2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號66

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

Criticismisavaluablemeansofhelpingourselvesandothersachievepersonalgrowth.However,becauseitisoftendonecarelesslyorcruelly,criticismhasabadreputation.Herearesomeguidelinesforofferingcriticismconstructively.First,waituntilthepersonasksforfeedbackonhisorherperformanceoractions.Unasked-forcriticismisnotusuallyvaluable.Second,describetheperson’sbehaviorasspecificallyaspossiblebeforeyoucriticizeit.Insteadofjustsaying,“Youwereawful,”tellthepersonexactlywhatyouobserved.Andfinally,trytobalanceyourcriticismwithpositivestatements.Lookforsignificantpointsintheotherperson’sperformancethatyoucanhonestlypraise.

【答案】批評是幫助我們促成自身與他人成長的有效手段，然而，因?yàn)樗膰?yán)厲與不經(jīng)意性，經(jīng)常遭人詬病。現(xiàn)在就如何給出建設(shè)性的批評意見，提供幾種方法。首先，要等到當(dāng)事人主動提出對其行為進(jìn)行批評指正。不請自來的批評通常是不值錢的。第二，在批評之前，要盡可能地詳細(xì)客觀地描述當(dāng)事人的行為。而不是僅僅說一句：“你太可怕了”，要讓他明白，你所看到的真實(shí)情況是怎樣的。最后，要讓你的批評聽起來只是正面的陳述。從另一個(gè)人的行為當(dāng)中找尋你所高度贊賞的閃光點(diǎn)。

2.單選題

Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffaloreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeaneurosurgeon,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.

“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.”

“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.”

Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.”

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedone,youshouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.

21.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat______.

22.Speakingofthesleepproblemsdoctorsfact,theauthorimpliesthat______.

23.Paragraph3and4arewrittento______.

24.By“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”(paragraph5),Dr.CharlesBinkleymeansthat______.

25.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness

B.poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder

C.strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep

D.toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergetic

B.doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidents

C.doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblem

D.sleep-depriveddoctorsareintoxicate

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.entertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotes

B.discussthecauseofdoctorssleepproblems

C.showthehostilitydoctorsharboragainsttheirpatients

D.exemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulations

B.thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuch

C.theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecific

D.lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Patientsshouldcontrolthehoursoftheirdoctors.

B.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors.

C.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequatelyrested.

D.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorfromtheirpositions.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】21.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.（這可能是一種潛在的紊亂導(dǎo)致他們無法熟睡的結(jié)果。），說明潛在的紊亂可能導(dǎo)致人們睡眠質(zhì)量不高，雖然睡眠時(shí)間長，但仍然感到疲憊。因此B選項(xiàng)“睡眠質(zhì)量差可能是身體紊亂的表現(xiàn)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“每天睡眠時(shí)間少于8小時(shí)的人更容易患病”，原文說的是每天睡眠時(shí)間超過8小時(shí)但仍然感到疲倦的人更容易患病，所以A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“中風(fēng)常與睡眠有關(guān)”，D選項(xiàng)“睡眠時(shí)間過長與睡眠不足的危害一樣大”在文中沒有提及，所以C，D錯(cuò)誤。

22.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.（令人好奇的是，那些認(rèn)為醉酒做手術(shù)應(yīng)該被免職的外科醫(yī)生對于在睡眠不足的情況下做手術(shù)卻很少認(rèn)真思考。），說明醫(yī)生們雖然認(rèn)為醉酒做手術(shù)應(yīng)該受到嚴(yán)懲，但卻不會考慮自己在睡眠不足的情況下做手術(shù)的問題。因此C選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生往往忽視自己的睡眠問題”正確。A選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生需要很少的睡眠就可以保持精力充沛”在文中沒有提及，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生的睡眠被住院醫(yī)生剝奪了”，原文說的是住院醫(yī)生以缺少睡眠而著稱，所以B錯(cuò)誤。在D選項(xiàng)“睡眠不足的醫(yī)生是喝醉了”，原文說的是一個(gè)人如果連續(xù)24小時(shí)不睡，那么到了早晨他的運(yùn)動能力就和喝醉了酒的人差不多，并不是說睡眠不足的醫(yī)生就是喝醉了，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

