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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-蘭州財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)隴橋?qū)W院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.不定項(xiàng)選擇題
AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.
Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshavedensity-independentgrowthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.
Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.
Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthesignalecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproducenoiseinthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.
1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.
3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.
4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.
5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance
B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur
C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestit
D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswer
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations
B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized
C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances
D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear
B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers
C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather
D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerations
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowth
B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowth
C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independent
D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensities
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.citetheviewsofotherbiologists
B.defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddresses
C.presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologists
D.describetheresultsofaparticularstudy
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:B
第3題:D
第4題:D
第5題:D
【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.1.本文的作者主要關(guān)注______。
A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportanceA.討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類因素,并評(píng)估它們的相對(duì)重要性
B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccurB.描述自然種群的增長(zhǎng)率如何隨時(shí)間波動(dòng),并解釋為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這些變化
C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestitC.提出關(guān)于種群規(guī)模的假設(shè)并提出檢驗(yàn)方法
D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswerD.提出一個(gè)關(guān)于人口增長(zhǎng)中的環(huán)境因素的基本問(wèn)題,并給出一些目前被接受的答案
【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。
【解題思路】文章首先提出物種增長(zhǎng)的現(xiàn)象,隨即提出二分法并對(duì)其進(jìn)行討論,最后對(duì)這個(gè)二分法進(jìn)行評(píng)估,因此在這篇文章中,作者主要關(guān)注的是討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類因素以及他們的重要性,所以A項(xiàng)“討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類因素,并評(píng)估它們的相對(duì)重要性”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B項(xiàng)“描述自然種群的增長(zhǎng)率如何隨時(shí)間波動(dòng),并解釋為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這些變化”、C項(xiàng)“提出關(guān)于種群規(guī)模的假設(shè)并提出檢驗(yàn)方法”和D項(xiàng)“提出一個(gè)關(guān)于人口增長(zhǎng)中的環(huán)境因素的基本問(wèn)題,并給出一些目前被接受的答案”都是文章中的一部分,不夠全面,這三項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全。
2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.2.從文中可以推斷,作者認(rèn)為討論的二分法______。
A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulationsA.只適用于不穩(wěn)定波動(dòng)的人口
B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognizedB.有用的,但前提是它的局限性被認(rèn)識(shí)到
C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstancesC.在大多數(shù)情況下都是危險(xiǎn)的誤導(dǎo)
D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomenaD.解釋觀察到的現(xiàn)象的一種完整而充分的方法
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞dichotomy定位至第三段首句“這種二分法有它的用途,但如果從字面上理解,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題(butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally)”,其中二分法指的是第二段提到的兩類種群,即相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的種群和高度變化的種群,第二段討論了這兩種種群的不同用途,說(shuō)明二分法是有用的;然后第三段首句卻提到butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally(但如果從字面上理解,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題),可以看出,二分法有其局限性,所以B項(xiàng)“有用的,但前提是它的局限性被認(rèn)識(shí)到”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“只適用于不穩(wěn)定波動(dòng)的人口”表述太絕對(duì),該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文;
C項(xiàng)“在大多數(shù)情況下都是危險(xiǎn)的誤導(dǎo)”和D項(xiàng)“解釋觀察到的現(xiàn)象的一種完整而充分的方法”表述都比較片面,這兩項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全。
3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.3.根據(jù)本文,以下所有的行為都在不同的物種中出現(xiàn)過(guò),除了______。
A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyearA.每年大致保持恒定的人口水平
