考研考博-英語-東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

LocatedintheFreeTradeZone,thetradecentersellsgoodsimportedfromEurope,offeringnearly17,000productsfrom52（）Europeanbrands.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.well-known

B.overseas

C.ready-made

D.counterfeit

【答案】A

【解析】A選項(xiàng)well-known表示“著名的，眾所周知的”；B選項(xiàng)overseas表示“海外的，國外的”；C選項(xiàng)ready-made表示“現(xiàn)成的，做好的，平凡的，陳舊的”；D選項(xiàng)counterfeit表示“仿造的，假冒的”。分析句子可知，空缺處單詞修飾Europeanbrands，因此只有A選項(xiàng)最符合句意。故本題正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。句意：該貿(mào)易中心位于自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，銷售從歐洲進(jìn)口的商品，提供來自52個(gè)知名歐洲品牌的近17000種產(chǎn)品。

2.單選題

Onlynative-borncitizensare（）fortheU.S.Presidency.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.eligible

B.elegant

C.legitimate

D.liable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)eligible“有資格的”；B選項(xiàng)elegant“優(yōu)雅的”；C選項(xiàng)legitimate“合法的；合理的”；D選項(xiàng)liable“有責(zé)任的”。句意：只有本國出生的公民才……成為美國總統(tǒng)。成為美國總統(tǒng)的前提條件是Onlynative-borncitizens“只有本國出生的公民”，意味著非美國出生的公民是沒資格任職。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Thelocalgovernmenthas（）thelandownerstofishthesewaters.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.transformed

B.ransferred

C.licensed

D.allocated

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：當(dāng)?shù)卣呀?jīng)（）地主在河里釣魚。transformed轉(zhuǎn)變；transferred移動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)移；licensed許可；allocated分配。故選C。

4.單選題

TheMedalofNationalScienceis[A]thehighest[B]awardscientificthatcanbe[C]givento[D]anyindividualintheUnitedStates.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thehighest

B.awardscientific

C.given

D.any

【答案】B

【解析】【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞語序。

【解題思路】award是名詞，scientific是形容詞，形容詞應(yīng)該放在名詞前面，所以正確語序是scientificaward（科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)）。該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

【句意】國家科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?wù)率敲绹谟枞魏蝹€(gè)人的最高科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。

5.單選題

Hehasbroughtforwardconclusiveevidence,whichforfurtherdispute.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.makesroom

B.leavesnoroom

C.sparesnoefforts

D.takesnopains

【答案】B

【解析】考查短語搭配。A選項(xiàng)makesroom為……留出空間；B選項(xiàng)leavesnoroom沒有空間；沒有余地；C選項(xiàng)sparesnoefforts不遺余力；D選項(xiàng)takesnopains沒有費(fèi)力氣，沒有痛苦。根據(jù)前文可知，他已經(jīng)列舉出了確鑿的證據(jù)，沒有必要進(jìn)一步爭論。因此，正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

There（）nothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tobe

B.tohavebeen

C.being

D.be

【答案】C

【解析】考查原因狀語。句意：由于沒有什么可討論的了，會(huì)議提前半小時(shí)結(jié)束了。因前后兩部分之間沒有連接詞，所以可以確定前半句為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，therebeing是存在句的非限定形式，在句中表示原因狀語。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Toforgivemaybedivine,butnooneeversaiditwaseasy.Whensomeonehasdeeplyhurtyou,itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyourgrudge.Butforgivenessispossible-—anditcansurprisinglybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.

“Peoplewhoforgiveshowlessdepression,angerandstressandmorehopefulness,”saysFrederic,Ph.D.,authorofForgiveforGood.“Soitcanhelpsaveonthewearandtearonourorgans,reducethewearingoutoftheimmunesystemandallowpeopletofeelmorevital.”

Sohowdoyoustartthehealing?Tryfollowingthesesteps:

Calmyourself.Todefuseyouranger,tryasimplestress-managementtechnique.“Takeacoupleofbreathsandthinkofsomethingthatgivesyoupleasure:abeautifulsceneinnature,someoneyoulove,”Fredericsays.

