英漢語言文化對(duì)比chapter(1-2)課件

英漢語言文化對(duì)比09級(jí)翻譯方向辨析正誤例1Sheisincontrolnow．例2Theycan’tpossiblyforgetit．例3Myauntrememberedmeonmybirthday．例4Believeitornot。hehasafatchanceofsuccess．例5太陽每天早晨從東方升起。例6我的腿被你的狗咬了。例7他自殺過兩次，但還活著。例8他在會(huì)上只講了幾句話。例9JesseoncetookcommunityserviceinNewYork．例10“Thedogdaysareuponus，”Johnsaid．例11Sophia’shusbandisahomeruler．例12RyanisalovechildofElizabeth．例13他的兩個(gè)兒子可謂天壤之別：一個(gè)是龍，一個(gè)是蟲。例14他們的日子過得紅紅火火。例I：她現(xiàn)在掌控一切；例2：他們無論如何不會(huì)忘掉；例3：我嬸嬸在我生日時(shí)送我一件禮物；例4：信不信由你，他成功的機(jī)會(huì)渺茫。例5太陽每天早晨從東方升起。(誤譯：Thesunrisesfromtheeasteverymorning．)例6我的腿被你的狗咬了。(誤譯：Mylegwasbittenbyyourdog．)例7他自殺過兩次，但還活著。(誤譯：Hecommittedsuicidetwicebutisstillalive．)

例8他在會(huì)上只講了幾句話。(誤譯：Hespokeonlyafewsentencesatthemeeting．)例5Thesunrisesintheeasteverymorning．例6Iwasbittenonthelegbyyourdog．例7Heattemptedsuicidetwicebutisstillalive．例8Hespokeonlyafewwordsatthemeeting．例9JesseoncetookcommunityserviceinNewYork．(誤譯：Jesse曾經(jīng)在紐約從事過社區(qū)服務(wù)。)例10“Thedogdaysareuponus，”Johnsaid．(誤譯：John說，“豬狗一樣的苦日子正降臨到我們頭上”。)例11Sophia’shusbandisahomeruler．(誤譯：Sophia的丈夫是個(gè)家庭暴君。)例12RyanisalovechildofElizabeth．(誤譯：Ryan是Elizabeth的愛子。)例13他的兩個(gè)兒子可謂天壤之別：一個(gè)是龍，一個(gè)是蟲。(誤譯：There’saworldofdifferencebetweenhistwosons：oneislikeadragon。whiletheotheraworm．)(參考譯文：There’saworldofdifferencebetweenhistwosons：oneisverycapable，whiletheotherisextremelyincompetent．)Lecture1

翻譯中英漢語言對(duì)比的重要意義JeanDelisle,representativeofFrenchInterpretativeTheoryofTranslation,saysinhisTranslation:AnInterpretiveApproach,“Inotherwords,eachcommunityhasdevelopedhabitsofexpressionthat,overtime,havebeenintegratedintothelanguageandlentitcertaincharacteristics.”1HealsoquotesfromEdmondCary:“Twolanguagescanbothbeinflectedandbelongtothesamefamilyyetneverthelessdifferconsiderablyinthewaytheyexpressideasandconveymeanings.”11.Delisle,J.Translation:AnInterpretiveApproach[M].Eng.trans,byLogan.P&Creery.M.,Ottawa:UniversityofOttawaPress,1980:74翻譯中英漢語言對(duì)比的重要意義他也談到了改變句法結(jié)構(gòu)和保留句法結(jié)構(gòu)之間的辯證關(guān)系：“我不是說原文的句法絕對(duì)可以不管，在最大限度內(nèi)我們是要保持原文句法的，但無論如何，要叫人覺得盡管句法新奇而仍不失為中文。這一點(diǎn)當(dāng)然是不容易做到的，……”

1

1.怒安.傅雷談翻譯[M].沈陽：遼寧教育出版社2005:30翻譯中英漢語言對(duì)比的重要意義就保留原文句法與譯文體現(xiàn)原作精神的問題，傅雷也有精辟的論述:“假如破壞本國文字的結(jié)構(gòu)與特性，就能傳達(dá)異國文字的特性而獲得原作的精神，那么翻譯真是太容易了。不幸那種理論非但是刻船求劍，而且結(jié)果是削足就履，兩敗俱傷?！?/p>

11.怒安.傅雷談翻譯[M].沈陽：遼寧教育出版社2005:2翻譯中英漢語言對(duì)比的重要意義劉宓慶：“西方各語種在SLT與TLT之間的實(shí)現(xiàn)形式轉(zhuǎn)換的可行性比漢外翻譯大得多?！醇葘?shí)現(xiàn)意義對(duì)應(yīng)，又實(shí)現(xiàn)形式對(duì)應(yīng)。這在漢語與西方語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換中是根本辦不到的?；旧?，漢外互譯必須放棄拘守形式的努力而傾全力于意義?！?思果說：“千萬不能跟英文走?！?/p>

