasittakesontheroleofhandmaidentoscience,economics,politics,ethics,andothersocialsystems.

Inhisdiscussionsofthemanagerialmindsetandthedemoralizationoflaw,Koskenniemifrequentlymakesreferencetoenvironmentallaw,notablytothecarvingoutofimplementationandcomplianceproceduresfromthegenerallawofstateresponsibility,totheincreasedresorttosoftlaw,andtotheheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing.Abriefsketchofthearchitectureofinternationalenvironmentallawrevealsvague,generalprinciplesatoneend;highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandardsarticulatedatthelevelofspecializedregimesattheotherend;andaseriesofpotentiallyusefulbutunderspecified—and,unfortunately,largelyuninfluential—proceduralrulesbetweenthetwo.Furthermore,alargenumberofgeneralprinciplesandregime-specificstandardstaketheformofsoftlaw.Attemptstofleshoutaseriesofgeneralrightsandobligationsforstates(andpotentiallyforotheractors,aswell)havebeenongoing,butthoseeffortsseemtohavefalteredwiththepublicationbytheInternationalLawCommission(ILC)ofthe2001DraftArticlesonPreventionofTransboundaryHarmfromHazardousActivitiesandthe2006DraftPrinciplesontheAllocationofLossinthecaseofTransboundaryHarmarisingoutofHazardousActivities.

1.InternationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasseNOTbecause___.

2.Internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedapathfrom___to___.

3.Koskenniemiusesenvironmentallawtoillustrate___.

4.Betweenthetwoendsofinternationalenvironmentallaware___.

問題1選項

A.thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems

B.theunderlyingcausesofthedegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits

C.scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly

D.politicalauthoritieshavenowishtostrictlyregulateenvironment

問題2選項

A.generalrules,clumsyfashion

B.generalrules,interactingwitheachother

C.generalrules,highlyspecializedregimes

D.generalrules,science,economics,politics,ethics,andothersocialsystems

問題3選項

A.generallawofstateresponsibility

B.thedemoralizationoflaw

C.theincreasedresorttosoftlaw

D.theheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing

問題4選項

A.seriesofproceduralrules

B.generalprinciples

C.highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandards

D.largelyuninfluentialrules

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Scientificunderstandingsofenvironmentaldegradationanditscausesevolverapidly.Theunderlyingcausesofsuchdegradationareveryoftenactivitiesthatbringsignificantsocialandeconomicbenefits,withtheresultthatpoliticalauthoritieshavenowishtoprohibitorstrictlyregulatethem;incentivestructuresmayoftenconstituteamorepromisingavenue.（對環(huán)境退化及其原因的科學(xué)認(rèn)識迅速演變。這種退化的根本原因往往是帶來重大社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的活動，其結(jié)果是政治當(dāng)局無意禁止或嚴(yán)格管制這些活動；激勵結(jié)構(gòu)往往構(gòu)成一種更有前途的途徑）可知D選項“政治當(dāng)局不希望嚴(yán)格管理環(huán)境”是國際環(huán)境法似乎陷入了僵局的結(jié)果，B選項“退化的根本原因往往是那些帶來重大社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的活動”和C選項“對環(huán)境退化及其原因的科學(xué)認(rèn)識迅速演變”是國際環(huán)境法似乎陷入了僵局的原因；第一段Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,andeconomicfactors,isstaggering.（這不足為奇：環(huán)境問題的復(fù)雜性，即使撇開潛在的社會、政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)因素考慮，也是驚人的）可知A選項“環(huán)境問題的復(fù)雜性”是國際環(huán)境法似乎陷入了僵局的原因。因此D選項符合題意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Inlightofthesechallenges,internationalenvironmentallawhasfollowedatrajectorythatseemsinevitable:fromgeneralruleswhosevaguenessoftenimpededtheirusefulnesstohighlyspecialized,technicalregimesfocusedonnarrowly-definedphenomenaandinteractingwitheachotherinaratherhesitantandclumsyfashion,andmorerecentlytotheaccelerationoftransnational,includingnon-state,regimebuilding.（鑒于這些挑戰(zhàn)，國際環(huán)境法遵循了一條似乎無可避免的軌跡：從模糊性往往妨礙其有用性的一般規(guī)則，到高度專門化的技術(shù)制度，側(cè)重于界定較窄的現(xiàn)象，并以相當(dāng)遲疑和呆滯的方式相互作用，以及最近加速跨國，包括非國家，體制建設(shè)）可知一般規(guī)則是和高度專門化的技術(shù)制度相對應(yīng)，選C選項“一般規(guī)則，高度專業(yè)化的制度”；A選項“一般規(guī)則，呆滯的方式”，B選項“一般規(guī)則，相互作用”所提到的內(nèi)容不是互為對應(yīng)項，D選項“一般規(guī)則、科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、倫理和其他社會制度”內(nèi)有內(nèi)容未提及。因此C選項符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Koskenniemi”定位到原文第二段開頭Inhisdiscussionsofthemanagerialmindsetandthedemoralizationoflaw,Koskenniemifrequentlymakesreferencetoenvironmentallaw,notablytothecarvingoutofimplementationandcomplianceproceduresfromthegenerallawofstateresponsibility,totheincreasedresorttosoftlaw,andtotheheavyrelianceonequitablebalancing.（在他討論的管理思維和法律的道德敗壞，Koskenniemi經(jīng)常借鑒環(huán)境法律，尤其是雕刻的實(shí)現(xiàn)和國家責(zé)任的一般法律合規(guī)程序，采取軟法的增加，嚴(yán)重依賴公平的平衡）可知選B選項“法律的道德敗壞”；A選項“國家責(zé)任的一般法律”，C選項“增加對軟法律的求助”以及D選項“嚴(yán)重依賴公平平衡”都是借鑒所舉的例子。因此B選項正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文第二段andaseriesofpotentiallyusefulbutunderspecified—and,unfortunately,largelyuninfluential—proceduralrulesbetweenthetwo.（以及在這兩端之間一系列可能有用但不明確（不幸的是，基本上沒有影響力）的程序規(guī)則）可知選A選項“一系列程序規(guī)則”，根據(jù)原文可知兩端之間是一系列程序規(guī)則，可能有用但不明確以及不幸的是，基本上沒有影響力都是用于修飾程序規(guī)則，而D選項“基本上沒有影響的規(guī)則”錯誤，該選項只提到了修飾成分，但是核心部分從程序規(guī)則變成了規(guī)則，和原文的范圍不符合；根據(jù)原文Abriefsketchofthearchitectureofinternationalenvironmentallawrevealsvague,generalprinciplesatoneend;highlydetailedandtechnicalrulesandstandardsarticulatedatthelevelofspecializedregimesattheotherend（對國際環(huán)境法架構(gòu)的簡要概述顯示，在一端是模糊的、一般的原則；在另一端的專門制度一級闡明了非常詳細(xì)和技術(shù)性的規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）可知B選項“一般原則”以及C選項“非常詳細(xì)和技術(shù)性的規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”分別是兩端的內(nèi)容，不符合題意。因此A選項正確。