Don’twaitforanapology.“Manytimesthepersonwhohurtyouhasnointentionofapologizing,”Fredericsays.“Theymayhavewantedtohurtyouortheyjustdon’tseethingsthesameway.Soifyouwaitforpeopletoapologize,youcouldbewaitinganawfullylongtime.”Keepinmindthatforgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanreconciliationwiththepersonwhoupsetyouorcondoningofhisorheraction.

Takethecontrolawayfromyouroffender.Mentallyreplayingyourhurtgivespowertothepersonwhocausedyoupain.“Insteadoffocusingonyourwoundedfeelings,learntolookforthelove,beautyandkindnessaroundyou,”Fredericsays.

Trytoseethingsfromtheotherperson’sperspective.Ifyouempathizewiththatperson,youmayrealizethatheorshewasactingoutofignorance,fear,evenlove.Togainperspective,youmaywanttowritealettertoyourselffromyouroffender’spointofview.

Recognizethebenefitsofforgiveness.Researchhasshownthatpeoplewhoforgivereportmoreenergy,betterappetiteandbettersleeppatterns.

Don’tforgettoforgiveyourself.“Forsomepeople,forgivingthemselvesisthebiggestchallenge,”Fredericsays.“Butitcanrobyouofyourself-confidenceifyoudon’tdoit.”

1.Forgivenessis（）

2.Whatdoes“wearandtear”mean?

3.WhichisNotthetechniqueofhealing?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.easytodo

B.noble

C.onlybeneficialtophysicalhealth

D.impossibletogetyourgrudgego

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Damageresultingfromordinaryuse.

B.Energy.

C.Friction.

D.Moisture.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Inhaledeeply.

B.Mentallyreplayyourhurtoften.

C.Distractyourattention.

D.Thinkinanotherpointofview.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thepersonwhohurtyouissuretomakeanapologytoyoulateron.

B.Youmaycondoneothers’wrongdoings.

C.Forgivenessdoesn’tequalobeyance.

D.Youshouldnegotiatewiththepersonwhoupsetyou.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Waystogetwellfromyourhurt.

B.Toforgivemaybedivine,butnooneeversaiditwaseasy.

C.Forgivenessbenefitstoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.

D.AnintroductiontothebookForgiveforGood.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段的第一句可知選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)誤；而divine與noble同義,所以選項(xiàng)B正確；根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“forgivenesscansurprisinglybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalhealth”可知選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第一段的第二句“itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyourgrudge.”可知選項(xiàng)D也錯(cuò)誤。所以本題選B。

2.語義題。damageresultingfromordinaryuse日常中的損傷；friction摩擦力；moisture水分,濕度。根據(jù)原文可知,這里指可以幫助我們減少器官的磨損。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第六段的第二句“Mentallyreplayingyourhurtgivespowertothepersonwhocausedyoupain.”在心里重演你的傷痛,只會(huì)給予傷害你的人力量。所以選項(xiàng)B并不是治療的好方法。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第五段的最后一句“forgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanreconciliationwiththepersonwhoupsetyouorcondoningofhisorheraction.”寬恕并不一定意味著與讓你心煩的人和解,也不意味著寬恕他或她的行為。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

5.主旨大意題。forgiveness為本文的關(guān)鍵詞,再結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要是講如何寬恕以及寬恕的益處。選項(xiàng)C更符合原文。其他選項(xiàng)都太片面。

8.單選題

Inhislecture,ProfMendezreviewedtheevidencesforthealteredviewoftheplateboundarybetweentheIndiansubcontinentandtheTibetanPlateauthatisnowgaininggroundamong

Europeangeologist

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.reviewedthe

B.evidencesforthealteredview

C.thatisnow

D.gainingground

E.沒有錯(cuò)誤

【答案】B

【解析】名詞誤用。evidences去掉s。evidence在句中表示"證據(jù)",為不可數(shù)名詞。

9.單選題

Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeen,sinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyorscience.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledgetheybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.

Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.Theideaofanautonomousdisciplinecalled“philosophy,”distinctfromandsittinginjudgmentonsuchpursuitsastheologyandscienceturnsout,oncloseexamination,tobeofquiterecentorigin.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering“thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology.”Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.

Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.Withouttheideaofepistemology,thesurvivalofphilosophyinanageofmodernscienceishardtoimagine.Metaphysics,philosophy’straditionalcore-consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether-hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas“queenofsciences”intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline.Philosophybecame“primary”nolongerinthesenseof“highest”butinthesenseof“underlying”.AfterKant,philosopherswereabletoreinterpretseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurythinkersasattemptingtodiscover“Howisourknowledgepossible?”andtoprojectthisquestionbackevenontheancients.

31.Accordingtotheauthor,philosophybecamedistinctfromscienceandtheologyduringthe________.

32.TheauthorsuggeststhatDescartes’supportforthenewscienceoftheseventeenthcenturycanbecharacterizedas________.

33.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingindiscussingthedevelopmentofphilosophyduringthenineteenthcentury?

34.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthewritingofhistorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

35.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ancienttime

B.medievalperiod

C.seventeenthcentury

D.nineteenthcentury

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.pragmaticandhypocritical

B.cautiousandinconsistent

C.daringandopportunistic

D.strongbutprudent

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Nineteenthcenturyphilosophytookscienceasitsmodelforunderstandingthebasesofknowledge.

B.Theroleofacademicinstitutionsinshapingmetaphysicalphilosophygrewenormouslyduringthenineteenthcentury.

C.NineteenthcenturyphilosopherscarriedoutaprogramofinvestigationexplicitlylaidoutbyDescartesandSpinoza.

D.Kanthadanoverwhelmingimpactonthedirectionofnineteenthcenturyphilosophy.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Historyshouldnotemphasizetheroleplayedbyideasovertheroleplayedbyindividuals.

B.Historyshouldnotbedistortedbyattributingpresentdayconsciousnesstohistoricalfigures.

C.Historyshouldnotbefocusedprimarilyonthosepasteventsmostrelevanttothepresent.

D.Historyshouldbeconcernedwithdescribingthoseaspectsofthepastthatdiffermostfromthoseofthepresent.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.comparetwocompetingmodels

B.analyzeadifficulttheory

C.presentnewevidenceforatheory

D.correctanerroneousbeliefbydescribingitsorigins

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】31.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.（這種哲學(xué)興趣和科學(xué)實(shí)踐之間的聯(lián)系一直持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)，這時(shí)，教會(huì)壓制學(xué)術(shù)界的力量的衰退和科學(xué)性質(zhì)的變化導(dǎo)致了哲學(xué)與這兩者的最終分離。），可知哲學(xué)與科學(xué)和神學(xué)分離是在19世紀(jì)，D選項(xiàng)“19世紀(jì)”正確，A選項(xiàng)“古代”，B選項(xiàng)“中世紀(jì)時(shí)期”和C選項(xiàng)“17世紀(jì)”錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第四句Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophy（他們戰(zhàn)斗，盡管是謹(jǐn)慎的，是為了向新科學(xué)打開思想世界的大門，把思想生活從教會(huì)哲學(xué)中解放出來。），可知笛卡爾抱著謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度激烈推進(jìn)新科學(xué)，堅(jiān)定并滿懷熱忱，D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)有力而謹(jǐn)慎”正確，A選項(xiàng)“務(wù)實(shí)并虛偽”和B選項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎并矛盾”錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“大膽并恰到時(shí)機(jī)”：文章沒有提到在此時(shí)是什么時(shí)機(jī)，大環(huán)境如何有利于笛卡爾推進(jìn)新科學(xué)，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.（現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家現(xiàn)在至少可以回溯到笛卡爾和斯賓諾莎，但直到18世紀(jì)末，康德才明確提出了這個(gè)概念（認(rèn)識(shí)論），直到19世紀(jì)末，它才成為學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)和哲學(xué)教授的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自我描述。），康德提出的概念在19世紀(jì)末成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可見影響力巨大，D選項(xiàng)“康德對(duì)十九世紀(jì)哲學(xué)的發(fā)展方向產(chǎn)生了壓倒性的影響”正確；B選項(xiàng)“學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)在塑造形而上學(xué)哲學(xué)方面的作用在19世紀(jì)急劇增長”中沒有提到形而上學(xué)；C選項(xiàng)“19世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家們執(zhí)行了由笛卡爾和斯賓諾莎明確列出的調(diào)查程序”中，笛卡爾和斯賓諾莎最先提出，但主要是使用康德的概念。A選項(xiàng)“19世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)以科學(xué)作為理解知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)的模式”：根據(jù)第三段第一句Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.（19世紀(jì)早期，一種新觀念的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了哲學(xué)與科學(xué)的區(qū)分，即哲學(xué)的核心興趣應(yīng)該是認(rèn)識(shí)論，即對(duì)認(rèn)識(shí)事物的一般解釋。），可知在這時(shí)哲學(xué)與科學(xué)分開，哲學(xué)的核心是認(rèn)識(shí)論，不符合文章意思。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

