2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-外交學(xué)院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)52

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-外交學(xué)院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

Bookendedby9/11atthestartandafinancialwipeoutattheend,thefirst10yearsofthiscenturywillverylikelygodownasthemostdispiritinganddisillusioningdecadeAmericanshavelivedthroughinthepost-WorldWarIIera.Whydidsomuchbadstuffhappeninthisdecade?Wasitjustrottenluckorsomethingmore?Inlargepart,wehaveourselvestoblame.

Itwasalmostasifwesaidinpreviousdecades,“Whydotodaywhatwecanputoffuntilthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury?”Butwedidn’trisetothosechallenges.Whatwejustlivedthrough,then,wasthechickenscoininghometoroost.

IfwearenowwatchingthesunsetonaDecadefromHell,doesitnaturallyfollowthatthenextdecadewillbeallgoodandglory?Ofcoursenot.Andyettherearesomehopefulsigns.Wehaveseenthedestructivenessofdeferralandneglectoninfrastructure,nationalandglobalpolitics,financialmarketsandcorporategovernance,theawarenessofthatdangerismuchhighernow.

Wemaycontinuetoseeourglobaldominanceerode.Butverysignificantly,westillholdmanyoftheworld’strumpcards.Ifweavoidtheeasyoutsofdeferralandneglect,thenthenextdecadeshouldbeahelluvalotbetterthanthelastone.

【答案】始于9/11恐怖襲擊，止于金融大危機(jī)，本世紀(jì)的頭10年很可能成為美國(guó)人在二戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)歷的最令人沮喪、最令人幻滅的10年。為什么這十年發(fā)生了這么多壞事？是運(yùn)氣不好還是別的原因？在很大程度上，我們要怪自己。

這幾乎就像我們?cè)谇皫资暾f(shuō)過(guò)的：“為什么今天要做我們可以推遲到21世紀(jì)第一個(gè)十年的事情？”，但我們沒(méi)有直面這些挑戰(zhàn)。這不，回顧我們剛剛所經(jīng)歷的一切，就是自食其果。

現(xiàn)在，如果我們忽視這十年前從地獄里升起的太陽(yáng)，那是否意味著未來(lái)十年的繁榮和榮耀會(huì)自然而然地緊隨其后呢？答案是否定的，但是我們還是可以看到希望的曙光。我們已經(jīng)嘗盡持續(xù)不斷的破壞帶來(lái)的危害，以及忽略基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，忽視全國(guó)和全球政治、金融市場(chǎng)和政府間合作造成的惡果。而現(xiàn)今，這些不當(dāng)舉措帶來(lái)的危害遠(yuǎn)高于過(guò)去。

我們可能會(huì)繼續(xù)看到我們的全球主導(dǎo)地位被侵蝕。但非常重要的是，我們?nèi)匀晃沼性S多世界王牌。如果我們能夠避免不必要的錯(cuò)誤，對(duì)重要的事件給予必要的關(guān)注，那么和過(guò)去的十年相比，未來(lái)十年間我們會(huì)有創(chuàng)世紀(jì)的發(fā)展。

2.單選題

Shedidn’t（）matters;shejusttoldhimhewasuseless.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.worsen

B.complicate

C.decide

D.mince

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)worsen“更壞的；更差的；更糟，更壞”；B選項(xiàng)complicate“使復(fù)雜化；使惡化；使卷入”；C選項(xiàng)decide“決定；解決；判決；決定，下決心”；D選項(xiàng)mince“切碎；矯揉造作地說(shuō)；裝腔作勢(shì)；碎步走”。句意：她沒(méi)有把事情復(fù)雜化；她只是說(shuō)他沒(méi)用。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Itisnecessarythatanefficientworker（）hisworkontime.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.accomplishes

B.canaccomplish

C.hasaccomplished

D.accomplish

【答案】D

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。本句句首的It作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that引導(dǎo)的從

句，即：thatanefficientworker…ontime。that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句采用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其完整的形式為Itisnecessarythatanefficientworker（should）accomplishhisworkontime.本句省略了主句從句中的should。虛擬語(yǔ)氣與不定式同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，在Itisnecessary+that...的結(jié)構(gòu)中，that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即should+動(dòng)詞原形，其中的should可省略。在不定式作形容詞的主語(yǔ)的句式中，用Itisnecessary+不定式。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Insomeculturestheessenceofmagicisitstraditionalintegrity;itcanbeefficientonlyifithasbeen（）withoutlossfromprimevaltimestothepresentpractitioner.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conventionalized

B.manipulated

C.transmitted

D.aggrandized

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)conventionalized“使習(xí)俗化；使樣式化”；B選項(xiàng)manipulated“操作”；C選項(xiàng)transmitted“傳輸；傳送”；D選項(xiàng)aggrandize“增加；夸大；強(qiáng)化”。句意：在一些文化中，魔術(shù)的精華是它傳統(tǒng)的完整性；只有當(dāng)它從古代到今天都完整地傳遞下來(lái)時(shí)它才有效果。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