8.單選題

I.Jurisprudence

ManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000,theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore:“Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.”

Thousandsofotherexamplescouldbecited.TheRuleofLawisseenasafragilebutcrucialideal,andonethatisappropriatelyinvokedwhenevergovernmentstrytogettheirwaybyarbitraryandoppressiveactionorbyshort-circuitingthenormsandprocedureslaiddowninacountry’slawsorconstitution.Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.

Iwouldliketoconsidertheroleofthisidealingeneraljurisprudence,thatis,intheconceptualworkthatwedoinlegalphilosophywhenwetrytoexplainwhatlawis.Iamgoingtoarguefortwopropositions:IshallarguethatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawandourunderstandingoftheconceptoflawoughttobemuchmorecloselyconnectedthantheyareinmodernjurisprudence;IshallarguealsothatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizenotjustthevalueofsettled,determinaterulesandthepredictabilitythattheymakepossible,butalsotheimportanceoftheproceduralandargumentativeaspectsoflegalpractice.

Ishallargue,moreover,thatthesetwopropositionsareconnected.ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflawwhenweunderstandtheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemesthanwhenweseeitpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.TheproceduralaspectoftheRuleofLawhelpsbringourconceptualthinkingaboutlawtolife;andanunderstandingoflegalsystemsthatemphasizesargumentinthecourtroomasmuchastheexistenceandrecognitionofrulesprovidesthebasisforamuchricherunderstandofthevaluesthattheRuleofLawcomprisesinmodernpoliticalargument.

51.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTcorrect?

52.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTanabuseoftheRuleofLaw?

53.Accordingtothe3rdparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

54.Whichstatementiscorrectaccordingtothe4thparagraph?

問題1選項

A.JusticeStevensdidnotagreewiththemajorityoftheJustices.

B.Theyear2000wasayearwherePresidentialelectionwasheld.

C.TheJusticesknewwhotheloserwasintheelection.

D.Ateverystageofthedebate,theRuleofLawwasinvoked.

問題2選項

A.LettingthecourtdecidethefinalresultofthePresidentialelection.

B.Arrestingsomeonewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess.

C.Agovernmentagencygivingorderstocourtsforspecificcases.

D.Puttingsomeoneintojailwithoutatrialbycourt.

問題3選項

A.thescholars’understandingoftheRuleofLawiscorrect

B.theunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizeboththesubstantiveandproceduralaspects

C.whenpeopletrytoexplainwhatlawis,theytalkabouttheRuleofLaw

D.lawsaresettled,determinaterules

問題4選項

A.OneshouldlookattheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemes.

B.TheRuleofLawshouldbeseenpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.

C.ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflaw.