34.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第二段第一句Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.（然而，這種觀點(diǎn)基于對(duì)過去的嚴(yán)重誤解，是將現(xiàn)代的關(guān)注投射到過去的事件上。），可知作者認(rèn)為過去與現(xiàn)在不同，解讀方式就不同，不能用當(dāng)下的態(tài)度解讀歷史，所以B選項(xiàng)“不能把今天的意識(shí)歸結(jié)于歷史人物，從而歪曲歷史”正確。A選項(xiàng)“歷史不應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)思想的作用而忽視個(gè)人的作用”，C選項(xiàng)“歷史不應(yīng)該主要集中在那些與現(xiàn)在最相關(guān)的過去事件上”和D選項(xiàng)“歷史應(yīng)該關(guān)注描述過去與現(xiàn)在最不同的那些方面”文章沒有提到。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

35.主旨大意題。文章在開頭提出現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，然后提出這是錯(cuò)誤的，再通過回溯這些觀點(diǎn)的起源糾正錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，文章最后一句提到還可以繼續(xù)回溯，所以D選項(xiàng)“通過描述其起源來糾正錯(cuò)誤的信仰”正確。A選項(xiàng)“比較兩個(gè)相互競爭的模型”，B選項(xiàng)“分析一個(gè)難以理解的理論”和C選項(xiàng)“為一個(gè)理論提供新證據(jù)”是文章內(nèi)容的一部分，不足以概括全文。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

10.翻譯題

Scientificandtechnologicaladvancesareenablingustocomprehendthefurthestreachesofthecosmos,themostbasicconstituentsofmatter,andthemiracleoflife.

Atthesametime,today,theactions,andinaction,ofhumanbeingsimperilnotonlylifeontheplanet,buttheverylifeoftheplanet.

Globalizationismakingtheworldsmaller,fasterandricher.Still,9/11andavianfluremindusthatasmaller,fasterworldisnotnecessarilyasaferworld.

Ourworldisburstingwithknowledge—butdesperatelyinneedofwisdom.Now,whensoundbitesaregettingshorter,wheninstantmessagescrowdoutessays,andwhenindividuallivesgrowmorecrazy,collegegraduatescapableofdeepreflectionarewhatourworldneeds.

ForallthesereasonsIbelieved—andIbelieveevenmorestronglytoday—intheuniqueandirreplaceablemissionofuniversities.