23【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。文章第二段指出醫(yī)生睡眠不足以及醫(yī)生對此缺乏重視的問題，接著在第三、四段舉了幾個(gè)例子Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.（我差不多站著睡著了，而且我的臉幾乎碰到了傷口。），PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork…Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.（實(shí)際上我認(rèn)識的每個(gè)外科住院醫(yī)生都曾經(jīng)有過在下班開車回家的路上在方向盤上睡著的經(jīng)歷……我聽說有三個(gè)人還曾經(jīng)撞在停放好的汽車上。另一個(gè)人在紐約收費(fèi)公路上行駛時(shí)以65英里的時(shí)速撞上了一個(gè)收費(fèi)站欄桿。），說明了睡眠不足的醫(yī)生可能帶來的危害。因此D選項(xiàng)“體現(xiàn)了醫(yī)生因睡眠不足而面臨的危險(xiǎn)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“用一些趣聞軼事來娛樂讀者”，B選項(xiàng)“討論醫(yī)生睡眠問題的原因”，C選項(xiàng)“表現(xiàn)出醫(yī)生對患者的敵視態(tài)度”均不符合題意，所以A，B，C錯(cuò)誤。

24.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第五段第三句Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.（不過，大多數(shù)醫(yī)生討厭這種干涉。），并進(jìn)一步引用CharlesBinkley醫(yī)生的話進(jìn)行論證doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.（醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到良心的約束，而不是政府的管制。），說明CharlesBinkley也認(rèn)為政府干預(yù)過多了。因此B選項(xiàng)“政府干涉太多”正確。A選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生不應(yīng)該遵守政府的規(guī)定”，C選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于工作周和工作班次的規(guī)定過于具體化”，D選項(xiàng)“法律不能強(qiáng)迫醫(yī)生睡覺，而他的良心卻可以”均不符合題意，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

25.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.（對醫(yī)生來說，他們不能繼續(xù)擺出一副從不出錯(cuò)的樣子，而應(yīng)該得到充分的休息。），說明作者在最后給醫(yī)生提出建議，認(rèn)為醫(yī)生應(yīng)該放棄他們決不出錯(cuò)的姿態(tài)，得到充足的休息，否則病人就只能聽天由命了。因此C選項(xiàng)“如果醫(yī)生沒有得到充分的休息，患者將面臨更多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“患者應(yīng)該控制醫(yī)生的工作時(shí)間”，B選項(xiàng)“飛行員和卡車司機(jī)的工作環(huán)境比醫(yī)生的工作環(huán)境更安全”，D選項(xiàng)“有關(guān)人員有權(quán)解除醫(yī)生的職務(wù)”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

3.單選題

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteenthcentury,photography’sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart;lateinthetwentiethcentury,anambivalentrelationexistsbecauseoftheModernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensiousofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPoppaintingduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatisse—presupposehighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinPara.2?

3.TheauthorintroducesAbstractExpressionistpainters(Para.3)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablyconsidersseriouscontemporaryphotographytobea（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury

B.identifyingthewaysthatrecentmovementsinpaintingandsculpturehaveinfluencedthetechniquesemployedbyseriousphotographers

C.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Mechanical

B.Paradoxical

C.Superficial

D.Dramatic

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.provideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodemart

B.callattentiontoartistswhoseworksoftenbearaphysicalresemblancetotheworksofseriouscontemporaryphotographers

C.setforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters

D.provideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,isnotandshouldnotpretendtobeanart

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thephotographers*beliefthattheirrelianceonanimpersonalmachinetoproducetheirartrequiresthesurrenderoftheauthorityoftheirpersonalvision

B.Thephotographers'fearthatseriousphotographymaynotbeacceptedasanartbythecontemporaryartpublic

C.TheinfluenceofAbstractExpressionistpaintingandPopArtonthesubjectmatterofthemodemphotograph

D.Thephotographers'beliefthatthebestartissubversiveofartasithaspreviouslybeendefined

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.contemporaryartthatisstrugglingtobeacceptedasfineart

B.craftrequiringsensitivitybutbynomeansanart

C.modemartthatdisplaystheModernisttendencytotrytosubverttheprevailingaimsofart

D.modemartthatdisplaysthetendencyofallModernistarttobecomeincreasinglyformalandabstract

