跨文化商務溝通Diverse Cultural Patterns

DiverseCulturalPatterns1Hofstede’sFiveValuesDimension

（Hofstede的5種價值維度）Kluckhohn

and

Strodtbeck’sValue

OrientationHall’sContextOrientation2GeertHofstede34Hofstede’sFiveValuesDimension（Hofstede的5種價值維度）

Hofstedeidentifiedfivedimensionsofculturethathelptoexplainhowandwhypeoplefromdifferentculturesbehaveastheydo.5Hofstede’sFiveValuesDimension（Hofstede的5種價值維度）powerdistanceIndividualismMasculinity[,m?skju'liniti]–femininity[femi'niniti]uncertaintyavoidancelong-term/

short-termorientation.6PowerDistance(權力差距)

Thisreferstothedegreeofinequalitythatexists–andisaccepted–amongpeoplewithandwithoutpower.7HighpowerdistancecultureAhighpowerdistance

scoreindicatesthatsocietyacceptsanunequaldistributionofpowerandpeopleunderstand"theirplace"inthesystem.8inequality

isaccepted.Socialhierarchy（社會等級制）

isprevalent（普遍的）Powerandauthority

arefactsofpeople’slife.Theseculturesteachtheirmembers

that

peoplearenotequal

inthisworldandthateverybodyhasarightfulplace.Highpowerdistanceculture9High-power-distancecountries:India,Africa,Brazil,Singapore,Greece,Venezuela[,veni'zweil?]委內瑞拉

,MexicoandPhilippines['fil?pi:nz].PDI=powerdistanceindex（權利差距指數(shù)）10LowpowerdistancecultureLowPDmeansthatpowerisshared(共享的)andwelldispersed(被分散的).Italsomeansthatsocietymembersviewthemselvesasequals.11LowpowerdistancecultureUsetaxation

orsocialwelfare

program(社會福利)

to

reduceinequality

inrightsandopportunity

intheworkplace.Lowpowerdistanceculturesareguidedby

laws,norms,andeverydaybehaviors

whichmakepowerdistinctions(差別，級別)minimal（最小的）.Supervisors（上級）andemployees（下屬）

areconsideredalmostas

equals.12Low-power-distancecountries：Australia,Finland['finl?nd]芬蘭

,Denmark['denma:k]丹麥

,Norway挪威

,U.S13Individualism/Collectivism[k?'lektiviz?m](個人主義/集體主義)Thisdimensioncanbedefinedas“thedegreetowhichpeopleinacountryprefertoactasindividualsratherthanasmembersofgroups”Collectivism=Lowindividualism14Individualisticculture個人主義文化Individualachievement個人成就FreedomCompetitionSelf-interest自身利益PersonalgoalsratherthangroupgoalsIndividualhastherighttohisprivateproperty,thoughts,andopinions.15Individualisticculture個人主義文化theUnitedStates,Australia,GreatBritain,Canada,Netherlands['nee?l?ndz]荷蘭andNewZealandIDV=individualism16Collectivisticculture集體主義文化GroupharmonyCohesiveness（凝聚力）Consensus(大多數(shù)人的意見)[k?n'sens?s]GroupinterestPeoplerelyontheirin-group(自己人集團,派系,小集團）andbeloyaltotheirgroup.17CollectivisticculturePakistan['p?kist?n]巴基斯坦,Colombia[k?'l?mbi?]哥倫比亞(拉丁美洲國家),Venezuela[,veni'zweil?]委內瑞拉,Peru[p?'ru]秘魯

andmuchofAfrica.

Yellowislowincollectivism,redishigh.FromChiaoandBlizinsky2009.18Masculinity/Femininity

(男性主義/女性主義)Hofstedeusedmasculinity[,m?skju'liniti]

andfemininity[femi'niniti]

torefertothedegreetowhichmasculine（男性的）['m?skjulin]

orfeminine（女性的）traits（特性）arevalued（重視）andrevealed（顯示）.19CountriesthatareMasculinityoriented（以男性為導向的國家）Theyvalueassertiveness（魄力，自信）performance,successandcompetition.Theyexpect

men

tobeassertive（堅定而自信的）,ambitious,andcompetitive.Menareexpectedtobetough,tobetheprovider,tobeassertiveandtobestrong.Ifwomenworkoutsidethehome,theyhaveseparateprofessionsfrommen.2021CountriesthatareMasculinityorientedIreland,thePhilippines,Greece,Venezuela[,veni'zweil?]委內瑞拉

,Austria['?stri?]奧地利

,Japan,Italy,Mexico22CountriesthatareFemininityoriented（以女性為導向的國家）Thequalityoflife.MaintainingwarmpersonalrelationshipsServiceandcarefortheweak.womenandmenworkingtogetherequallyacrossmanyprofessions.Menareallowedtobesensitiveandwomencanworkhardforprofessionalsuccess.

2324

CountriesthatareMasculinityoriented

CountriesthatareFemininityoriented25CountriesthatareFemininityoriented（以女