【答案】科技和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步正在使我們能夠去了解宇宙最遠(yuǎn)的地方、物質(zhì)最基本的成分和生命的奇跡。

與此同時(shí)，人類今天的作為和不作為，不僅危及地球上的生命，且還危害地球本身的壽命。

全球化正在讓世界變得更小、更快速地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)和更富裕。但是，9/11事件和禽流感卻提醒我們一個(gè)更小、更快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的世界不一定是一個(gè)更安全的世界。

我們的世界正充滿知識(shí)，但其迫切需要智慧。現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)（新聞采訪的）原聲摘要播出正變得更短、即時(shí)信息排擠短文和和個(gè)人生活變得更瘋狂時(shí)，能夠深思的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生是我們這個(gè)世界所需要的。

由于這些原因，我相信，并且我今天甚至更堅(jiān)定地相信，大學(xué)有著獨(dú)特的且無可取代的使命。

11.單選題

Alloftheinternationaldelegatesattendingtheconference（）tobringasouvenirfromtheirowncountries.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hasasked

B.isasking

C.wereasked

D.wasasking

【答案】C

【解析】本句主語為“delegates”，所以謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)形式。選項(xiàng)C正確。

12.單選題

Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritisherfirstdutytofollowherintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparation,thinksforhimself,thanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Nothatitissolely,ofchiefly,toformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onthecontrary,itisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalstaturewhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmanyagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeen,noreverwillbe,inthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended;wherethereisatacitconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed;wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhencontroversyavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtokindleenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthedignityofthinkingbeings.

Shewhoknowsonlyherownsickofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Herreasonsmaybegood,andnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifsheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsoftheoppositeside;ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforherwouldbesuspensionofjudgment,andunlessshecontentsherselfwiththat,sheiseitherledbyauthority,oradopts,likethegeneralityoftheworldthesidetowhichshefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatsheshouldheattheargumentsofadversariesfromherownteachers,presentedastheystatethem,andaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintorealcontactwithherownmind.Shemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem;whodefendtheminearnest,anddotheirveryutmostforthem.Shemustknowthemintheirmostplausibleandpersuasiveform;shemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;elseshewillneverreallypossessherselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedpersonsareinthiscondition;evenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetrue,butitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow;theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyformandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay;andconsequentlytheydonot,inanypropersenseoftheword,knowthedoctrineswhichtheythemselvesprofess.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,itisalwaysadvisableto（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,inagreatperiodsuchastheRenaissancewemayexpecttofind

（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,thepersonwhoholdsorthodoxbeliefswithoutexaminationmaybedescribedinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTas

（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.haveopinionswhichcannotberefuted

B.adoptthepointofviewtowhichonefeelsthemostinclination

C.beacquaintedwiththeargumentsfavoringthepointofviewwithwhichonedisagrees

D.suspendheterodoxspeculationinfavorofdoctrinaireapproaches

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.acceptanceoftruth

B.controversyoverprinciples

C.inordinateenthusiasm

D.adreadofheterodoxspeculation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.enslavedbytradition

B.lessthanfullyrational

C.determindedoncontroversy

D.havingaclosedmind

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Atrulygreatthinkermakesnomistakes