B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbersB.數(shù)字有規(guī)律的增加和減少的循環(huán)
C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweatherC.數(shù)量的不穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)與天氣有關(guān)
D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerationsD.數(shù)代人不受制約的增長(zhǎng)
【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)首段前兩句“正如吉爾伯特?懷特、達(dá)爾文和其他人很久以前觀察到的那樣,所有物種(allspecies)似乎都具有與生俱來(lái)的能力,能夠一代一代地增加它們的數(shù)量。生態(tài)學(xué)家的任務(wù)是理清環(huán)境和生物因素,從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,這些因素制約著(incheck)人口增長(zhǎng)的內(nèi)在能力”,其中allspecies對(duì)應(yīng)了題干中的differentpopulations,可知不同的物種都具有能夠一代一代地增加它們的數(shù)量的能力,但是這種能力受到環(huán)境和生物因素的制約,D項(xiàng)“數(shù)代人不受制約的增長(zhǎng)”中的unchecked與原文不符合,但符合題干,故該題選擇D項(xiàng)。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“每年大致保持恒定的人口水平”、B項(xiàng)“數(shù)字有規(guī)律的增加和減少的循環(huán)”和C項(xiàng)“數(shù)量的不穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)與天氣有關(guān)”,根據(jù)第一段最后一句“不同種群表現(xiàn)出的各種動(dòng)態(tài)行為使得這項(xiàng)任務(wù)更加困難:有些種群年復(fù)一年大致保持不變;另一些則表現(xiàn)出規(guī)律性的豐富性和稀缺性循環(huán);還有一些情況差別很大,疾病的爆發(fā)和崩潰在某些情況下與天氣密切相關(guān),而在其他情況下則與天氣無(wú)關(guān)”可知,這三項(xiàng)行為都在不同的物種中出現(xiàn)過(guò),故屬于反向干擾。
4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.4.第三段中關(guān)于種群的討論主要是為了______。
A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowthA.說(shuō)明生態(tài)學(xué)家在研究限制種群增長(zhǎng)的密度依賴因素時(shí)所面臨的困難
B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowthB.提倡更嚴(yán)格地研究種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴的因素
C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independentC.證明任何種群的死亡率都不是完全與密度無(wú)關(guān)的
D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensitiesD.強(qiáng)調(diào)即使是很小的密度依賴因素在調(diào)節(jié)長(zhǎng)期的種群密度方面的重要性
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】首先定位第三段,該段主要陳述density-dependentfactors(密度依賴因素),由最后三句“換句話說(shuō),種群中平均99%的死亡是由與密度無(wú)關(guān)的原因引起的,只有1%是隨密度變化的因素引起的。構(gòu)成這1%的因素可能看起來(lái)不重要,它們的原因可能相應(yīng)地難以確定。然而,無(wú)論是否被認(rèn)識(shí)到,它們通常將決定長(zhǎng)期的平均種群密度?!笨芍N群中只有1%的死亡是由密度依賴因素引起,但是這1%的因素通常決定長(zhǎng)期的平均種群密度,綜合理解可以推斷,第三段關(guān)于種群的討論主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)密度依賴因素在調(diào)節(jié)種群密度方面的重要性,D項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)即使是很小的密度依賴因素在調(diào)節(jié)長(zhǎng)期的種群密度方面的重要性”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明生態(tài)學(xué)家在研究限制種群增長(zhǎng)的密度依賴因素時(shí)所面臨的困難”在第三段沒(méi)有依據(jù),該項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
B項(xiàng)“提倡更嚴(yán)格地研究種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴的因素”,該段只是證明了種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴因素的重要性,但是advocate在該段沒(méi)有體現(xiàn),該項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
C項(xiàng)“證明任何種群的死亡率都不是完全與密度無(wú)關(guān)的”并不是第三段討論種群的重點(diǎn),該項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置。
5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.5.在本文中,作者做了以下所有的事情,除了______。
A.citetheviewsofotherbiologistsA.引用其他生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)
B.defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddressesB.定義文章要解決的一個(gè)基本問(wèn)題
C.presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologistsC.介紹其他生物學(xué)家使用的概念范疇
D.describetheresultsofaparticularstudyD.描述一項(xiàng)特定研究的結(jié)果
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】通讀全文可知,本文作者在論述自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)運(yùn)用了各種寫作手段,第一段引用生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)引出文章主題,第二段介紹其他生態(tài)學(xué)家所定義的概念,第三段和第四段則是提出二分法需要解決的一個(gè)問(wèn)題,并介紹理解生態(tài)學(xué)家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)的不同方法,只有D項(xiàng)“描述一項(xiàng)特定研究的結(jié)果”的寫作手法并沒(méi)有在文中運(yùn)用,故該題選擇D項(xiàng)符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“引用其他生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)”在第一段有體現(xiàn),該段引用了吉爾伯特?懷特和達(dá)爾文,該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾;
B項(xiàng)“定義文章要解決的一個(gè)基本問(wèn)題”在第三段有體現(xiàn),第一句提到“這種二分法有它的用途,但如果從字面上理解,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題”,該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾;
C項(xiàng)“介紹其他生物學(xué)家使用的概念范疇”在第二段有體現(xiàn),第一句提到“為了給這種千變?nèi)f化的模式賦予一些秩序,一種思想學(xué)派建議將種群分為兩類”,該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。
2.單選題
Thelecturerwanderedfromhistextto()onapointthathadobviouslycaughthisaudience’sinterest.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.elaborate
B.interrupt
C.explain
D.emphasize
【答案】A
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)elaborate“詳細(xì)說(shuō)明,闡述;詳盡計(jì)劃(常與on連用)”;B選項(xiàng)interrupt“中斷;打斷;插嘴;妨礙”;C選項(xiàng)explain“說(shuō)明;解釋”;D選項(xiàng)emphasize“強(qiáng)調(diào),著重”。句意:這位演講者離開(kāi)他的正文,去詳盡闡述明顯讓他的觀眾感興趣的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。結(jié)合句意,A選項(xiàng)正確。
3.寫作題
Directions:Inthispart,youareexpectedtowriteacompositionentitledProsConsofBuyingaCarinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines.