21.劉宓慶.翻譯與語言哲學(xué)[M].北京:中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2001:78.)2.思果.翻譯研究[M].北京:中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2001:23)漢語的線性序列

與英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)于英漢語言的比喻英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu):“葡萄藤型”結(jié)構(gòu)（grapevinestructure），意為在短短的主干上派生出長長的枝蔓和豐碩的果實(shí)；漢語句子的結(jié)構(gòu):漢語句子因?yàn)楹苌侬B床架屋，節(jié)外生枝，而是一個(gè)短句接一個(gè)短句地往下延伸，因此被稱為“竹竿型”結(jié)構(gòu)（bamboostructure）。11.王寅.英漢語言宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別特征.載方夢之、馬秉義編選《漢譯英實(shí)踐與技巧》[M].北京：旅游教育出版社，1996:42關(guān)于英漢語言的比喻英語造句著重用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語將句子的主干與上下左右勾連，進(jìn)行空間搭架，因此可以稱為“營造學(xué)手法”（architecturalstyle），而漢語造句偏重從動(dòng)詞著眼，將各部分根據(jù)時(shí)間順序一一予以安排，因此，可以稱為“編年史手法”（chroniclestyle）11.林同濟(jì).從漢語詞序看長句的翻譯.載方夢之、馬秉義編選《漢譯英實(shí)踐與技巧》[M].北京：旅游教育出版社，1996:433-4關(guān)于英漢語言的比喻陳安定：英語句子好比“一串珍珠”，而漢語句子則像“一盤大小各異的珍珠，散落玉盤，閃閃發(fā)光，燦爛奪目。”1比喻歸納：“英語句子好比一棵參天大樹，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一樹荔枝。而漢語（句子）好比一根竹子，一盤珠子，一江波濤。”21，2.陳安定.英漢比較與翻譯[M].北京：中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司1998:7;5天目山林深人少，古樹掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙境一般。天目山林深人少，古樹掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙境一般。denselyforestedandscarcelypopulated,Mt.Tianmu,islikeafairyland

whereheavyfogsenvelophalfwayupthemountainandclearstreamsflowalongthevalleys.英漢比喻帶來的啟示理論認(rèn)識(shí)層面：翻譯就是重構(gòu)(Translatingisrestructuring.)。Nida:“Topreservethecontentofthemessagetheformmustbechanged.”1Nida:“Ifalllanguagesdifferinform(andthisistheessenceoftheirbeingdifferentlanguages),thenquitenaturallytheformsmustbealteredifoneistopreservethecontent.”11.Nida,E.A.&Taber.C.R.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation[M].Leiden:Brill,1982：5.英漢比喻帶來的啟示Delisle：Translationisanartofre-expressionbasedonwritingtechniquesandaknowledgeoftwolanguages.1“…andre-expression(toreconstructthetextinanotherlanguage[writingtechniques].”21、2.Delisle,J.Translation:AnInterpretiveApproach[M].Eng.trans,byLogan.P&Creery.M.,Ottawa:UniversityofOttawaPress,1980:3；83英漢比喻帶來的啟示實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)意義：翻譯成功的關(guān)鍵之一，就是要實(shí)現(xiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。漢譯英時(shí)，要把漢語的線性序列，轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，這能在很大程度上避免所謂的Chinglish。英譯漢時(shí)，要把英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的線性序列，這能在很大程度上避免所謂的“歐化”句子。

