考研考博-英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)石油大學(xué)（華東）押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)石油大學(xué)（華東）押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Mr.Smithbecamevery（）whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ingenious

B.empirical

C.objective

D.indignant

【答案】D

【解析】D選項(xiàng)indignant意為“憤慨的”。句意：當(dāng)被指出犯了錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)候，史密斯先生變得非常（），應(yīng)選D。A選項(xiàng)ingenious聰明的；B選項(xiàng)empirical經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的；C選項(xiàng)objective客觀的；D選項(xiàng)indignant憤慨的。D選項(xiàng)indignant符合句意。

2.單選題

Fromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirst（1）,theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethis（2）tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankindsfuture（3）andculturalgrowthincreased.Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis（4）forourabilitytoproduceanduselanguage.They（5）thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesus（6）aninnatelanguageabilitynotfoundinlower（7）.

Proponentsofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour（8）forlanguageisinborn,butthatlanguageitselfdevelopsgradually,（9）afunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.Thereforetherearecritical（10）timesforlanguagedevelopment.Current（11）ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed,however,evidencesupportingtheexistenceofsomeinnateabilitiesisundeniable.（12）,moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtin（13）grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing（14）4tothem,whileadultshaveamuchhardertimelearninganotherlanguageoncethe（15）oftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.（16）someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyinavacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen（17）fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossesslanguage.Thisdemonstratesthat（18）withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguagedevelopment.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage（19）thananyinnatecapacities.Thesetheoristsviewlanguageasimitative,learnedbehavior.（20）,childrenlearnlanguagefromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchild’slanguageskillsbypositivelyreinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.generated

B.evolved

C.born

D.originated

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.valuable

B.appropriate

C.convenient

D.favorite

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.attainments

B.feasibility

C.entertainments

D.evolution

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.essential

B.available

C.reliable

D.responsible

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.confirm

B.inform

C.claim

D.convince

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.from

C.of

D.with

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.organizations

B.organisms

C.humans

D.children

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.potential

B.performance

C.preference

D.passion

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.as

B.justas

C.like

D.unlike

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.ideological

B.biological

C.social

D.psychological

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.reviews

B.reference

C.reaction

D.recommendation

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.Inaword

B.Inasense

C.Indeed

D.Inotherwords

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.various

B.different

C.thehigher

D.thelower

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.revealed

B.exposed

C.engaged

D.involved

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.regulations

B.formations

C.rules

D.constitutions

問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)

A.Although

B.Whether

C.Since

D.When

問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)

A.distinguished

B.different

C.protected

D.isolated

問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)

A.exposition

B.comparison

C.contrast

D.interaction

問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)

A.acquisition

B.appreciation

C.requirement

D.alternative

問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)