The（）inDavid’scharacterhashinderedhimfromadvancinginhiscareer.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.weakness

B.shortcoming

C.demerit

D.defect

【答案】D

【解析】考查同義名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)weakness“指人性格、品行方面的弱點(diǎn)，或體制、組織、設(shè)計(jì)等方面的缺陷（強(qiáng)調(diào)弱點(diǎn)）”；B選項(xiàng)shortcoming“指某人或某事物所存在的不足或缺陷，通常用復(fù)數(shù)”；C選項(xiàng)demerit“是很正式的詞語(yǔ)，表示事物的缺點(diǎn)”；D選項(xiàng)defect“指事物的缺點(diǎn)或人性格上的缺點(diǎn)，一般指較大的缺點(diǎn)、缺陷。”某某人的shortcoming是可以改的；但是某某人的weakness是需要那個(gè)人自己去克服；shortcoming只能用來(lái)指人的缺點(diǎn)；weakness可以用在人以外的東西上。句意：大衛(wèi)性格上的缺陷阻礙了他在事業(yè)上的發(fā)展。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Allhisplanforstartinghisownbusinessfell（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.in

B.through

C.down

D.away

【答案】B

【解析】考查短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)fellin“塌陷，跌入，集合，到期”；B選項(xiàng)fellthrough“落空，失敗”；C選項(xiàng)felldown“跌倒，倒塌”；D選項(xiàng)fellaway“消失，背離，離開(kāi)，疏失”。句意：他所有的創(chuàng)業(yè)計(jì)劃全落空（告吹）了。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Iamtoinformyou,thatyoumay,ifyouwish,attendtheinquiry,andattheinspectorsdiscretionstateyourcase（）orthroughanentrustedrepresentative.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.indepth

B.insecret

C.inperson

D.inexcess

【答案】C

【解析】考查介詞短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)indepth“深入地；全面地”；B選項(xiàng)insecret“秘密地；私下地”；C選項(xiàng)inperson“本人；親自”；D選項(xiàng)turnup“出現(xiàn)；發(fā)生；開(kāi)大；發(fā)現(xiàn)；卷起；使仰臥”。句意：我要通知你，如果你愿意，你可以參加調(diào)查，并根據(jù)調(diào)查人員的決定親自或委托代表陳述你的情況。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

TheshuttleColumbiawasdoomedinpartbecauseNASAreliedonflawedcomputersimulationsandmathematicalformulasthatfailedtoaccuratelypredictdamagetotheshuttlefromflyingpiecesoffoam,documentsreleasedbythespaceagencyandthegroupinvestigatingtheaccidentshow.

NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.Instead,theexpertssay,theyshouldhaveperformedtestsonshuttlecomponentstodeterminethedamagethatfoamfromthefueltankmightdotoitswing.

Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.NASAmanagersassumeditwassafeforColumbiatoreturntoEartheventhoughfoamhadstruckthewing.

Thefoamhittheleftwing82secondsafterliftoffandbrokethroughoneofthecarbonpanelsdesignedtoprotectthewingsfromtheintenseheatofre-entry.Columbiabrokeapartasitre-enteredEarth’satmosphereonFeb.1.Allsevenastronautswerekilled.

Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.

Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

AmongtheareastobediscussedisNASA’srelianceoncomputersimulationsandmathematicalmodels.Beforethemission—andagainafterfuzzyphotosshowedthefoamhadhitColumbia’swing-simulationsandotheranalysesledtopoordecisionsbyNASAmanagers,documentsshow.ThesimulationsappeartohaveblindedthemtodangersignalsaboutfoamonearlierflightsandledthemtodramaticallyunderestimatethethreattoColumbia.Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

Inonecase,duringtheColumbiamission,atleast75shuttleexpertswithNASAanditscontractorsweresoconcernedaboutthepoorqualityofdatainananalysistheywerepreparingthattheyrecommendedtakingphotosoftheshuttleinspace,sourcessay.Thosephotoscouldhaveshownwhetherfoamhaddamagedtheleftwing.

Instead,NASAmanagerstrustedtheanalysisthattheexpertssaidwassoflawed.Theanalysiswronglyestimatedwherethefoamhitandconcludedthattheshuttlehadnotsustainedsignificantdamage.HadNASAknowntheextentofthedamage,theagencymighthavelaunchedarescuemissiontotrytosaveColumbia’screw.

EngineersconnectedtotheanalysissaytheyareangryandpuzzledthatNASAwouldnotseekphotosfromsatellitesortelescopes.NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.

Bynecessity,NASAreliesheavilyoncomputermodelsandotheranalysistoolstoprovidecluesaboutwhathappenstotheshuttlefromlaunchuntilre-entry.Itcannoteasilyrecreatetheextremetemperaturesofspaceinalab.Usedproperly,suchanalysescanimprovesafety.Indeed,analysistechniquesroutinelyhelpdesignsaferjetwingsandnuclearplants.

Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.SeveralmajoraviationcrashesandtheThreeMileIslandnuclearaccidentwerecausedbypooranalyses,expertssay.

“Youneedtotakeintoaccounttheuncertainties”saysElizabethPate-Cornell,chairmanofthemanagementsciencesandengineeringdepartmentatStanfordUniversity.“It’stheoldstory:garbagein,garbageout.”

AsColumbiaorbited,engineerserroneouslyconcludedthefoamcouldnotdamagethewing’scarbonpanels.Theanalysiswasbasedonearliertestsofsmallicepelletshittingthepanels.Butthosetestscouldnotpredictwhetheralargechunkoffoamwouldcausedamage.

AcomputerprogramknownasCrater,whichengineersusedtopredictwhetherthefoamdamagedtheceramictilesbeneathColumbia’swing,hadnotbeendesignedtoaccountforimpactsfromlargepiecesoffoam.

1.Nuclearandaviationsafetyexperts（）.

2.Intheauthorsopinion,NASAmanagers（）.

3.TheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardwillissueitsfindingswithregardtothefollowingEXCEPT（）.

4.NASAmanagersmadepoordecisionsbecausetheydidNOT（）.

5.Safetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriesindicatethatcomputersimulations（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.knowverywellthesortsofanalysesmadebyNASAmanagers

B.indicatethatspaceagencyofficialsreliedonthewronganalyses

C.believethatspaceagencyofficialsshouldhavemademoresimulations

D.stronglycriticizespaceagencyofficialsforbeingunscrupulous

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.madewronghypothesisconclusionsaboutthesafetyofColumbia

B.infactknewclearlywhatkindofdangerColumbiawouldface

C.feltitdifficulttopredictwhatmighthappentoColumbiaasitreturnedtoEarth

D.didnotrealizethattheleftwingofColumbiawashitbythefoamafterliftoff

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.whytheshuttlebrokeapartasitreturnedtoEarth

B.howthefoamhittingtheleftwingcausedtheaccident

C.howdecisionsbyNASAmanagersweremade

D.howNASAmanagersmisunderstooddangersignals

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.getallthefindingsofdataanalyses

B.knowtheshuttlehadsignificantdamage

C.getalongwellwithshuttleexpert

D.trusttheanalysisproducedbysimulation

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.arenotreliableatall

B.yieldedpooranalyses

C.haveseverelimitations

D.shouldbeabandoned

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可定位到文章第二段第一句話(huà)“NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.（熟悉NASA使用的分析的核能和航空安全專(zhuān)家說(shuō)，航天局官員錯(cuò)誤地依賴(lài)模擬來(lái)衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。）”。A選項(xiàng)“非常了解NASA管理人員所做的各種分析”文中沒(méi)有提到；B選項(xiàng)“指出太空總署官員依賴(lài)錯(cuò)誤的分析”正確；C選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為太空總署的官員應(yīng)該做更多的模擬”沒(méi)有直接在文中明說(shuō)；D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)烈批評(píng)航天局官員的肆無(wú)忌憚”文中沒(méi)有提到，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.作者意圖題。由題干可定位到第三段第一句話(huà)“Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.（這些模擬和公式，有些是在發(fā)射前完成的，而在任務(wù)期間所做的其他模擬和公式往往是基于對(duì)航天飛機(jī)承受損害能力的錯(cuò)誤假設(shè)。）”。A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)哥倫比亞號(hào)的安全性做出錯(cuò)誤的假設(shè)結(jié)論”正確；B選項(xiàng)“事實(shí)上很清楚哥倫比亞將面臨什么樣的危險(xiǎn)”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，管理人員低估了自己的錯(cuò)誤對(duì)哥倫比亞號(hào)造成的危險(xiǎn)；C選項(xiàng)“覺(jué)得很難預(yù)測(cè)哥倫比亞號(hào)返回地球時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，管理人員覺(jué)得哥倫比亞號(hào)能安全返回地球；D選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有意識(shí)到哥倫比亞號(hào)的左翼在升空后被泡沫擊中”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，管理人員預(yù)測(cè)到了，只是他們錯(cuò)誤地評(píng)估了航天飛機(jī)的承傷能力，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到文中第五段“Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.（今天，哥倫比亞事故調(diào)查委員會(huì)將發(fā)布事故原因的調(diào)查結(jié)果。根據(jù)此前董事會(huì)成員公開(kāi)聲明，除了詳細(xì)說(shuō)明泡沫的打擊如何導(dǎo)致分解外，委員會(huì)還將記錄NASA管理人員如何低估哥倫比亞面臨的危險(xiǎn)以及他們?nèi)绾魏鲆暰?。）”。A選項(xiàng)“為什么航天飛機(jī)在返回地球時(shí)分裂了”；B選項(xiàng)“泡沫是如何撞擊左翼造成事故的”；C選項(xiàng)“NASA管理者是如何做出決定的”都在文中提到過(guò)，只有D選項(xiàng)“NASA管理者如何誤解危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)”沒(méi)有提到，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.判斷推理題。由題干可定位到文中第八、九段。文中說(shuō)到安全專(zhuān)家非常擔(dān)心他們準(zhǔn)備的分析數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量太低，他們建議在太空中給航天飛機(jī)拍照，然而管理人員相信自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，所以引發(fā)了事故。A選項(xiàng)“得到所有數(shù)據(jù)分析的結(jié)果”；B選項(xiàng)“知道航天飛機(jī)有嚴(yán)重的損壞”；C選項(xiàng)“與航天飛機(jī)專(zhuān)家相處融洽”都不符合原文，D選項(xiàng)“相信模擬產(chǎn)生的分析”正確，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.判斷推理題。由題干可定位到文中第十段“NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.（美國(guó)宇航局的管理人員說(shuō)，他們沒(méi)有被告知計(jì)算機(jī)模擬和分析的局限性。）”和第十二段“Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.（但高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行業(yè)的安全專(zhuān)家說(shuō)，他們已經(jīng)學(xué)到了數(shù)學(xué)公式和計(jì)算機(jī)模擬無(wú)法完全模擬自然的艱難方法。）”。由此可知計(jì)算機(jī)模擬無(wú)法完全模擬自然危險(xiǎn)，因此具有局限性。A選項(xiàng)“完全不可靠”；B選項(xiàng)“產(chǎn)生不良分析”和D選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該被廢棄”都不正確，C選項(xiàng)“有嚴(yán)重的局限性”符合題意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.翻譯題