對(duì)英漢比喻的錯(cuò)誤定位把漢語的線性序列和英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)與英漢語形合與意合對(duì)應(yīng)起來，把上述提及到的比喻都認(rèn)為是形合和意合的形象表達(dá)。而形合與意合的內(nèi)涵實(shí)際上是關(guān)于句子銜接的問題，主張?jiān)跐h譯英時(shí)添加應(yīng)有的連接詞，或者在英譯漢時(shí)省略連接詞。連接詞的使用與否不能保證譯成的漢語就是線性序列的，或者譯成的英語就是空間結(jié)構(gòu)的。重估英漢語言比喻對(duì)實(shí)踐的價(jià)值英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)際上是一種“修飾”結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是“主從”結(jié)構(gòu)；漢語的線性序列，實(shí)際上是一種“并列”結(jié)構(gòu)，亦即每個(gè)子句都是“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)(含隱性主謂結(jié)構(gòu))。漢譯英：Step1：找出句子的重心，用主謂形式將它表示出來，作為句子的“樹干”，Step2:把漢語中其他的“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”變?yōu)橛⒄Z中的“主從結(jié)構(gòu)”，即變成分詞，動(dòng)名詞，不定式，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及從句等，作為句子的枝椏附屬在句子的主干上；Step3:空間性。既然把英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比喻為一串葡萄、枝杈，就說明多數(shù)情況下這個(gè)樹干是在中間的，它的左右兩邊都有枝杈，達(dá)到左右對(duì)稱。這種對(duì)稱只是一種近似。例句例2山西省是中國古代文明發(fā)祥地之一，有悠久的歷史。1.ShangxiisoneofhomesofancientcivilizationinChina.IthasalonghistoryorShangxiisoneofhomesofancientcivilizationinChinaandhasalonghistory2.OneofthecradlesofancientcivilizationinChina,Shanxihasalonghistory3.Withalonghistory,ShanxiisoneofthebirthplacesofancientcivilizationinChina.例句例3諾丁山嘉年華每年八月在倫敦的諾丁山舉行，為期三天（包括一個(gè)周末和銀行假日）。1.NottingHillCarnivalisheldeachAugustonthestreetsofNottingHill,London,lastingthreedays(Sundayandthefollowingbankholiday).HeldeachAugustonthestreetsofNottingHill,London,NottingHillCarnivallaststhreedays(Sundayandthefollowingbankholiday).AnannualeventwhichtakesplaceonthestreetsofNottingHill,London,eachAugust,NottingHillCarnivallaststhreedays(Sundayandthefollowingbankholiday).例句例4小馬兒鼻子凍得通紅，掛著兩條白鼻涕?！鵅ecause/since/forthenoseofLittleMa’erbecameredwithcold,itisrunning.※ThenoseoflittleMa’erbecameredwithcold.So/therefore/asaconsequence/asaresultitisrunning.例句例4小馬兒鼻子凍得通紅，掛著兩條白鼻涕?！鵗henoseofLittleMa’erbecameredwithcold,running.√ThenoseofLittleMa’er,redwithcold,isrunning.Note：漢語的線性序列和英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)作為最基本的對(duì)比范疇，在運(yùn)用時(shí)需要考慮諸如文體、語意重心等因素。例5二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象，聽說他考上了研究生，被他的進(jìn)步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽哪里可以花錢買個(gè)MBA。漢語在標(biāo)點(diǎn)使用上的模糊性：“由于漢語句法結(jié)構(gòu)的開放性，應(yīng)該在哪兒斷句，主要取決于寫說者或標(biāo)點(diǎn)人對(duì)意義的理解?！?這種“中英文句子在斷句，標(biāo)點(diǎn)上的差異是影響漢英一一對(duì)應(yīng)以及導(dǎo)致中文一句對(duì)兩句甚至多句現(xiàn)象多發(fā)的主要原因”2

1.王峻巖.英漢句法對(duì)比散議.載蕭立明主編.英漢語對(duì)比研究[C].長沙：湖南人民出版社，1992：1072.王克非.雙語對(duì)應(yīng)語料庫研制與應(yīng)用[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2004：104例5二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象，聽說他考上了研究生，被他的進(jìn)步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽哪里可以花錢買個(gè)MBA。譯文1：InthesummerholidaywhenIwas20,Imetmyunrequitedloveinthestreetofmyhometownbyaccident.Iheardthathehadpassedthepostgraduateexam.Iwasstruckbyhisimprovement.AsIthoughtthathewouldneverlookatmebecauseofmyexcellence,mybittertearsjustrolleddowntheface…例5二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象，聽說他考上了研究生，被他的進(jìn)步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽哪里可以花錢買個(gè)MBA。譯文2：Attheageof20,Iwasonmyvacation.ImettheboywhomIlovedsecretlyinthestreetofmyhometown.Iheardthathepassedthepostgraduateentranceexamination,soIwasreallydepressedbyhisprogressandfeltasifaknifewerepiercingmyheart.Icouldn’thelpcryingwhenIthoughtthatIcouldn’tlethimlookatmewithneweyesduringmylifetime.ButafterIwas30,IinquiredaboutwhereIcouldbuyaMBA.。譯文1：Inthesummerholidaywhen

I

was20,

Imetmyunrequitedloveinthestreetofmyhometownbyaccident.

Iheardthathehadpassedthepostgraduateexam.I

wasstruckbyhisimprovement.AsIthoughtthathewouldneverlookatmebecauseofmyexcellence,mybittertearsjustrolleddowntheface…譯文2：Attheageof20,

I

wasonmyvacation.