A.Asaresult

B.Afterall

C.Inotherwords

D.Aboveall

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:B

第8題:A

第9題:A

第10題:B

第11題:A

第12題:C

第13題:D

第14題:B

第15題:C

第16題:A

第17題:D

第18題:D

第19題:A

第20題:C

【解析】1.查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)generated“生殖”；B選項(xiàng)evolved“進(jìn)化”；C選項(xiàng)born“出生”；D選項(xiàng)originated“起源”。句意：當(dāng)人類(lèi)剛剛開(kāi)始進(jìn)化，他們?nèi)缤律鷥阂粯硬粫?huì)運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言這種工具。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)valuable“珍貴的”；B選項(xiàng)appropriate“合適的”；C選項(xiàng)convenient“方便的”；D選項(xiàng)favorite“最喜歡的”。句意：他們就像新生兒一樣，無(wú)法使用這個(gè)有價(jià)值的工具。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)attainments“成就”；B選項(xiàng)feasibility“可行性”；C選項(xiàng)entertainments“娛樂(lè)”；D選項(xiàng)evolution“進(jìn)化”。句意：語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展增加了人類(lèi)未來(lái)的成就和文化進(jìn)步的可能性。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)essential“基本的”；B選項(xiàng)available“可獲得的”；C選項(xiàng)reliable“可靠的”；D選項(xiàng)responsible“負(fù)責(zé)的”。句意：許多語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為進(jìn)化使人們產(chǎn)生和具備了語(yǔ)言的能力。beresponsiblefor是固定搭配，表示“對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)，是……的原由”，A,B,C選項(xiàng)不能與for搭配。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)confirm“確認(rèn)”；B選項(xiàng)inform“通知”；C選項(xiàng)claim“宣稱(chēng)”；D選項(xiàng)convince“使確信”。句意：他們聲稱(chēng)，我們高度進(jìn)化的大腦為我們提供了先天的語(yǔ)言能力?？崭窈髴?yīng)是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，A,B,D選項(xiàng)后面都不能接從句做直接賓語(yǔ)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.考查固定搭配。providesb.withsth.是固定搭配，表示“給某人提供某物”。句意：我們高度進(jìn)化的大腦為我們提供了先天的語(yǔ)言能力。A,B,C選項(xiàng)不能和provide搭配。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)organizations“組織”；B選項(xiàng)organisms“生物體”；C選項(xiàng)humans“人類(lèi)”；D選項(xiàng)children“孩子”。句意：我們高度發(fā)達(dá)的大腦使我們具備了其他低等動(dòng)物所不具備的語(yǔ)言能力。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)potential“潛力”；B選項(xiàng)performance“履行”；C選項(xiàng)preference“偏愛(ài)”；D選項(xiàng)passion“激情”。句意：這種先天性理論的支持者說(shuō)，我們的語(yǔ)言潛力是天生的。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)as“作為”；B選項(xiàng)justas“正像”；C選項(xiàng)like“像……一樣”；D選項(xiàng)unlike“和……不同”。句意：語(yǔ)言本身作為童年時(shí)期大腦生長(zhǎng)的一種功能，其發(fā)展是緩慢的。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)ideological“思想上的”；B選項(xiàng)biological“生物的”；C選項(xiàng)social“社會(huì)的”；D選項(xiàng)psychological“心理的”。句意：語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵期，人體的成長(zhǎng)是生物變化的過(guò)程。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)reviews“評(píng)論”；B選項(xiàng)reference“參考”；C選項(xiàng)reaction“反應(yīng)”；D選項(xiàng)recommendation“推薦”。句意：目前人們對(duì)“先天論”評(píng)論觀點(diǎn)不一，但是支持某些天生能力的證據(jù)卻是確鑿無(wú)疑的。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.考查邏輯連接。A選項(xiàng)Inaword“總之”；B選項(xiàng)Inasense“在某種意義上”；C選項(xiàng)Indeed“確實(shí)”；D選項(xiàng)Inotherwords“換句話(huà)說(shuō)”。句意：事實(shí)上，越來(lái)越多的學(xué)校發(fā)現(xiàn)外語(yǔ)最好在低年級(jí)教。由上文可知，作者是傾向于先天論的，為了進(jìn)一步證明先天論是有道理的，作者選擇了以學(xué)校為例加以說(shuō)明，所以這里應(yīng)填一個(gè)表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.考查上下文理解。A選項(xiàng)various“各種各樣的”；B選項(xiàng)different“不同的”；C選項(xiàng)thehigher“更高的”；D選項(xiàng)thelower“更低的”。句意：越來(lái)越多的學(xué)校發(fā)現(xiàn)外語(yǔ)最好在低年級(jí)教。后文說(shuō)到孩子們經(jīng)?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)接觸幾種語(yǔ)言來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)，而成年人學(xué)習(xí)另一種語(yǔ)言就會(huì)困難得多，可以推斷出低年級(jí)學(xué)外語(yǔ)較容易。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

14.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)revealed“透露”；B選項(xiàng)exposed“暴露”；C選項(xiàng)engaged“約定”；D選項(xiàng)involved“涉及”。句意：孩子們經(jīng)?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)接觸幾種語(yǔ)言來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)多種語(yǔ)言。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

15.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)regulations“規(guī)定”；B選項(xiàng)formations“構(gòu)成”；C選項(xiàng)rules“規(guī)則”；D選項(xiàng)constitutions“憲法”。句意：一旦母語(yǔ)的規(guī)則被深深印入腦海中，成年人就很難再學(xué)好另一種語(yǔ)言。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

16.考查連詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)Although“盡管”；B選項(xiàng)Whether“是否”；C選項(xiàng)Since“自……以來(lái)”；D選項(xiàng)When“在……時(shí)候”。句意：雖然不可否認(rèn)語(yǔ)言的某些方面是天生的，但語(yǔ)言并不是在真空中自動(dòng)發(fā)展的。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

17.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)distinguished“區(qū)別的”；B選項(xiàng)different“不同的”；C選項(xiàng)protected“受到保護(hù)的”；D選項(xiàng)isolated“孤立的”。句意：與人隔絕的兒童不能掌握好一門(mén)語(yǔ)言。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