D.UnderstandingoflawsbothasrulesandasthoseusedincourtroomshelpstounderstandtheRuleofLaw.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】51.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore（每一個階段，每個問題的各方都援引了《法治》，最終以大法官史蒂文斯在布什訴戈爾案中提出的著名異議告終），結(jié)合法律知識，此處的異議是指案外人對執(zhí)行標(biāo)的提出不同的意見，而不是大法官史蒂文斯不同意大多數(shù)人的意見，A選項“法官史蒂文斯不同意大多數(shù)法官的意見”和原文不符，同時可知D選項“辯論的每一階段都援引了《法治》”符合原文；第一段ManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000…（許多讀者會記得2000年佛羅里達(dá)選舉失敗時的情形……）可知2000年正在進(jìn)行總統(tǒng)選舉，B選項“2000年是總統(tǒng)選舉舉行的一年”符合原文；第一段Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.（盡管我們可能永遠(yuǎn)無法完全確定今年總統(tǒng)選舉的贏家是誰，但輸家的身份是非常清楚的。這是國家對法官作為法治公正監(jiān)護(hù)人的信任）可知C選項“法官們知道誰是選舉中的失敗者”符合原文。因此A選項符合題意。

52.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“anabuseoftheRuleofLaw”定位到原文第二段Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.（干涉法庭、在沒有法律依據(jù)的情況下監(jiān)禁某人、在沒有正當(dāng)程序保障的情況下拘留人、為黨派利益操縱憲法——所有這些都被視為對法治的濫用）可知A選項“讓法院決定總統(tǒng)選舉的最終結(jié)果”，B選項“在沒有任何正當(dāng)程序保障的情況下逮捕某人”，D選項“未經(jīng)法庭審判就把某人關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄”屬于對《法治》的濫用，A選項屬于為黨派利益操縱憲法，法院不能直接決定總統(tǒng)選舉的結(jié)果。C選項“針對特定案件向法院下達(dá)命令的政府機(jī)構(gòu)”不屬于原文所提到的對《法治》的濫用。因此C選項正確。

53.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段IshallarguealsothatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizenotjustthevalueofsettled,determinaterulesandthepredictabilitythattheymakepossible,butalsotheimportanceoftheproceduralandargumentativeaspectsoflegalpractice.（我還認(rèn)為，我們對《法治》的理解不僅應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)既定的、確定的規(guī)則的價值和它們使之成為可能的可預(yù)測性，而且還應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)法律實(shí)踐的程序和辯論方面的重要性）可知作者認(rèn)為對《法治》的理解還應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)體和程序兩個方面，選B選項“對法治的理解應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)體和程序兩個方面”，同時可知D選項“法律是既定的，確定的規(guī)則”不符合原文，原文只是說不僅應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)既定的，確定的規(guī)則，不能過度推測出法律是既定的，確定的規(guī)則；A選項“學(xué)者們對法治的理解是正確的”和C選項“當(dāng)人們試圖解釋什么是法律時，他們談?wù)摰氖欠ㄖ巍钡谌挝瓷婕埃懦?。因此B選項正確。

54.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第四段ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflawwhenweunderstandtheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemesthanwhenweseeitpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.（當(dāng)我們至少部分地從程序性和辯論性的主題來理解《法治》時，要比單純地從確定性和可預(yù)見性來理解法治時，更容易理解法治與法律概念之間的聯(lián)系）可知選A選項“人們應(yīng)該至少從程序和辯論主題的角度看《法治》”，同時可知B選項“法治應(yīng)該純粹從確定性和可預(yù)見性的角度來看待”和原文相悖，以及C選項“更容易把握法治與法律概念之間的聯(lián)系”不完整；第四段andanunderstandingoflegalsystemsthatemphasizesargumentinthecourtroomasmuchastheexistenceandrecognitionofrulesprovidesthebasisforamuchricherunderstandofthevaluesthattheRuleofLawcomprisesinmodernpoliticalargument.（而對法律制度的理解，既強(qiáng)調(diào)法庭上的辯論，也強(qiáng)調(diào)規(guī)則的存在和承認(rèn)，為更豐富地理解法治在現(xiàn)代政治辯論中所包含的價值提供了基礎(chǔ)）可知同時強(qiáng)調(diào)法庭上的辯論和規(guī)則的存在能幫助對法律制度的理解，而對法律制度的理解為了豐富地理解法治在現(xiàn)代政治辯論中所包含的價值提供了基礎(chǔ)，D選項“將法律理解為規(guī)則和法庭上使用的規(guī)則有助于理解《法治》”和原文有偏差，排除。因此A選項正確。

9.單選題

Aterribletrafficaccidenthappened;peopleweresaddenedwhentheywatchedthe___sightonTV.

問題1選項

A.panic

B.patriotic

C.pathetic

D.periodic

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項panic“恐慌的；沒有理由的”；B選項patriotic“愛國的”；C選項pathetic“可憐的，悲哀的；感傷的；乏味的”；D選項periodic“周期的；定期的”。句意：一場可怕的交通事故發(fā)生了；人