Imettheboywhom

Ilovedsecretlyinthestreetofmyhometown.I

heardthathepassedthepostgraduateentranceexamination,soIwasreallydepressedbyhisprogressandfeltasifaknifewerepiercingmyheart.Icouldn’thelpcryingwhenIthoughtthatIcouldn’tlethimlookatmewithneweyesduringmylifetime.ButafterI

was30,

IinquiredaboutwhereI

couldbuyaMBA.二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象，聽說他考上了研究生，被他的進(jìn)步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽哪里可以花錢買個(gè)MBA。譯三Attheageof20,duringthesummerholidayIranintotheyoungmanwhomIlovedinprivateinthestreetofmyhometown.Uponhearingthathehadbeenenrolledasapostgraduate,Iwasvirtuallydealtwithaheavyblow,believingreluctantlysopainfulafactthatIcouldneverdowellenoughtowinhisfavor,bittertearsstreamingdownmycheeks.After30,Ibusymyselfhereandthere,inquiringwhereIcouldbuyaMBAdiploma.Uponhearingthathehadbeenenrolledasapostgraduate,Iwasvirtuallydealtwithaheavyblow,believingreluctantlysopainfulafactthatIcouldneverdowellenoughtowinhisfavor,bittertearsstreamingdownmycheeks.例6我們有決心，有信心，通過深化改革、擴(kuò)大開放，變壓力為動(dòng)力，迎接加入世貿(mào)組織帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，促進(jìn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷取得新的發(fā)展。Wehavethedeterminationandconfidencethatthroughthedeepeningofreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wecanturnpressureintomotiveforcetotakethechallengesarisenfromouraccessiontotheWTOandenablethenationaleconomytoachievenewprogressonacontinuousbasis.Wehavethedeterminationandconfidence

thatthroughthedeepeningofreformand

openingwidertotheoutsideworld,

wecanturnpressureintomotiveforce

totakethechallengesarisenfromour

accessiontotheWTOandenablethenationaleconomyto

achievenewprogressonacontinuous

basis.

我們有決心，有信心，通過深化改革、擴(kuò)大開放，變壓力為動(dòng)力，迎接加入世貿(mào)組織帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，促進(jìn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷取得新的發(fā)展。Withconfidenceanddetermination,andthroughfurtherreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wewillrespondpositivelytothepressureuponus,meetingchallengesarisingfromChina’saccessiontotheWTO,andpushingforwardthedevelopmentofournationaleconomy.Withconfidenceanddetermination,and

throughfurtherreformandopening

widertotheoutsideworld,wewillrespondpositivelytothepressureuponus,

meetingchallengesarisingfrom

China’saccessiontotheWTO,and

pushingforwardthedevelopmentof

ournationaleconomy.例7全黨必須堅(jiān)定不移地高舉中國特色社會(huì)主義偉大旗幟，帶領(lǐng)人民從新的歷史起點(diǎn)出發(fā)，抓住和用好重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，求真務(wù)實(shí)，銳意進(jìn)取，繼續(xù)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)，加快推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化，完成時(shí)代賦予的崇高使命。ThewholepartymustunswervinglyholdhighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsandleadpeopleinstartingfromthisnewhistoricalpoint,graspingandmakingthemostoftheimportantperiodofstrategicopportunities,stayingrealisticandpragmatic,forgingaheadwithdetermination,continuingtobuildamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallrespectsandacceleratesocialistmodernization,andaccomplishingtheloftymissionbestowedbythetimes.(）ThewholepartymustunswervinglyholdhighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsandleadpeople

instartingfromthisnewhistoricalpoint,

①graspingandmakingthemostoftheimportantperiodofstrategicopportunities,②stayingrealisticandpragmatic,③forgingaheadwithdetermination,④continuingtobuildamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallrespectsandacceleratesocialistmodernization,⑤andaccomplishingtheloftymissionbestowedbythetimes.全黨必須堅(jiān)定不移地高舉中國特色社會(huì)主義偉大旗幟，帶領(lǐng)人民從新的歷史起點(diǎn)出發(fā)，抓住和用好重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，求真務(wù)實(shí)，銳意進(jìn)取，繼續(xù)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)，加快推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化，完成時(shí)代賦予的崇高使命。

UnswervinglyholdinghighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,thewholepartymustleadpeopletomakethebestoftheimportantstrategicopportunitiesavailableatanewhistoricalpoint.Stayingrealisticandpragmaticandforgingaheadwithdetermination,thewholepartymustcontinuetobuildamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallrespectsandacceleratesocialistmodernizationinordertoaccomplishtheloftymissionbestowedbythetimes.UnswervinglyholdinghighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,