WhatcantheWest’soverlyindebtedandsluggishnationslearnfromaflourishingAsia?

Firstandforemost,theWestshouldrelearnthevirtueofpragmatism.Justafewdecadesago,Asia’stwogiantswerestagnatingundertheirownpolitico-economicideologies—MarxisminChina,NehruviansocialisminIndiarespectively.However,onceChinabeganembracingfree-marketreformsinthe1980s,followedbyIndiainthe1990s,bothcountriesachievedrapidgrowth.Crucially,astheyopeneduptheirmarkets,neitherChinanorIndiathrewtheproverbialbabyoutwiththebathwater—instead,theybalancedcapitalismwithjudiciousgovernmentdirection.

ContrastthislevelheadedmiddlepathwithAmericaandEurope,whichhaveeachoneideologicallyoverboardintheirownways—andwhoseutterlackofpragmatismhelpedprecipitatetheglobalfinancialcrisis.Sincethe1980s,Americahasbeenincreasinglyinfatuatedwiththeideologyofunfetteredfreemarketsanddismissiveoftheroleofgovernment—followingRonaldReagan’sdictumthat“government”isnotthesolutiontoourproblem;governmentistheproblem.”

Meanwhile,Europehasfallenpreytoadifferentideologicaltrap;thebeliefthatEuropeangovernmentswouldalwayshaveinfiniteresourcesandcouldcontinueborrowingasiftherewerenotomorrow.

JustasAmericansneedtolearnhowtointelligentlyraisetaxes,theEuropeansneedtolearnhowtointelligentlycutexpenditures—achallengethatAsianeconomiesweretaughttosurmountbytheirownpastcrises.

【答案】西方那些負(fù)債累累、經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前的國(guó)家應(yīng)該向蒸蒸日上的亞洲學(xué)習(xí)些什么？

第一點(diǎn)也是最重要的一點(diǎn)，西方應(yīng)當(dāng)重新認(rèn)識(shí)實(shí)用主義的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。幾十年前，亞洲的兩大巨頭在各自錯(cuò)誤的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)意識(shí)形態(tài)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，均出現(xiàn)社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r：即馬克思主義的中國(guó)化和尼赫魯在印度推行社會(huì)主義制度。

然而，自從中國(guó)20世紀(jì)80年代迎來(lái)自由市場(chǎng)的改革，緊接著是印度在20世紀(jì)90年代的改革，這兩個(gè)國(guó)家都實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展。重要的是，當(dāng)他們打開(kāi)國(guó)門(mén)，開(kāi)始拓展本國(guó)市場(chǎng)，中國(guó)和印度并未把有口皆碑尚在襁褓中發(fā)育的嬰兒與其洗澡水一同扔掉，而是讓資本主義道路與政府所指引的發(fā)展道路相得益彰，得以均衡發(fā)展。