18.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)exposition“暴露”；B選項(xiàng)comparison“比較”；C選項(xiàng)contrast“對(duì)比”；D選項(xiàng)interaction“交流”。句意：須通過(guò)與他人交往，語(yǔ)言才能夠發(fā)展。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

19.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)acquisition“獲得”；B選項(xiàng)appreciation“欣賞”；C選項(xiàng)requirement“要求”；D選項(xiàng)alternative“替代”。句意：一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為，在人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言習(xí)得中，這甚至比任何先天能力都更基礎(chǔ)。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

20.考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)Asaresult“結(jié)果是”；B選項(xiàng)Afterall“畢竟”；C選項(xiàng)Inotherwords“換言之”；D選項(xiàng)Aboveall“首先”。句意：換句話(huà)說(shuō)，孩子通過(guò)模仿父母來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言。本句是以另一種方式解釋前文中模仿性的后天行為。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Hewashere（）thestroke.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.in

B.on

C.with

D.to

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短語(yǔ)搭配。onthestroke“準(zhǔn)時(shí)地”。句意：他準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了這里。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Calculationswhichareastronomicallyexacthavebeenmade______withtheuseofcomputers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.possible

B.itpossible

C.possibly

D.tobepossible

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查句子成分。句意：計(jì)算機(jī)的使用使天文學(xué)上精確的計(jì)算成為可能。句子主干是Calculationshavebeenmade______，根據(jù)短語(yǔ)makesth.+adj.還原短語(yǔ)為madecalculations+adj.，確定橫線處填形容詞作calculations的賓補(bǔ)，A選項(xiàng)possible符合題意。B選項(xiàng)itpossible中it多余，C選項(xiàng)possibly是副詞，D選項(xiàng)tobepossible是不定式。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Alineinasongasks,“Doesanyonereallyknowwhattimeitis?”Thisquestioncouldeasilyapplytocalendars!Didyouknowthatourideasabouttimeareaffectedbyreligion?Differentfaithsusedifferenttypesofcalendarstomeasuretime.

Oddstructures,suchasStonehengeinEngland,mayhavebeenusedtomeasuretimelongago.Theseancientrocksstandinacirclelikelarge,grayLegos.Somepeoplethinkthattherocksrelatetothepositionofthesun.Nooneknowshowpeoplemovedthemintothisinformation,butitwasprobablyalotofwork.Ifitwasacalendar,itsurewasabigone!TheAztecsalsohadarockcalendarthatwasrelatedtothesun.TheyhadaSunStonethatshowedtheirsungodinthecenter.

Thecalendaryouareprobablymostfamiliarisalsobasedonthesun.ThepowerfulRomanEmperor,JuliusCaesar,firstadoptedthesolarcalendarin46B.C.Thecycleoftheyearinasolarcalendarismeasuredfromoneequinoxtothenext.Asolarcalendarhastobeadjustedeverysooftentokeepintimewiththesun.In1582,PopeGregoryXHfirstauthorizedtakingafewdaysoutofeveryyearforthepurposeofadjustingthecalendar.Peopledidn’tlikethisonebitbecausetheythoughttheywerelosingtime!IttookcenturiesforEuropeanstogetusedtothisconcept.

Eventually,asystemwasworkedouttoaddasingledaytothecalendareveryfouryears.Soitwassynchronizedwiththeseasons.Theextradaymadeeveryfourthyear366dayslong.Thesespecialyearsarecalledleapyears,andwecalledtheextradaytothemonthofFebruary.IfyouknowsomeonewhosebirthdayisFebruary29,youknowthatheorshewasborninaleapyear.ThiscalendariscalledtheGregoriancalendar,anditisusedintheUnitedStatesandotherChristiancountries.

Muslimsuseadifferentkindofcalendar.Theirlunarcalendarisbasedonthecyclesofthemoon,anditiscompletelydifferentthanasolarone.AccordingtotheMuslimholybook,theKoran,Allahsaid,“Truly,twelvemonthsisthenumberofthemonthswithGod,accordingtotheGod’sBook,eversinceHecreatedheavenandEarth.”AnewMuslimmonthdoesnotstartuntiltworeliablewitnesseshaveseenthenewmoon.MuslimfamiliesoftentakewalksintheeveningtofindthefirstyellowsliceofthenewmoontostartRamadan,theirmonth-longfast.

1.Accordingtotheauthorofthearticle,（）hasinfluencedourwayofmeasuringthetime.

2.Weknowfromthearticlethat（）calendarisbasedonthecycleofthemoon.

3.FromthearticlewecaninferthatRamadanisaMuslimfestival,whichlastsfor（）.