thewholepartymustleadpeople

tomakethebestoftheimportantstrategicopportunitiesavailableatanewhistoricalpoint.Stayingrealisticandpragmaticandforgingaheadwithdetermination,thewholepartymustcontinuetobuildamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallrespectsandacceleratesocialistmodernizationinordertoaccomplishtheloftymissionbestowedbythetimes.總結(jié)通過以上各例，我們總結(jié)一下英漢兩種語言的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)對(duì)漢譯英的啟示：漢譯英的基本過程是將漢語句子的時(shí)間和邏輯序列轉(zhuǎn)換成英語句子的空間架構(gòu)，具體來說：一是切忌想當(dāng)然以為能在英語中找到漢語原文近似的對(duì)應(yīng)，就采用直譯的方法，二是按照英語行文的需要重新分句，三是分析和確定每個(gè)句子中的不同成分之間的邏輯關(guān)系，四是按照各成分之間的關(guān)系重新安排各個(gè)句子，使?jié)h語句子的線性序列變成英語句子的空間構(gòu)架，五是照顧到英語文體和語義等因素的要求。Exercise端陽喜慶農(nóng)歷五月初五為“端陽節(jié)”(亦稱“端午”、“端五”),為中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，相傳是為紀(jì)念戰(zhàn)國時(shí)代的詩人屈原。這一天有吃粽子、賽龍舟等風(fēng)俗。圖中遠(yuǎn)近兩龍舟作競渡之狀，裝飾華麗，乾坤八卦旗飄揚(yáng)；船頭立招財(cái)、利市二神，舟尾插“順風(fēng)大吉”旗，旗前站風(fēng)神和足踩祥云的和合二仙；舟頂一少年高舉“日進(jìn)斗金”旗，仿佛在指揮槳手齊力奮進(jìn)。畫面熱鬧壯觀，并體現(xiàn)了祈吉祥、求財(cái)旺的愿望。Chapter2Syntheticvs.Analytic

綜合語與分析語Ⅰ.ObjectivesStudentsareexpectedtohaveanunderstandingofthedefinitionsofsyntheticandanalyticlanguagesandembodimentsofthosefeaturesinChineseandEnglishlanguages;HaveanunderstandingofdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseininflection,wordorder,figureofspeechandphonology,andillustratethemincases;Haveknowledgeofthegeneraldifferencesbetweenthelanguages.Ⅱ.KeyPointsandSpecialDifficultiesKeypointsa)inflectionsinEnglishandtheirrolesinsentenceconstructionb)differencesinwordorder

Specialdifficulties:howtoanalyzeChinesegrammarsincetheframeworkofsubject-predicate-objectisnotapplicabletoChineselanguage?

introductory

Whenweseethesewords,willweknowwhattheysay?Good,goodstudy;daydayup

YouhavetwodownsonThetwofunnyexpressionsarereflectionsofChinglish,orwhatwesayinaChinesethought.AswewanttoteachforeignpeopleChinese,we’dspeakidiomaticandauthenticChinese.So,________________________________That’swhycomparisonsbetweenthetwolanguagesareimportant.Freshcontents

Lingualfeature

ChineselanguageseemsirregularwhencomparedwithEnglish.AChinesesentencecanbeoneofverbwithoutsubject,like“來了，來了！”,orsubjectwithoutpredicate,forexample”刀”.Whysuchaflexiblelanguageremainsvigorousandfreshwithahistoryofthousandsofyears?WhyChinesepeoplefromalldialectalregionscanunderstandeachothereasilyaftershortdays?WhymoderateChineseareabletoreadclassical“道可道，非常道”,whileaverageEnglishmenwillfrownat“Uerethou”?Chineseisalanguageasrepresentationofmeaning,thatis,itswordsaredirectreflectionofmeaninginsteadofimitationofsounds.Forinstance“去”canbereadas（qu,ke,qie,qi）indialect,butitremainsareferencetotheactof“going”.Onthecontrary,Indo-Europeanlanguagesaremostlylanguagesastranscriptionofsounds,whichmeansachangeinsoundnecessarilyleadstochangeinwriting.Thouisancientsubjectuseofyou,andtheeobject.AswhattheyreferredtobothturnintoyouinmodernEnglish,theyareabandoned.ButinChinese,你”and“爾”areusableand“汝”isunderstandabletoo.Modernwesternlinguistsholdtheviewthatadvancedwordsarethosegenuinerecordsofsounds.TheirtheoryissharedbysomeChineselinguists,whoattemptedtomakesomereformationtoChineseinhopetoturnChineseintoaphoneticlanguage.Thereformledtosomeachievements,anexampleofwhichisChinesephoneticspellinginRomanalphabets.Butingeneralitisafailure,somethingluckytousforstillhavingthechancetoreadandteachoriginalChinese.ButotherChinesegrammariansbelieveChineselettersnottobeonesforsoundtranscription,butforavisualimageimposingonourmindstoformintegrationofgraphsandmeanings.Thisintegrationisdirect,requiringnomediationofsound.Differenceoftwolanguagesystems漢語：意義文字語音