與這種冷靜明智的中間道路形成對(duì)比的是美國(guó)和歐洲，它們都過(guò)度受制于自己的意識(shí)形態(tài)，這種完全缺乏實(shí)用主義的情況是導(dǎo)致全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)長(zhǎng)期化的一個(gè)因素。自20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)，美國(guó)越來(lái)越被不受任何干預(yù)的自由市場(chǎng)的意識(shí)形態(tài)沖昏頭腦，對(duì)政府干預(yù)持排斥立場(chǎng)。正如羅納德?里根所言“政府并不是解決問(wèn)題的途徑；政府本身才是問(wèn)題所在?！?/p>

與此同時(shí)，歐洲已經(jīng)陷入另一種意識(shí)形態(tài)之中而不可自拔：他們相信歐洲政府總是有無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的資源，可以不斷地去借貸，仿佛沒(méi)有未來(lái)一樣。

正如美國(guó)人需要學(xué)習(xí)如何明智地增稅一樣，歐洲人也需要學(xué)習(xí)如何明智地削減開(kāi)支——這一舉措可以讓亞洲國(guó)家學(xué)會(huì)如何克服過(guò)去自身的危機(jī)，取得成就。

10.單選題

Corporationsasagroupofferavarietyofjobs.Mostlargecompaniessendpeopletocollegestocollegestointerviewgraduatingstudentswiththerequiredacademictraining.Alargeuniversitymayhavemorethan500companiesayearknockingonitsdoors.Bigfirmsareyourbestplaceforajobbecausetheirnormalgrowth,employeeretirements,andturnovercreatethousandsofjobsnationwideeachyear.

Corporations,however,illustratetherulethatthebiggestisn’talwaysthebest.Manysmallfirmswithjustafewhundredemployeeshavepositionsthatmaycorrespondwithyourprofessiongoals,too.Suchfirmsmaynothavethetime,money,orneedtosendpeoplearoundtoyourcollege;you’llprobablyhavetocontactthemyourselfeitherdirectlyorthroughanemploymentagency.Don’tignoretheselittlecompanies.Theirsalariesareusuallycompetitiveandthechancesforadvancementandrecognitionevenstrongerthanthoseofabigfirm.Youcouldbecomeabigfishinasmallpond,reachingahigh-levelpositionmorequicklythanyouwouldifyouhadclimbedthemostcompetitiveladderofacorporategiant.

Forexample,asmallcompanymayneedabrightengineering,accountingormanagementgraduatewhowouldreportdirectlytotheseniorvice-presidentofengineering,thecompanycontroller,orthegeneralmanager.Inlargerfirmsitmaytakeyearstoreachlevelandaccumulatesimilarin-depthexperience.Inaddition,responsibilitiesmaycomefasterinasmallfirmwithlessspecializationandfewerlower-levelemployeestoreceivedelegatedauthority.

1.Thepurposeofthepassageis（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEoflargecorporations?

3.Theword“Their”(paragraph2,line6)refersto（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofsmallfirm?

5.Withwhomisthepassagemostprobablyconcerned?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.todefinecorporationsandfirms

B.toshowtherelationbetweenfirmsandcolleges

C.toinformthejob-seekeroftheemploymentrequirements

D.togiveadescriptionofcorporationsforcollegestudents

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyonlyemploycollegegraduates.

B.Theycanoffermanyjobopportunities.

C.Theyhavemanysub-companiesnationwide.

D.Theirrequirementsareverycompetitive.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.corporations’

B.graduatingstudents’

C.smallfirms’

D.employers’

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itmaybeunnecessaryforthemtosendpeopletocolleges.

B.Theiremployeesmaybepromotedmorequickly.

C.Theymayofferpositionswhichyoudemand.

D.Theycannotaffordtosendpeopletocollege.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Students