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.題目問作者的文章主要是關(guān)注什么。根據(jù)文章第一段首句Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.最早的關(guān)于攝影與藝術(shù)的關(guān)系的爭論主要集中在攝影對于外表的保真度和對機(jī)器的依賴是否能夠允許它成為一門藝術(shù)，有別于僅僅實(shí)用的美術(shù)。后文主要通過討論攝影是否是一門藝術(shù)這個(gè)問題，然后分析了論點(diǎn)雙方對于這個(gè)問題的態(tài)度。綜合分析后可知主要是分析了攝影師對待藝術(shù)的態(tài)度，C選項(xiàng)“揭示了嚴(yán)肅的當(dāng)代攝影師對于攝影作為藝術(shù)以及在歷史背景下的藝術(shù)態(tài)度”符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為“解釋了在十九世紀(jì)的爭議之后攝影是怎樣成作為美術(shù)出現(xiàn)的”；B項(xiàng)意為“鑒別在近期影響了被嚴(yán)肅的攝影師所采納的技術(shù)的繪畫和雕塑藝術(shù)中所用到的方式”；D項(xiàng)意為“定義嚴(yán)肅的當(dāng)代攝影師對他們的藝術(shù)所采取的各種方法和評估這些方法的價(jià)值”不符合，排除。

2.theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism意為“被現(xiàn)代主義的勝利所強(qiáng)加的藝術(shù)的概念”。A項(xiàng)意為“呆板的，機(jī)械的”；B項(xiàng)意為“矛盾的”；C項(xiàng)意為“表面的，膚淺的”；D項(xiàng)意為“引人注目的”。本句所在句子意為“重要的攝影家們不再愿意辯論攝影是或者不是一種藝術(shù)，除了聲稱他們自己的作品不再涉及藝術(shù)，表明了在多大程度上他們簡單地認(rèn)為“被現(xiàn)代主義的勝利所強(qiáng)加的藝術(shù)的概念是理所當(dāng)然的”：藝術(shù)越好，越顛覆藝術(shù)的傳統(tǒng)目的。根據(jù)句意可知作者所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是‘矛盾的‘，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.題目問作者介紹抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家的目的。根據(jù)第三段第二句‘Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.例如，那些假設(shè)的攝影師，通過拍照，他們越來越遠(yuǎn)離以繪畫藝術(shù)的自命不凡提醒我們的抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家想象他們擺脫古典現(xiàn)代主義繪畫的知識緊縮專注于繪畫的物理行為?！芍髡咧饕窍肱e出這樣的例子，A選項(xiàng)“是為了舉出像嚴(yán)肅的現(xiàn)代攝影師那樣的藝術(shù)家，否認(rèn)傳統(tǒng)上公認(rèn)的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)的目的”符合題意。

4.題目問哪一項(xiàng)最好地解釋了嚴(yán)肅的當(dāng)代攝影師對于攝影是否是一門藝術(shù)的反應(yīng)。根據(jù)文章最后一句Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.許多專業(yè)攝影人員私下里己經(jīng)開始擔(dān)心，攝影作為藝術(shù)活動促進(jìn)顛覆傳統(tǒng)的自命不凡已經(jīng)走得太遠(yuǎn)，引起公眾忘記攝影是一種獨(dú)特的高活動總之，是一種藝術(shù)。確定D選項(xiàng)“攝影師認(rèn)為最好的藝術(shù)是對藝術(shù)的顛覆，就像之前定義的那樣”正確。

5.題目問作者很可能認(rèn)為嚴(yán)肅的當(dāng)代攝影是一種……。A項(xiàng)意為“一種正努力要被認(rèn)可為美術(shù)的當(dāng)代藝術(shù)”；B項(xiàng)意為“一種要求敏感性的工藝，但絕不是藝術(shù)”；C項(xiàng)意為“顯示了現(xiàn)代主義的傾向，試圖顛覆主流的藝術(shù)目標(biāo)的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)”；D項(xiàng)意為“顯示所有的現(xiàn)代主義藝術(shù)的趨勢變得越來越正式和抽象的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)”。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容以及最后一段的闡述’thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythat...ofarthasgonesofar藝術(shù)越好，對傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)目標(biāo)的顛覆性就越大。許多專業(yè)人士私下里開始擔(dān)心……藝術(shù)已經(jīng)走了這么遠(yuǎn)’確定C選項(xiàng)“顯示了現(xiàn)代主義的傾向，試圖顛覆主流的藝術(shù)目標(biāo)的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)”正確。