英語：sound

Word-------------------------------------meaningIndirectThisintegrationisadvantageousinthatthewordandlanguagecanbestableincertainperiodandspace.Thisistosaypeoplecanhavespatialandtemporalcommunicationsviathislanguage(可以在時(shí)間和空間兩個(gè)維度都可以進(jìn)行交流).ThatiswhyChinesepeoplefromdifferentdialectregionsunderstandeachotherwithoutmuchbarrierandcommonChineseknowwhattheirancestorssaid.TheIndo-Europeanfamily,towhichEnglishlanguagebelongs,diffusedtonumbersoflanguages,includingIndo-Iranian,German-English,(Latin)Romanian,--French,Spanish,Italic,Romanian,Balto-Slavian,Greek-Russian,Albanian.Thoselanguagesdifferfromoneanothergreatly.Lexical

《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》:50,000wordsBi-syllables(雙音節(jié))80%Mono-syllables:some2560Mono---bi-syllable:言—言論、言談、言語Englishvocabulary:1.4millionsoftenusedones:20,000WilliamShakespeare:18,000SourcesofEnglishwords:a)nativesource,e.g.pig,oxWordsfromthissourcearegenerallyshortandsimplerb)blitz,champagne,pork,tatami,sausi,kungfu。Borrowingincludesintegralborrowing,partialborrowingfromtransliterationandchangeafterborrowing.EnglishowesmuchtoLatin,Greek,French,German,Russia,Arabian,JapaneseandChineseaswellotherlanguagesE.g.Percapita(Latin),blitz(German),champagne(French),pork(French),tatami(Japanese),sausi(Japanese),wok(Chinese),kungfu(Chinese)。注：語言的四大特性：任意性、結(jié)構(gòu)二重性、能產(chǎn)性和時(shí)空位移性。(Distinctfeaturesoflanguages:arbitrariness,duality,productivityanddisplacement)Syntax

Englishgrammarisrigid.Asentenceshouldbecenteredonsubject-predicatestructure.Inthesentence,wordsofcertainfigureofspeechhavefixedroletoplay.Forexample,intheChinesesentence“慷慨不是我本色”theword“慷慨”canberegardedassomewhatlikeanadjective,butitservesasasubject.ButitisnotthecaseinEnglish.Thewordcanbetoldinadjectiveornoun.Inthetwocases,theirroleisnotthesame.Tobegenerousisnotmystyle.//Generosityisnotmystyle.Chinesegrammardoesnotprescribefixeduseofwords.Inthislanguage,agoodwordistheonethattellsclearly.Notlimitationissetonsentencecomponents.Forexample,asubjectcanbecarriedoutbynoun,pronounandtheirphrase,verbsorverbphrase,subject-predicatephrase,adjective,adverb,prepositionandsoon.Forexample:Wordsqualifiedforsubject去也行，不去也行。(verb)慷慨不是我本色。(adjective)我笑是因?yàn)楹眯?。（subject-predicate）我吃飯關(guān)你什么事？(subject-predicate-object)由他主持會(huì)議比較好。(preposition-pronoun-predicate-object)在就好！(adverb)GeneralDifferences

1.漢語是分析語言,英語是綜合—分析語言，英語比漢語更具有綜合性；Englishissynthetic-analyticlanguage,thusmoresyntheticthanChinese;2.漢語是意合語言，英語是形合語言。Chineseconstructasentenceinparatacticway,Englishinhypotacticway.（形合指以形式詞和詞的形態(tài)變化作為語言的組織形式，意合指以邏輯、語序?yàn)檎Z言的組織形式）3.漢語是語用型語言，英語是語法型語言。英語關(guān)注語法的正確性，漢語關(guān)注語言的適用性。ChineseispragmaticlanguageandEnglishisgrammaticallanguage;Chinesevalueswhetheranexpressionissuitable,butEnglishconcernswhetheritiscorrectornot.4漢語中動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢，英語中名詞占優(yōu)勢。漢語中動(dòng)詞使用頻率高，英語中名詞使用頻率高。但是，英語中動(dòng)詞雖然使用相對(duì)少，但占據(jù)中心位置，漢語中名詞使用次數(shù)雖然相對(duì)少，但是關(guān)系重要。Chineseusemoreverbs;Englishmorenouns;Thoughverbsarenotwidelyusedinsentence,theyoccupyakeyposition;NounsinChinesesentenceappearnotsofrequently,theyplayanimportantrole.5漢語是主題型語言，英語是主語型語言。Chineseisalanguagefocusingontopic,andEnglishoneonsubject.