4.Theverb“synchronize”（Line1,Paragraph4）probablymeans（）.

5.Thecalendarthatmostpeoplearefamiliarwithwasfirstadoptedby（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theuniverse

B.thePope

C.religion

D.nature

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Gregorian

B.solar

C.Christian

D.lunar

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.onemonth

B.oneweek

C.fourdays

D.twentyfivedays

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.tocausetooccurfourdayslater

B.tocausetohappenfourdaysearlier

C.tohappenbeforehandorafterwards

D.tocausetohappenatthesametime

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.theChristian

B.thePope

C.JuliusCaesar

D.theMuslims

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Differentfaithsusedifferenttypesofcalendarstomeasuretime.”不同信仰的人使用不同類(lèi)型的日歷來(lái)計(jì)算時(shí)間。信仰和宗教相關(guān)，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Theirlunarcalendarisbasedonthecyclesofthemoon...”他們的農(nóng)歷是以月亮的周期為基礎(chǔ)的。選項(xiàng)D正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“MuslimfamiliesoftentakewalksintheeveningtofindthefirstyellowsliceofthenewmoontostartRamadan,theirmonth-longfast.”穆斯林家庭經(jīng)常在晚上散步，以尋找第一彎黃月牙，開(kāi)始長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)月的齋月。選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.詞義推斷題。根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容可知，最終，一個(gè)系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)，每四年在日歷上增加一天。目的是為了保證日期與季節(jié)能夠保持同步，所以選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“ThepowerfulRomanEmperor,JuliusCaesar,firstadoptedthesolarcalendarin46B.C.”可知選項(xiàng)C正確。

6.單選題

BesidesthoseIhavenamed,therewasnotinBritainthemanlivingwhomI（）,unlessitweretheDukeofWellington,whomIafterwardssawatWestminsterAbbey,atthefuneralofWilberforce.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.caredforbeholding

B.caredtobehold

C.caredtobebeheld

D.caredforbeingbeheld

【答案】B

【解析】語(yǔ)法和固定搭配。caretodosth.“想做某事，愿意做某事”;carefor“關(guān)心，喜歡”；behold“看，看見(jiàn)”。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知空格中應(yīng)該填入定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)，先行詞為theman，關(guān)系代詞為whom，theman和behold之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)C和D可排除。句意：除了我所提到的那些人以外，在英國(guó)沒(méi)有一個(gè)活著的人是我所愿意見(jiàn)到的，除非是Wellington,公爵，我后來(lái)在威伯福斯的葬禮上在威斯敏斯特大教堂見(jiàn)到了他。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

7.單選題

NoahWebster'sDictionarywas（）in1828andhasbeenextremelyinfluentialinAmericanlanguageusageeversincethen.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thefirstpublished

B.firstpublished

C.thefirsttobepublished

D.tobefirstpublished

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)句意：這部字典在1828年首次出版,事情已經(jīng)完成,首先排除選項(xiàng)C和D；選項(xiàng)A不符合句意,所以只有選項(xiàng)B正確。

8.單選題

Howmanyofus（

）,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.attended

B.attending

C.toattend

D.haveattended

【答案】B

【解析】考查分詞作定語(yǔ)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，“say”為插入語(yǔ)，“thatisirrelevanttous”為定語(yǔ)，句中主干為：Howmanyofus

ameetingwouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?wouldbeinterestedin是謂語(yǔ)，那么空格處為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞us。不定式作定語(yǔ)表未發(fā)生的，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所指的時(shí)間既可以指過(guò)去，也可指現(xiàn)在。過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此選B。

句意：比如說(shuō)，參加一個(gè)與我們毫不相干的會(huì)議，那么我們當(dāng)中有多少人會(huì)對(duì)會(huì)議上的討論感興趣呢？

9.單選題

Thenewsaboutthenuclearpowerstationthatwasdamagedbytheearthquakewas___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.negative

B.encouraging

C.serious

D.positive

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.negative消極的B.encouraging令人鼓舞的

C.serious嚴(yán)肅的；嚴(yán)重的D.positive積極的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意可知，核電站被損是一件很?chē)?yán)肅的事情。因?yàn)闀?huì)導(dǎo)致核泄漏等不良影響。C選項(xiàng)serious“嚴(yán)肅的，嚴(yán)重的”滿(mǎn)足句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B、D選項(xiàng)均無(wú)法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。核電站被損這件事情并不是好的事情；

A選項(xiàng)negative通常指消極的負(fù)面的，形容態(tài)度或者某件事的影響。

【句意】關(guān)于核電站被地震破壞的消息是很?chē)?yán)重的。

10.單選題

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstodayasscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteMouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport“Scienceneverhavealltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”

Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure,thisisadangerousgame:bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing:aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplant,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstoourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

1.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat.