4.翻譯題

無比強(qiáng)大的科技很快就將完全改變我們的生活。這可能會產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)的后果，尤其是因?yàn)槲覀兛赡懿欢澈蟮幕A(chǔ)科學(xué)。我們的科技能力和對科學(xué)的基本理解之間的差距愈發(fā)加大。我們借助于未來科技可以從事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科學(xué)，這是很危險(xiǎn)的。

未來的一百年中特別危險(xiǎn)的技術(shù)是納米技術(shù)、人工智能和生物技術(shù)。它們帶來的好處不容置疑，但它們潛在的危險(xiǎn)很大。在人工智能領(lǐng)域，到2010年比人腦聰明500億倍的東西原型設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。電影《終結(jié)者》（Terminator）中唯一不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事是人類獲勝。假如你在和比自己聰明得多的技術(shù)對抗，你可能不會取勝。我們都聽說過灰色粘質(zhì)（greygoo）問題，能自我復(fù)制的納米技術(shù)裝置不停地復(fù)制，直到世界淪為黏糊糊的質(zhì)體（stickygoo）。無疑在生物技術(shù)方面，我們真的有個(gè)大問題，因?yàn)樗谂c納米技術(shù)合流。一旦把納米技術(shù)和有機(jī)體相結(jié)合，就有了納米技術(shù)制造的細(xì)菌，我們能夠比《星際迷航》中的博格飛船（theBorginStarTrek）旅行得更遠(yuǎn)，但那些超人生物體可能對我們并不太友好。

我們所處的世界科學(xué)與商業(yè)日益結(jié)盟。在全球自由貿(mào)易體制的環(huán)境中，技術(shù)正在發(fā)展，這種體制認(rèn)為技術(shù)的傳播與商業(yè)結(jié)合實(shí)質(zhì)上是件好事。我們應(yīng)該做好準(zhǔn)備，迎接圍繞新興技術(shù)而展開的前所未有的爭論。

【答案】【參考譯文】

Verysoon,unimaginablypowerfultechnologieswillremakeourlives.Thiscouldhavedangerousconsequences,especiallybecausewemaynotevenunderstandthebasicscienceunderlyingthem.There’sagrowinggapbetweenourtechnologicalcapabilityandourunderlyingscientificunderstanding.Wecandoverycleverthingswiththetechnologyofthefuturewithoutnecessarilyunderstandingsomeofbasicscience,andthatisverydangerous.

Thetechnologiesthatareparticularlydangerousoverthenexthundredyearsarenanotechnology,artificialintelligenceandbiotechnology.Thebenefitstheywillbringarebeyonddoubtbuttheyarepotentiallyverydangerous.Inthefieldofartificialintelligencethereareprototypedesignsforsomethingthatmightbe50000milliontimessmarterthanthehumanbrainbytheyear2010.TheonlythingnotfeasibleinthefilmTerminatoristhatthepeoplewin.Ifyou’refightingagainsttechnologythatismuchsmarterthanyou,youprobablywillnotwin.We’veallheardoftheissueaboutgreygoothatself-replicatingnanotechdevicesmightkeeponreplicatinguntiltheworldhasbeenreducedtostickygoo.Certainlyinbiotechnology,we’vereallygotabigproblembecauseit’sconvergingwithnanotechnology.Onceyoustartmixingnanotechwithorganismsandyoustartfeedingnanotech-enabledbacteria,wecangomuchfurtherthantheBorginStarTrek,andthosesuperhumanorganismsmightnotlikeusverymuch.

Weareinaworldnowwherescienceandcommerceareincreasinglybedfellows.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyishappeninginthecontextofglobalfreetraderegimeswhichseetechnologicaldiffusionembeddedwithcommerceasintrinsicallyagood.Weshouldpreparefornewandunfamiliarformsofargumentaroundemergingtechnologies.

5.單選題

Thetragicimpactofthemodemcityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetic.Thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets.Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do.acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.

HeisreluctanttoWalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionha9becomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.

Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby“l(fā)andvalue’’..Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensified,itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.“Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse”becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrown.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit.

Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown:ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinrum,arefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland.

Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizens,butweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum“psychologicalelbowroom.”O(jiān)neoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential.Wemustcollect,inanorganizedmanner,allandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetown,ifwewanttoplaneffectively.

Theprincipalunitthisprocessis“IM”(oneman).Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeople,andthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillorthepeople.Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrends,buttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument.The‘man-educated"man,thehumanwillhavetosetthetarget,andusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskill:takeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatpeopleinoldtimes（

）.

2.Thehighly-developedtechnologyhasmademan（

）.

3.Thedrasticincreaseoflandvalueinthecity（

）.

4.Theexpansionofbigcitiestothedistantsuburbanareasmay（

）.

5.Theauthorsuggeststhattheremodelingofcitiesmust（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.paidmoreattentiontomaterialbenefits

B.hadastrongersenseofbeauty

C.weremoredesirousaboutthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology

D.enjoyedmorefreedomanddemocracy

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.increasinglyindustrious

B.freefrominconvenience

C.excessivelydependentonexternalaids

D.abletosavehisphysicalstrength

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.isthegoodresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.offersmoreopportunitiestolanddealers

C.isannoyinglyartificialandmeaningless

D.fortunatelyleadstothe“vertical”growthofcities

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.solvetheproblemofcitycongestion

B.resultintheremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem

C.bringthesamecongestiontothesuburbanareas

D.needlessinvestmentonland

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.putprioritytothebenefitofthefuturegenerations

B.befocusedonpeopleratherthanoneconomy

C.beeconomicallyprofitabletolandowners

D.resorttoscientificmethods

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第一句Thetragicimpactofthemodemcityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetic.現(xiàn)代城市對人類產(chǎn)生的悲劇性影響己經(jīng)扼殺了人類的審美意識。所以推斷他認(rèn)為古時(shí)候的人的審美意識更強(qiáng)一些。B選項(xiàng)’有更強(qiáng)的審美觀‘正確。

2.根據(jù)第一段的后半部分和第二段的前兩句中Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do.acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort：此時(shí)此刻，人們陶醉于民主、富足、以車代步，這種感覺是以前所沒有的。人們不愿步行。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明，人們從停車地點(diǎn)到購物商店，愿意步行的距離很短。推斷人類在享受著科技成果帶來的種種方便的同時(shí)也變得更加懶惰了，人類已經(jīng)變得更加依賴外來的幫助，即現(xiàn)代化機(jī)器的幫助。所以C選項(xiàng)‘過分依靠外部幫助‘正確。

3.根據(jù)文章第三段可知，土地價(jià)值的增長一是人為的，二是對于解決城市擁擠的問題無濟(jì)于事。所以C選項(xiàng)’是令人討厭的人為和無意義的‘符合題意。

4.根據(jù)第四段Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown：采取把大型的發(fā)展單位遷離傳統(tǒng)的中心城市的做法，是一種部分分散，或更準(zhǔn)確地說是一種準(zhǔn)分散。因?yàn)檫@種分散只會把中心城市的擁擠弊病帶給新興地區(qū)。確定C選項(xiàng)‘把同樣的擁擠弊病帶給新興地區(qū)‘正確。

5.根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeople,andthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.：我們一定不要忘記，城市是由人來建設(shè)的，城市的布局和外觀形象應(yīng)該受人民的意愿所支配。所以推斷作者認(rèn)為，城市是由人建造的，它們的構(gòu)成以及形式應(yīng)該取決于人的意志。這也就是說，城市的重新設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)人的意志，所以B選項(xiàng)‘以人民的意愿為重點(diǎn)‘正確。

6.翻譯題

Theirrationalfearspeopleexpresstodayaboutcloningparallelthosesurroundingroboticshalfacenturyago.SoIwouldliketoproposeThreeLawofCloningthatalsoclarifythreemisunderstandings:1.Ahumancloneisahumanbeingnolessuniqueinhisorherpersonhoodthananidenticaltwin.2.Ahumanclonehasalltherightsandprivilegesthataccompanythislegalandmoralstatus.3.Ahumancloneistobeaccordedthedignityandrespectdueanymemberofyourspecies.Althoughsuchsimplificationsriskerasingtherichdifferencesfoundinethicaldebatesoverpioneeringresearch,theydoaidinreducingridiculousfearsoftenassociatedwithsuchadvances.