Abovementionedaresomeapparentdifferencesbetweentheboth.Itisaccordingtothosefeaturesthatthiscourseisarranged.Thus,thefirstchapteronsyntheticvs.analyticisaboutthegrammaticalandinflectionalissues;chaptertwoisaccordinglyaboutsentenceconstruction,chapterthreeonsentenceorganization,etc.Definitionofsyntheticandanalyticlanguages

Definitionofsyntheticlanguage:Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.(Webster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary)經(jīng)常性、系統(tǒng)性的運(yùn)用屈折形式來表現(xiàn)語法關(guān)系為特征的語言。（韋伯斯特大辭典）注：inflection(屈折形式)—只改變語法形態(tài)，不改變詞義的變化。如，cup—cups,指標(biāo)是復(fù)數(shù)，不辯詞意；play—played—playing只是改動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)，詞義不改變。Definitionofanalyticlanguage:Ananalyticlanguageis“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelationships,ratherthanofinflectedforms”(TheRandomHouseCollegeDictionary)

分析語的特征是相對(duì)頻繁地使用功能詞，、助詞和改變詞序來表達(dá)句法關(guān)系，而不用屈折形式來表達(dá)。（蘭頓大學(xué)詞典）注：功能詞--表示事物或詞句之間關(guān)系，沒有實(shí)體意義，在句中只做句子成分的詞，如英語中的冠詞、介詞、連詞，漢語中的介詞、助詞等。句法—將詞或詞組組合成句子的方法和形式，是語法中的一個(gè)部分。formalchangeinEnglishwords;similarchangeinChinesedefinition：形態(tài)變化—詞的形式發(fā)生的變化,包括構(gòu)詞與構(gòu)形。formalchange=changeofwordform=word-makingchange+changeingrammaticalforms

構(gòu)詞：在詞根的意義上附加詞義，構(gòu)成新詞。(stem+affix=anewword)構(gòu)形：標(biāo)示詞類和詞的語法關(guān)系。有時(shí)也可以轉(zhuǎn)換詞類。Indicationofchangeinfigureofspeechorgrammaticalcategory.NOTchangemeaningSomeaffixescandeveloponlychangesinfigureofspeech(詞類變化)，theyaregrammaticalformchangeaffixes(構(gòu)形).Mostly,theaffix-addedwordsareundersameentrywiththeiroriginal.eg:waiter—waitress.Policeman—policemen,want-wantedThisoneiscalledinflectionsomeaffixeschangethegrammaticalformandbuildnewwords:eg.SimilarchangesinChinese

Chinesehasnoinflectionalchange;ithasonlysimilarchanges.Affix:Chineselanguagehaslittleaffix,whichareinstableanddeletableaccordingtotherhythmrequirements.初：三--初三--十三，子：刀—刀子—大刀。Someaffixes:Prefix：老(老張，老大)，阿（阿姨，阿飛），可（可好，可憐，可惜），第(第一)Suffix：子（被子，電子），兒（花兒，鳥兒），頭（老頭），切（迫切，貼切），于/以（用于，給以）Chinesetodayhassomenewaffixesduetoinfluenceofforeignlanguages.Theyinclude性（ity）、化（ize-ization）、可（able）、非（non,in）師(ian,er,ist)、度（ness,tion）、家(ist,ian,er)、手、派(school)性：可能性，必要性，純潔性，民族性“化”：現(xiàn)代化，工業(yè)化，國際化可：可燃（flammable）、可支配(disposable)、可轉(zhuǎn)讓(negotiable)像類似的后綴有“師”、“度”、“派”、“家”，“手”等，另有一些前綴，如，“非”（non-）、“不”（in-）、“反”(anti-,counter-)、“多”(multi-)、“雙”(bi-)、“親”(pro-)、“超”(super-)、“準(zhǔn)”(quasi-)漢語動(dòng)詞有無形態(tài)變化？沒有。名詞有沒有？也沒有。漢語中有一些類似于表示時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的助詞，但作用有限且不穩(wěn)定。主要有:著、了、過、得著：表示持續(xù)時(shí)態(tài)了：表示實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)過：表示過去時(shí)態(tài)得：表示動(dòng)作程度的（地）：表示屬性、所有、狀態(tài)，這類助詞可以省略，取決于句子韻律節(jié)奏我的父親—我父親飛快地跑—快跑們：表示復(fù)數(shù)，用于描述人物的名詞。如：我們、同志們、老師們但是事物名詞和專有名詞不能使用：桌子們、狗們、王老師們、井岡山學(xué)院們有時(shí)這些專有名詞表示一類人或事物可以用們，如那些楊白勞們