B.Periodsofintellectualachievementareperiodsofunorthodoxreflection

C.Therefutationofacceptedideascanbestbeprovidedbyone’sownteachers

D.excessivecontroversypreventsclearthinking

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章在第二段指出，一個(gè)人只知自己一方，推理極好，無人能反駁，卻不知對(duì)方的推理，也不能夠予以反駁的話，他就無權(quán)選擇兩方的任一論點(diǎn)。并且，光聽自己的老師講述對(duì)立面的論點(diǎn)，以及他們所提出的反駁論點(diǎn)是不夠的，必須傾聽那些人（他們真正相信對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)）的論點(diǎn)，并為此積極熱情，竭盡全力辯護(hù)，才能使自己的思想和獨(dú)立論點(diǎn)接觸，公正地做出公正的判斷。所以C選項(xiàng)“熟悉有利于自己反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的論點(diǎn)”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Therehavebeenandmanyagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeen,noreverwillbe,inthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeoplewherethereisatacitconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed”“在思想禁錮的氣氛中可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生個(gè)別的思想家，但絕不會(huì)有思想活躍的人民……在那里有一種心照不宣的慣律即原則絕不能討論”可知在思想禁錮期原則問題是不能討論的，而文藝復(fù)興就是思想活動(dòng)的頂峰時(shí)期，故可以推斷出在這個(gè)時(shí)候原則問題將必然會(huì)被討論，所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段的最后一部分“Theirconclusionmaybetrue,butitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow;theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyformandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay;andconsequentlytheydonot,inanypropersenseoftheword,knowthedoctrineswhichtheythemselvesprofess.他們的結(jié)論可能是正確的，但也可能是錯(cuò)誤的；他們從來沒有把自己置于那些以不同的形式思考和考慮這些人可能要說什么的人的心理地位；所以他們不曉得自己所傳的道，按世上的常話來說?！笨梢酝茢喑鰶]有未經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)的正統(tǒng)信仰的人不會(huì)獨(dú)立思考，更不會(huì)懷疑他所信仰的東西，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。A選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)真正的思想家不犯錯(cuò)誤”太絕對(duì)，排除；C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的老師最能提供所接受思想觀點(diǎn)的反駁”與第二段的‘Norisitenoughthatsheshouldheattheargumentsofadversariesfromherownteachers,presentedastheystatethem,andaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.’矛盾排除；D選項(xiàng)“過度的辯論會(huì)制止清晰的思考”，文章沒有提及，排除，，根據(jù)論可以推斷出答案選項(xiàng)為B。B“選項(xiàng)在思想方面取得成就的時(shí)期就是進(jìn)行非正統(tǒng)反思的時(shí)期在文章第一段的有討論，符合題意。

13.單選題

Wateristhegiverand,atthesametime,thetakeroflife.Itcoversmostofthesurfaceoftheplanetweliveonandfeatureslargeinthedevelopmentofthehumanrace.Onpresentpredictions,itisancementthatissettoassumeevengreatersignificance.

Throughouthistory,waterhashadahugeimpactonourlives.Humankindhasalwayshadaratherambiguousrelationshipwithwater,ontheonehandreceivingenormousbenefitfromit,notjustasadrinkingsource,butasaprovideroffoodandameanswherebytotravelandtotrade.Butforcedtoliveclosetowaterinordertosurviveandtodevelop,therelationshiphasnotalwaysbeenpeacefulorbeneficial.Infact,ithasbeenquitethecontrary.Whathasessentiallybeenanecessityforsurvivalwasturnedoutinmanyinstancestohaveaverydestructiveandlife-threateningside.

Throughtheages,greatfloodsalternatedwithlongperiodsofdroughthaveassaultedpeopleandtheirenvironment,hamperingtheirfragilefightforsurvival.Thedramaticchangestotheenvironmentthatarenowafeatureofourdailynewsarenotexactlynew:fieldsthatwereoncelushandfertilearenowbarren;lakesandriversthatwereonceteemingwithlifearenowlonggone;savannahhasbeenturnedtodesert.Whatperhapsisnewisournativewonderwhenfacedwiththeforcesofnature.

Today,wearemoreawareofclimaticchangesaroundtheworld.Floodsinfar-flungplacesareinstantnewsforthewholeworld.Perhapstheseeventsmakeusfeelbetteraswefacethedestructionofourownpropertybyfloodsandothernaturaldisasters.

In2002,manypartsofEuropesufferedsevereflooddamagerunningintobillionsofeuros.Propertiesacrossthecontinentcollapsedintotheseaaswavespoundedthecoastlinewreakinghavocwithseadefenses.Butitwasnotjusttheseas.Riversswollenbyheavyrainsandbytheeffectsofdeforestationcarriedlargevolumesofwaterthatwreckedmanycommunities.

Buildingstrongerandmoresophisticatedriverdefensesagainstfloodingistheexpensiveshort-termanswer.Therearesimplerways.Plantingtreesinhighlandareas,notjustinEuropebutinplacesliketheGangesDelta,isacheaperandmoreattractivesolution.Progressisalreadybeingmadeinconvincingcountriesthattheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesiscausingconsiderabledamagetotheenvironment.Butmoreeffortisneededinthisdirection.