【答案】人們今天對克隆所表現(xiàn)出的非理性恐懼與50年前人們對機(jī)器人表現(xiàn)出的恐懼類似。因此我提出三個(gè)關(guān)于克隆的觀點(diǎn)來澄清三個(gè)誤解：1、克隆人也是人，他的個(gè)性就像同卵孿生子一樣。2、克隆人擁有與這種法律和道德地位伴隨的所有權(quán)利和特權(quán)。3、克隆人應(yīng)該被給予應(yīng)有的尊嚴(yán)和尊重，就像你對待其它成員一樣。盡管這類簡化冒著消除有關(guān)前沿研究的道德爭論的復(fù)雜性，但是的確有助于減少有關(guān)的荒謬的恐懼。

7.翻譯題

Ithinkthat,fromabiologicalstandpoint,humanlifealmostreadslikeapoem.Ithasitsownrhythmandbeat,itsinternalcyclesofgrowthanddecay.Itbeginswithinnocentchildhood,followedbyawkwardadolescencetryingawkwardlytoadaptitselftomaturesociety,withitsyoungpassionsandfollies,itsidealsandambitions;thenitreachesamanhoodofintenseactivities,profitingfromexperienceandlearningmoreaboutsocietyandhumannature;atmiddleage,thereisaslighteasingoftension,amellowingofcharacterliketheripeningoffruitorthemellowingofgoodwine,andthegradualacquiringofamoretolerant,morecynicalandatthesametimeakindlierviewoflife;theninthesunsetofourlife,theendocrineglandsdecreasetheiractivity,andifwehaveatruephilosophyofoldageandhaveorderedourlifepatternaccordingtoit,itisforustheageofpeaceandsecurityandleisureandcontentment;finally,lifeflickersoutandonegoesintoeternalsleepnevertowakeupagain.Oneshouldbeabletosetthebeautyofthisrhythmoflife,toappreciate,aswedoingrandsymphonies,itsmaintheme,itsstrainsofconflictandthefinalresolution.Themovementsofthesecyclesareverymuchthesameinanormallife,buttherelicmustbeprovidedbytheindividualhimself.

【答案】我認(rèn)為，從生物學(xué)的角度來看，人生就像一首詩。它有自己的韻律和節(jié)奏，自有內(nèi)在的生長與衰亡周期。它開始于天真的童年，緊隨其后的是稚拙的青春期，帶著年輕的激情和愚笨，笨拙而努力地走向成熟；后來人到壯年，經(jīng)歷漸廣，閱人漸多，涉世漸深；乃至中年，節(jié)奏漸緩，個(gè)性沉淀如熟果，如美酒，更具容忍之心，愈發(fā)憤世嫉俗，卻待人生愈發(fā)溫和；再后來到暮年時(shí)，內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)活動減少，如果我們已經(jīng)悟得老年真諦，且據(jù)此安頓殘年，則生活將平和、寧靜、安詳且美滿；最后生命之光搖曳而逝，人開始永恒的長眠，不再醒來。人應(yīng)能感受這種生命韻律之美，就如欣賞交響樂一樣，欣賞其主旋律、激昂的高潮和舒緩的尾聲。生命的樂章大同小異，但每個(gè)人應(yīng)譜寫出自己獨(dú)有的樂曲。

8.單選題

IdeasabouteducationarechangingintheUnitedStates.Educationtodayisnotjustahighschooldiplomaoracollegedegree.Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Theyareinterestedinotherkindsoflearning.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.

Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.Italsogivesthemachancetoimprovetheiroldskillsortolearnnewones.

Secretaries,mechanics,andbarberscantakeclassestoimprovetheirworkskills.Nursescantakeclassestoincreasetheirknowledgeofnursing.Iftheyknowmoreorlearnmore,thentheycangetabetterjoborearnmoremoney.

Continuingeducationclassesgivesomeadultsthechancetolearnnewskills.Thereisusuallyalargevarietyofclassestochoosefrom,typing,foreigncooking,photography,autorepair,furniturerepair,orswimming.Theseareonlysomeoftheclassesavailable.

Someadu