2.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,paragraph4)

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwanning（

）.

5.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath

B.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant

C.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife

D.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.aprotector

B.ajudge

C.acritic

D.aguide

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Endlessstudieskillaction

B.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth

C.Prudentplanninghinder

D.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants

B.Raisepublicawarenessofconservation

C.Pressforfurtherscientificresearch

D.Takesomelegislativemeasures

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.theysufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence

B.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer

C.theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer

D.bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtowors

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段提到懷疑者認(rèn)為“（抽煙有害健康）證據(jù)不足，科學(xué)也無(wú)法給出確定的解釋?zhuān)切┓磳?duì)吸煙的游說(shuō)團(tuán)體想破壞我們的生活方式而政府卻置若罔聞”（Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?），因此選項(xiàng)C“人們有選擇生活方式的自由”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第二段第四句提到“科學(xué)永遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有答案。但是科學(xué)確實(shí)為我們指導(dǎo)著未來(lái)的方向，重要的是我們的國(guó)家和世界各國(guó)在制定重要政策時(shí)，應(yīng)該根據(jù)科學(xué)所能提供的有關(guān)當(dāng)前行動(dòng)會(huì)造成怎么樣后果的最佳判斷作為依據(jù)”（Scienceneverhavealltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者通過(guò)說(shuō)‘分析導(dǎo)致麻痹案例’是想表達(dá)什么”。文章第四段最后一句提到“他們只是繼續(xù)迫切要求進(jìn)行更多的研究而不是行動(dòng)方案——這是典型的分析導(dǎo)致麻痹的案例”（Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”）。由此可推出是因?yàn)檫^(guò)多的研究導(dǎo)致麻痹，那么可以知道是更多的研究導(dǎo)致了無(wú)法制定計(jì)劃，選項(xiàng)A“無(wú)盡的研究扼殺了行動(dòng)”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章最后一段第三句話(huà)提到“如果政府不制定相關(guān)立法，國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)該幫助它去開(kāi)始推廣保護(hù)措施”（IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures）。選項(xiàng)D“采取一些法律措施”符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者把全球變暖與抽煙關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)的原因是什么”。文章第一段提到懷疑者質(zhì)疑科學(xué)家提出的吸煙導(dǎo)致人死亡的觀點(diǎn)及接下來(lái)的后果；第二段提到通過(guò)“thereareupsettingparallelstoday”引出全球變暖的話(huà)題，由parallel一詞可以看出作者認(rèn)為二者是相似的；第三段提出人們像對(duì)待吸煙問(wèn)題的態(tài)度來(lái)對(duì)待全球變暖問(wèn)題的錯(cuò)誤做法；第四、五兩段表達(dá)了作者對(duì)政府的期望，希望他們不要重蹈覆轍。因此，選項(xiàng)B“從前者中吸取的教訓(xùn)可以用到后者上”符合題意。

11.單選題

Ifyouwanttobuythishouse,thepaymentmaybemadeinfive（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.installments

B.pieces

C.shares

D.parts

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)installments“分期付款”；B選項(xiàng)pieces“塊，文章”；C選項(xiàng)shares“股份”；D選項(xiàng)parts“部分”。句意：如果你想買(mǎi)這棟房子，可以_____。這句話(huà)表示是“可以分五期付款”，因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.單選題

Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitive(認(rèn)知的)aging,butthereissomeevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.

AtPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,SherryWillisandherhusband,K.WarnerSchaie,havestudied5,000people,somesince1956.Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofare(過(guò)活)betterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalfarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.

Educationhelps,too,researcherssay,perhapsbecauseitinstille(灌輸)theconvictionthatyoucanalwayslearnsomethingnew.TheSchaieWillisteamalsohassomeotherobservations.Beinginastablemarriagewithastimulatingspouse,theysay,helpsmaintainintellectualvigor.

Flexibilitycounts,too.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore,”Schaiesays.Inneuropsychological(神經(jīng)心理學(xué)的)terms,theabilitytoseeproblemsinnewwaysoftenyieldshigherscoresontestsofmentalfunction.Andpeoplesatisfiedwithlifealsostaymorementallyfit,hesays.