B.Employers

C.Employees

D.Engineers

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文開(kāi)篇為我們介紹corporations的一些特點(diǎn)：corporations提供各種類(lèi)型的工作；平均每年有超過(guò)500家corporations會(huì)派面試人員去高校找尋合適的高校畢業(yè)人才；大公司有相對(duì)完善的職工培訓(xùn)和退休機(jī)制，每年的年產(chǎn)值能創(chuàng)造出上千個(gè)工作崗位。接下來(lái)說(shuō)明大企業(yè)也有一些缺陷，這些缺陷正是小公司的優(yōu)勢(shì)所在，為此作者還詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了這些優(yōu)勢(shì)的具體表現(xiàn)。文章最后舉例說(shuō)明與大企業(yè)相比較，小公司對(duì)畢業(yè)生而言的優(yōu)勢(shì)。本文通過(guò)比較論證讓我們更加清楚什么是corporation。A選項(xiàng)“定義corporations和firms”；B選項(xiàng)“展示公司和大學(xué)之間的關(guān)系”；C選項(xiàng)“告知求職者有關(guān)的就業(yè)要求”都不符合題意，D選項(xiàng)“為大學(xué)生描述公司”正確，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可定位到文章第一段“Bigfirmsareyourbestplaceforajobbecausetheirnormalgrowth,employeeretirements,andturnovercreatethousandsofjobsnationwideeachyear.（大公司是最適合工作的地方，因?yàn)樗鼈兊恼Ｔ鲩L(zhǎng)、員工退休和人員流動(dòng)每年在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)創(chuàng)造了成千上萬(wàn)的工作機(jī)會(huì)。）”可知大企業(yè)工作機(jī)會(huì)很多。A選項(xiàng)“他們只雇傭大學(xué)畢業(yè)生”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“他們可以提供很多工作機(jī)會(huì)”正確；C選項(xiàng)“他們?cè)谌珖?guó)有很多子公司”和D選項(xiàng)“他們的職位需求很有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力”文中沒(méi)有提到。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段第五句話(huà)“Theirsalariesareusuallycompetitiveandthechancesforadvancementandrecognitionevenstrongerthanthoseofabigfirm.（他們的薪水通常很有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，晉升和認(rèn)可的機(jī)會(huì)甚至比大公司還要大。）”。由此可知這里是拿大公司的薪水與小公司的薪水相比。A選項(xiàng)“公司的”；B選項(xiàng)“畢業(yè)生的”；D選項(xiàng)“老板的”都不符合題意，C選項(xiàng)“小公司的”符合題意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可定位到文章第二段最后一句“Youcouldbecomeabigfishinasmallpond,reachingahigh-levelpositionmorequicklythanyouwouldifyouhadclimbedthemostcompetitiveladderofacorporategiant.（你可以成為一個(gè)小池塘里的大魚(yú)，比你爬上一個(gè)公司巨頭競(jìng)爭(zhēng)最激烈的階梯更快地到達(dá)另一個(gè)高層位置。）”可知小公司提供的職位比你想要的還高。A選項(xiàng)“他們可能沒(méi)有必要送人上大學(xué)”；B選項(xiàng)“他們的員工可能會(huì)升職更快”；D選項(xiàng)“他們供不起員工上大學(xué)”文章都有提到，C選項(xiàng)“他們可能提供你需要的職位”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。從文中第一段說(shuō)很多大企業(yè)去校園進(jìn)行招聘并述說(shuō)了你在大或者小企業(yè)里各自所獲他們各自的工作優(yōu)勢(shì)，可知本文是想給那些學(xué)生尤其是即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生介紹一些有關(guān)大企業(yè)和小公司的特點(diǎn)，為他們就業(yè)提供更多參考。A選項(xiàng)“學(xué)生”；B選項(xiàng)“雇主”；C選項(xiàng)“員工”；D選項(xiàng)“工程師”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Accordingtotheconditionsofmyscholarship,afterfinishingmydegree（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.myeducationwillbeemployedbytheuniversity

B.employmentwillbegiventomebytheuniversity

C.theuniversitywillemployme

D.Iwillbeemployedbytheuniversity

【答案】D

【解析】考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。該句強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象是“我”，因此主句的主語(yǔ)必須是“我”。句意：根據(jù)我獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的條件，在結(jié)束學(xué)習(xí)之后，我將被這所大學(xué)錄用。A選項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“myeducation”；B選項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“employment”；C選項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“theuniversity”；只有D選項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“I”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Agoodmanyhouses（）knockeddownbytheearthquake.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.was

B.were

C.is

D.are

【答案】B

【解析】考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)題干中的houses可知空格處的be動(dòng)詞應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)形式，故排除A選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)。句意：許多房子在地震中被震垮了。根據(jù)句意可知地震是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，所以用wereknockeddown，即被動(dòng)式的過(guò)去，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Thisissuehasbecomeapoliticalhot（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.potato

B.cake

C.rod

D.bun

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)potato“土豆，馬鈴薯”；B選項(xiàng)cake“蛋糕，塊狀物；利益總額”；C選項(xiàng)rod“棒，懲罰，枝條，權(quán)力”；D選項(xiàng)bun“小圓面包”。hotpotato為俗語(yǔ)，意思是燙手的山芋，即棘手的事件。句意：這一事件升級(jí)為一個(gè)棘手的政治事件。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow,butatfirstIthoughtthathe（）today.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.wascoming

B.iscoming

C.willcome

D.come

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)辨析。題干中的第一個(gè)分句用的是現(xiàn)在將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，第二個(gè)分句的主句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)該使用表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，某些動(dòng)詞（如come，arrive，leave等）的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示將來(lái)。句意：我父親明天會(huì)來(lái)，但起初我以為他今天會(huì)來(lái)。因此，根據(jù)題意和語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，A選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

TheChairmanwasevidently（）byJim’swordsandglaredathimforafewseconds.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.putdown