Andthefuture?Ifwearetobelievetheforecasts,itispredictedthattwothirdsoftheworldpopulationwillbewithoutfreshwaterby2025.Butforagrowingnumberofregionsoftheworldthefutureisalreadywithus.Whilesomeareasaredevastatedbyflooding,scarcityofwaterinmanyotherplacesiscausingconflict.ThestateofTexasintheUnitedStatesofAmericaissufferingashortageofwaterwiththeRioGrandefailingtoreachtheGulfofMexicoforthefirsttimein50yearsinthespringof2002,pittingregionagainstregionastheyvieforwatersources.Withmanypartsofthegloberunningdrythroughdroughtandincreasedwaterconsumption,thereisnowtalkofwaterbeingthenewoil.

Otherdoom-ladenestimatessuggestthat,whiletropicalareaswillbecomedrieranduninhabitable,coastalregionsandsomelow-lyingislandswillinallprobabilitybesubmergedbytheseaasthepolaricecapsmelt.Popularexoticdestinationsnowvisitedbycountlesstouristswillbecomeno-goareas.Today'sholidayhotspotsofsouthernEuropeandelsewherewillliterallybecomehotspots—toohottoliveinorvisit.Withthecurrenterraticbehavioroftheweather,itisdifficultnottosubscribetosuchdespair.

Somemightsaythatthisdespondencyisill-founded,butwehavehadampleproofthatthereissomethingnotquiterightwiththeclimate.Manypartsoftheworldhaveexperienceddevastatingflooding.Astheseasonsrevolve,thefocusofthedestructionmovesfromonecontinenttoanother.Theimpactontheenvironmentisalarmingandthecosttolifedepressing.Itisapicturetowhichwewillneedtobecomeaccustomed.

1.Thewriterbelievesthatwater（）

2.Humankind'srelationshipwithwaterhasbeen（）

3.Thewritersuggeststhat（）

4.Accordingtothepassage,plantingtrees（）

5.By2025,itisprojectedthat（）

6.Accordingtothepassage,inthefuturelow-lyingislands（）

7.Accordingtothewriter,（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.isgraduallybecomingofgreaterimportance

B.willhavelittleimpactonourlivesinfuture

C.issomethingwewillneedmorethananythingelse

D.willhaveevengreaterimportanceinourlivesinfuture

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.two-sided

B.one-side

C.purelyoneofgreatbenefit

D.fairlyfrightening

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.weareinaweofthenewswereadandseeonTVeveryday

B.changetotheenvironmentleavesusspeechless

C.weshouldnotbeinaweofthenewswereadandseeonTVeveryday

D.oursurpriseattheenvironmentalchangebroughtaboutbynatureissomethingnew

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.hastobecoordinatedinternationally

B.ismoreexpensivethanbuildingseaandriverdefenses

C.isalessexpensiveanswertofloodinginallregions

D.isnotananswertotheproblemoffloodinginallregions

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.atleasthalftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater

B.one-thirdoftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater

C.themajorityoftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater

D.freshwaterwillonlybeavailabletohalfoftheworldpopulation

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.willstillbehabitable

B.willnotbeunderwater

C.arelikelytobeunderwater

D.willprobablynotbeunderwater

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.peopledonotneedtogetusedtoenvironmentaldamage

B.peoplewillneedtogetusedtoclimatechangesthatcauseenvironmentaldamage

C.peoplearenowmoreusedtoenvironmentaldamagethantheyhavebeeninthepast

D.thegeneraldespondencyaboutenvironmentalchangesisill-founded

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:B

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第一段的第一句“Onpresentpredictions,itisacementthatissettoassumeevengreatersignificance.”可知選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第二段的第二句“Humankindhasalwayshadaratherambiguousrelationshipwithwater.”人類與水一直有一種相當(dāng)模糊的關(guān)系，一方面...（積極的），另一方面...（消極的）。所以說是雙面性的，選項(xiàng)A正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“Whatperhapsisnewisournativewonderwhenfacedwiththeforcesofnature.”也許當(dāng)我們面對(duì)自然的力量時(shí)，我們對(duì)此感到驚奇，覺得這是一件新鮮事。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“plantingtrees”定位到第六段第三句“Plantingtrees...isachea