Ifyoufindyourmentalskillssagging,considerworkingonspecificdeficits.WhenWillisgave5-hourtutorials(輔導(dǎo)課)oninductivereasoningorspatial(空間的)skillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.Thatadvantageheldupsevenyearslaterwhentheywerere-tested.

Otherwaystostaysharp,Schaiesays,aredoingjigsawpuzzlestohone(磨練)visual-spatialskills,workingcrosswordpuzzlesforverbalskills,playingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.

Finally,rememberthis.Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdom—looselydefinedasthematurationofintellectualabilitiesthatcomeswithlifeexperiences—continuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.

16.Inthispassage,theauthormainlydiscusses.

17.Theword“it”inthesaying“useitorloseit”(Paragraph1)refersto.

18.Accordingtoresearchers,whichofthefollowingfactorsaffectscognitiveaging?

19.Fromthispassagewemaysafelyinferthatmighthelppreventmentaldeclines.

20.Accordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingcantrulybesaidaboutwisdomEXCEPTthat.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theroleofmentalstimulationinpreventingmentalaging

B.graduallossofmentalskillswithnormalaging

C.therelationshipbetweenmentalfunctionandspatialskills

D.effectivewaystokeepintellectualvigor

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.brainpower

B.cognitivedevelopment

C.mentalstimulation

D.intellectualfunction

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Education

B.Chronicillness

C.Standardsofliving

D.Alloftheabove

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.physicalexercises

B.socialinterconnections

C.rigiddailyroutines

D.ahealthydiet

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.wisdommaybethoughtofasaspecialformofabilitiesandknowledgecompletelydevelopedwithlifeexperience

B.wisdommaystillgrowevenwhentheprocessofmentalaginghasstarted

C.wisdomissuperiorinimportancetomentalskillssuchasinductivereasoningandspatialskills

D.wisdommakesupanimportantpartofbrainpower

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】16.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。第一步，定位首尾核心句，第一段第一句話(huà)Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereissomeevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.“研究人員對(duì)于‘使用否則失去’的理念是否適用于認(rèn)知衰老存在分歧，但有一些證據(jù)表明，保持思維活躍可以減緩與年齡相關(guān)的衰退”。第二步，行文結(jié)構(gòu)，文章是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，先提出保持思維活躍能夠減緩智力的衰退，接下來(lái)是講研究人員尋找到的保持智力活躍的方法，最后講到年齡帶來(lái)的不只是衰老還有智慧，所以答案選D選項(xiàng)“保持智力活力的有效方法”。

A選項(xiàng)“心理刺激在預(yù)防心理衰老中的作用”，心理刺激只是在第二段稍微提了一下，不是文章主要內(nèi)容，這里屬于以偏概全。

B選項(xiàng)“隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，心智能力逐漸喪失”，這是最后一段的內(nèi)容，不是文章主要內(nèi)容，這里屬于以偏概全。

C選項(xiàng)“心理功能和空間技能之間的關(guān)系”，這只是文章第五段的內(nèi)容，不是文章主要內(nèi)容，這里屬于以偏概全。

17.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞匯推斷題。第一步句中信息，定位到文章第一段第一句話(huà)Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereissomeevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.“研究人員對(duì)于‘使用否則失去’的理念是否適用于認(rèn)知衰老持反對(duì)態(tài)度，但有一些證據(jù)表明，保持思維活躍可以減緩與年齡相關(guān)的衰退”。第二步，上下文語(yǔ)義銜接，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞but可知兩個(gè)句子之間是存在著一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，前句說(shuō)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)某些事不用就會(huì)被丟到，這種觀點(diǎn)研究人員持反對(duì)態(tài)度，后句是說(shuō)保持思維活躍可以減緩衰退。從這里可知it指代之物是與mentally相應(yīng)的，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“智力”。

B選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)知發(fā)展”，我們能夠使用或者失去的不可能是某種事物的發(fā)展，所以答案不能選B，這里屬于曲意理解。

C選項(xiàng)“精神刺激”，理由同B選項(xiàng)。

D選項(xiàng)“智力功能”，文章句子定位到第一段但是D選項(xiàng)是出現(xiàn)在第二段，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤。

18.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第二段第二句Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalfarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.“他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些幸運(yùn)地避免了慢性疾病的人在智力方面也可能表現(xiàn)得更好，這可能是因?yàn)槁约膊?huì)限制生活方式，使精神狀況更差，也可能是因?yàn)榻疱X(qián)可以買(mǎi)到刺激智力的東西，比如旅行”，第三段第一句Educationhelps,