B.putacross

C.putaway

D.putout

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)putdown“記下，寫(xiě)下，鎮(zhèn)壓”；B選項(xiàng)putacross“圓滿(mǎn)完成；使被接受；解釋清楚”；C選項(xiàng)putaway“收起來(lái)，放好，儲(chǔ)存，打消”；D選項(xiàng)putout“熄滅；伸出；使不高興/憤怒/不安”。句意：這位主席很顯然被Jim的話(huà)給激怒了，瞪了他幾秒鐘。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Beneaththerhetoricaboutwhoispracticingapurerformofthesportisanastybattleoverwhowilldominateaccesstotherocks——aficionadosof“sport”.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.creators

B.enthusiasts

C.organizers

D.advocators

【答案】B

【解析】考查同義名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)creators“創(chuàng)作者，造物主”；B選項(xiàng)enthusiasts“熱心人，熱衷者，狂熱者”；C選項(xiàng)organizers“主辦單位，舉辦方，舉辦者”；D選項(xiàng)advocator“提倡者，擁護(hù)者”。句意：在關(guān)于誰(shuí)在練習(xí)一種更純粹的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式的言辭背后，是一場(chǎng)關(guān)于誰(shuí)將主導(dǎo)進(jìn)入巖石運(yùn)動(dòng)的惡戰(zhàn)——“體育”的狂熱者。Aficionados“迷，狂熱愛(ài)好者”，B選項(xiàng)與該詞意思最相近，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

17.單選題

JuliaGillard,Australia’sprimeminister,wasforcedtodropacontroversialproposaltofunneltheprocessingofpeopleseekingasyluminhercountrythroughMalaysia.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.channel

B.siphon

C.clag

D.scintillate

【答案】A

【解析】考查近義動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)channel“引導(dǎo)，開(kāi)導(dǎo)；提供資金；輸送；開(kāi)辟水道，形成凹槽”；B選項(xiàng)siphon“用虹吸管吸出；抽取”；C選項(xiàng)clag“阻礙；妨礙；凝結(jié)”；D選項(xiàng)scintillate“發(fā)出火花；閃爍”。句意：澳大利亞總理朱莉婭?吉拉德（JuliaGillard）被迫放棄一項(xiàng)有爭(zhēng)議的提案，該提案要求通過(guò)馬來(lái)西亞來(lái)處理在澳大利亞尋求庇護(hù)的人。funnel“流經(jīng)狹窄空間；通過(guò)漏斗將……導(dǎo)入；匯集，傳送”，A選項(xiàng)與該詞詞意最相近，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Inscientificstudies,supportingevidenceismuchmoresatisfyingtoreportthanarediscreditedhypotheses,but,infact,the（）oferrorsismorelikelytobe（）thanistheestablishmentofprobabletruth.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.formulation,permitted

B.correction,ignored

C.detection,useful

D.accumulation,agreeable

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞與形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)formulation，permitted“制訂，規(guī)劃；系統(tǒng)闡述；表達(dá)方式；制劑，配方”，“被允許的，可能的”；B選項(xiàng)correction，ignored“改正，修正”，“被忽視的；被忽略的”；C選項(xiàng)detection，useful“偵查，探測(cè)；發(fā)覺(jué)，發(fā)現(xiàn)；察覺(jué)”，“有用的，有益的；有幫助的”；D選項(xiàng)accumulation，agreeable“積聚，累積；堆積物”，“令人愉快的；適合的；和藹可親的”。句意：在科學(xué)研究中，報(bào)告支持的證據(jù)比不可信的假設(shè)更令人滿(mǎn)意，但事實(shí)上，錯(cuò)誤的積累比可能真理的建立更容易令人滿(mǎn)意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

19.單選題

ThepompandceremonywithwhichPresidentBarackObamawillhostIndia’sPrimeMinisterManmohanSinghataWhiteHouse-statedinneronTuesdaywon’talteraperceptioninIndiathatithaslostgroundtoChinainthenewAdministration’sAsiapolicy.ManyinNewDelhisawObama’sperformancelastweekinBeijingasacquiescenttowardanemboldenedBeijing,NewDelhi’slongtimeregionalrival.AndtheyseeIndiahavingadiminishedroleintheeconomicandgeopoliticalcalculationsofObama’sWhiteHouse—atleastincomparisontothecentralityitenjoyedintheBushAdministration’sAsiapolicy.

TheymayhavewincedathisblundersinIraqandelsewhere,butmanyIndianswelcomedPresidentBush’sembrace,whichstrengthenedtiesbetweentheworld’slargestdemocraciestoanunprecedenteddegreeafterdecadesofColdWarestrangement.SinghfacedoppositionathomefrompartiesskepticalofclosetieswiththeU.S.,butstakedhispoliticalreputationonthegrowingrelationship—hisgovernmentwasalmostdeposedbypartiesoftheleftprotestinganuclear—technologydealheconcludedwiththeBushAdministration.