英語中用形態(tài)變化表示的語意，又是漢語只能用詞來表示，或者隱含在句子中由讀者自行解讀，[TheconnotationembodiedinformalchangescanonlybetoldinChinesewithwords,ormadeoutbyreadersthemselves.]Youlovedme,butwhatrightyouhavetodespiseme?Ihadbeenateacherbeforethat.BeforeAbrahamwas,Iam.Iwouldhavebeenthere,hadItakentheearlierflight.Ishouldhavetakenyouradvice!Iwasagoodswimmer.Wordorder

由于英語中有比較豐富的形態(tài)變化和聯(lián)結(jié)詞，句子中的各個(gè)成分之間的關(guān)系容易確定，而不管位置如何。所以英語中的次序比較靈活。而漢語中缺乏這些形態(tài)標(biāo)記，所以要靠讀者根據(jù)語序來判斷句意。AsEnglishcontainsrichformalchangesandconnectivewords,therelationshipsbetweensentencecomponentscanbeeasilydefined.Thewordorderplaysnomuchimportantroles.So,Englishsentencescontainwordsinflexibleorder.ButChineselanguagehasfewformalmarkers,sotherelationshipsneedtobecalculatedbyreaders,throughwordorder.ThatiswhywordorderiscriticalinChineselanguage.Thisrespectwillbediscussedinchapterthree.

a)Wordorderbetweensubject,predicateandobject(主謂賓的順序)b)Thepositionofmodifiers(修飾性成分)c)Orderbetweenclauses(小句之間順序)BothEnglishandChineseusesubject-predicate-objectorder’BothEnglishandChinesehaveinversion,whichmeansputtingpredicateinfrontofsubjectorputtingobjectbeforethetwo.TherearemanyexamplesofinversionsinEnglish.Chineseinversioninclude地你掃了沒有？一鍋飯吃五個(gè)人沒問題。OrdersbetweenclausesinEnglishisflexibleduetotheconnectiveandformalchangesthatclearlydefinetherelationshipsbetweenclauses.OrderbetweenChinesesub-sentencesisfixedastherelationshipbetweenthemistobefoundoutinaccordancetologicalsequenceandpsychologicalorders.(Thoselogicalandpsychologicalrulesincludetimesequence,cause-effectrelation,spatialsequence,psychologicalimportanceaswellasdescription-commentorder.Thosewillbeexplainedinchapterthree)Positionofmodifiers

A)adverbials：anadverbialtoaverboranadjectiveisusuallyputaftertheheadword;amodifiertothewholesentencemaybeputinthefront,middle,orendofthesentence.AdverbialinChineselanguageareusuallyputbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate.ItwassaidthatheblackmailedCIAunsuccessfully.共青團(tuán)在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，取得了巨大的成績。.

Attributive:anattributivemaybeputoneithersideofheadword.Ifitislong,theattributivecanbeputbehind,ifnot,itmaybeputinfront.Chineseattributivewillbeinthefront.AtoolongattributivewillbeturnintopredicativeinformsofTopic-Commentstructure.:一個(gè)富強(qiáng)、民主、文明的社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國家。AmodernsocialistcountyofprosperitydemocracyandcivilizationNote:英語的定語后置有三種方法 a介詞結(jié)構(gòu)b不定式或分詞c從句徹底的反帝反封建的愛國運(yùn)動(dòng)。Athoroughgoingpatrioticmovementagainstimperialism以美國為首的北約TheUS.leadNATO或NATOleadbyUS.種在岸邊的樹treesplantedonthebanks要洗的衣服 clothestobewashed無產(chǎn)階級(jí)、小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和民族資產(chǎn)階級(jí)共同參加的全國范圍的革命運(yùn)動(dòng)。Anation-widerevolutionarymovementinwhichtheproletariats,thepettybourgeoisieandnationalbourgeoisiealltookpart.英語中太長的修飾定語在漢語中則是行不通的，剛才的例子是在政治文件才會(huì)出現(xiàn)的。現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中很少。此時(shí)，漢語中通常也將其轉(zhuǎn)化成“話題—評(píng)說”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Chou-Enlaiwasamanofmorethanaverageheightwithgleamingeyesandafacesostrikingthatitboardedonthebeautiful.周恩來是一個(gè)身材瘦長，比一般人略高一點(diǎn)的人，兩眼閃著光輝，面貌很引人注意，稱得上清秀。d)定語數(shù)量多于兩個(gè)時(shí)，英語：越本質(zhì)越靠近中心詞漢語：越本質(zhì)越在中心外。一張木制小園桌asmallroundwoodentable勤勞勇敢的人民abraveandhard-workingpeoplee)狀語位置排列漢語：由大到小時(shí)間地點(diǎn)方式英語：由小到大方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間Shereadsaloudintheopeneverymorning.Phonological

1)Chinesephonologicalsystem:聲母韻母聲調(diào)如：māmámǎmàEnglishphonologicalsystem：vowelconsonantstressintonationeg.’recordre’cordTon