“UnderBush,IndiawasbeingencouragedtobeanAsianpower,”saysBrahmaChellaney,professorofstrategicstudiesattheCentreforPolicyResearch,aNewDelhi-basedthinktank.ImplicitintheBushagendawastheideaofhelpingarisingIndiabecomeademocraticbulwarkagainstauthoritarianChina.“Now”saysChellaney,“Obamaseesthingsthroughadifferentprism.”

OneexampleofthechangehasbeentheObamaAdministration’sscrappingofwhathadbeenknownasthequadrilateralinitiative,aloosealliancebetweenWashingtonandthreeotherprominentdemocraciesintheregion—India,JapanandAustralia—thatstagedjointnavalexercisesin2008.Chinasawtheinitiativeasdesignedtocreateasecuritybloctocontainit,andintheinterestsofimprovingrelationswithBeijing,Obamahasdeclinedtopursueit.

IndiananalystsbelieveObama’sforeignpolicyteammostlythinksofIndiainthecontextofotherregionalchallenges,particularlythedeterioratingsituationinAfghanistanandPakistan.China,withitsboomingeconomyandpositionasAmerica’sprimarycreditor,nowcarriesfarmoreweightinU.S.calculations.“ThegroundrealityisIndiaatthemomentdoesnotcountfortheU.S.inthesamewaythatChinaandPakistando,”saysBahukutumbiRaman,aformertopIndianintelligenceofficialandheadoftheCentreforTopicalStudiesinChennai.

Partofthepriceforthatnewreality,manyinIndiabelieve,isadowngradingoftheirownconcerns.SinghwillbeintheU.S.ontheanniversaryoflastyear’sMumbaiterrorattacks,traditionaltiestoPakistan’smilitaryintelligenceorganization,theISI.ButwhileObamaandhisAfghanistanenvoy,RichardHolbrooke,haveurgedIndiatomakeconcessionsonthedecades-oldKashmirdisputeinordertohelpWashington’seffortstopersuadethePakistanistofocusmoreresourcesonfightingtheTaliban,littlehasbeendonetocoercePakistantocrackdownonextremistgroupsusingitsterritoryasabasefortargetingIndia.TheagendaforSingh’svisitincludestalksonboostingintelligenceandcounterterrorismefforts,butIndiaremainsunwillingtobroachKashmirwithPakistanuntilIslamabaddemonstratesacommitmenttocrackdownonjihadistgroupsinitsmidst.

MoretroublingfortheIndiansthantheObamaAdministration’sprioritizingofAfghanistanwasaparagraphinthejointstatementreleasedduringthePresidentsBeijingvisit:itwelcomedChineseinvolvementinSouthAsiaandspokeofBeijing’sabilityto“promotepeace,stabilityanddevelopmentinthatregion.”InNewDelhi,thiswasreadasasignofU.S.acceptanceofChinaviewingSouthAsia—India’sneighborhood—aspartofitsownsphereofinfluence.Chellaneysawthestatementasa“returntoakindofColdWarthinkingwheretwogreatpowerscandictatetermstoalesserone.”China’slong-standingborderdisputeswithIndia,anditsbuildingupofthePakistanimilitary,makesmanyinNewDelhireluctanttowelcomeBeijingasabenignpresence.Indeed,somefearIndiaisbeingencircledbyChineselisteningpostsandbasesaroundtheIndianOcean.AndwhentensionsspikedlastmonthoverChinapressingitsclaimtoterritoryinsideIndia,theU.S.remainedsilent.India’sgovernmentinsiststhere’sroomenoughforbothIndiaandChinatopeacefullyemergeasworldpowers,andSinghhasmadenocomplaintsaboutthechangeinatmosphereinWashington.Hisvisit,heinsists,issimplyanopportunity“torenewthepartnership.”It’lllooktoformalizeelementsofthenucleardealpennedlastyear,whichgrantsIndiaaccesstoarangeoftechnologiesthatithadpreviouslybeenblockedfromacquiring.Measureswillalsobetakentoexpandtrade,promoteeducationallinksandboostcooperationonresearchintovaccines.Thetwosidesarealsoexpectedtosoundtherightnotesonclimatechangewithoutmakinganysubstantialcommitments.

Despitetheirconcernsaboutrecentdevelopmentsintherelationship,manyinIndiaareconfidentintheircountry’slong-termtieswiththeU.S.Morethan3-millionpeopleofIndianoriginnowliveintheU.S.,whileIndianscomprisethebiggestpoolofforeignstudentsinAmericanuniversities,andwealthyIndianprofessionalsarecreatinganincreasinglyeffectiveIndialobbyinWashington.“Indiamaynotbethetopprioritynow”saysRaman,“butthere’snoreasonwhyitwon’tbeinthefuture.”

1.HowdidtheIndiansperceiveObama’sAsianPolicy?

2.WhydoesObamachoosenottopursuethequadrilateralinitiative?

3.FortheIndiagovernment,whatwouldbethedownsideofObama’sAsianpolicy?

4.HowdoestheIndiangovernmentint