有人贊成買私家車
有人反對(duì)買私家車
我的看法
【答案】略
4.單選題
Accordingtogovernmentstatistics,menofallsocialclassesinBritainvisitpubs(1)regularly,(2)thekindofpubtheygoto(3)bedifferentandtheirreasons(4)goingthere(5),too.Nowadaystheyoftentaketheirwivesorgirlfriends,whichused(6).
ThefactisthatthetypicalEnglishpubischanging,(7)becauseofthelicensinglaws(8)sostrict(9)theywere,butalsobecausepublicansaretryingto(10)withtheoldVictorian(11)ofthepubandprovidecoupleswithanatmospherewherethey(12)enjoythemselves.Pubusednottoopenexcept(13)certaintimes.Theresultwasthattheywereusuallycoupledwithmenwhoseemed(14)asmuchaspossibleinthetime(15).Butthatkindofpubisquicklybecomingathingof(16).
Openinghoursarestilllimitedtoeighthours(17)day,butthepublicancannowchoosewhichhours(18)himbest.Andthesedaysyoucan(19)getacupofcoffeeifyoupreferittobeer.ButinspiteofthisthePuritanswouldneverdream(20)thatapubcouldbecomearepeatableplace.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.very
B.just
C.quite
D.ever
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.though
B.however
C.sothat
D.incase
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.may
B.maybe
C.should
D.could
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.why
B.for
C.in
D.on
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.vary
B.varied
C.various
D.varying
問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)
A.tobenotthecase
B.nottobethecase
C.tobenotthefact
D.nottobethefact
問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)
A.partly
B.part
C.inpart
D.inparts
問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)
A.are
B.beingnot
C.notbeing
D.were
問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)
A.that
B.as
C.like
D.asto
問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)
A.makeway
B.doaway
C.takeaway
D.moveaway
問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)
A.image
B.view
C.drawing
D.painting
問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)
A.justcan
B.canboth
C.cantoo
D.alsocan
問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)
A.on
B.at
C.in
D.for
問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)
A.todrink
B.tobedrunk
C.tobedrinking
D.drunk
問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)
A.ideal
B.free
C.proper
D.available
問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)
A.past
B.thepast
C.before
D.pass
問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)
A.a
B.the
C.each
D.an
問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)
A.arefit
B.suitable
C.fits
D.suit
問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)
A.never
B.yet
C.still
D.even40.
問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)
A.ofadmitting
B.toadmit
C.ofbeingadmired
D.admitted
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:B
第3題:A
第4題:B
第5題:C
第6題:B
第7題:A
第8題:C
第9題:B
第10題:C
第11題:B
第12題:B
第13題:B
第14題:C
第15題:D
第16題:B
第17題:A
第18題:D
第19題:D
第20題:A
【解析】1.考查副詞辨析。very和quite都是程度副詞,用于修飾形容詞或者副詞,但語(yǔ)氣和用法不同,quite意為“相當(dāng)、非?!保湟猓焊鶕?jù)政府的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),英國(guó)各個(gè)社會(huì)階層的男人都經(jīng)常光顧酒吧。由此可知去酒吧的頻率是很高的,因此選項(xiàng)C正確。
2.考查語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。由上句“英國(guó)各個(gè)社會(huì)階層的男人都經(jīng)常光顧酒吧”和下句句意“他們?nèi)ゾ瓢傻姆N類和原因也可能各不相同”可推測(cè)句意關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,因此選項(xiàng)B正確。
3.考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞辨析。may表示“可能”,表示可能性;should“應(yīng)該、應(yīng)當(dāng)”,常用于糾正別人,提出或征詢建議;could“能夠”,用于詢問(wèn)是否可做某事。句意:他們?nèi)ゾ瓢傻姆N類和原因也可能各不相同。may符合句子句意,因此選項(xiàng)A正確。
4.考查固定搭配。reasonfor表示“……的原因”,句意:他們?nèi)ゾ瓢傻姆N類和原因也可能各不相同。因此選項(xiàng)B正確。
5.考查語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。various各種各樣的、多方面的。句意:他們?nèi)ゾ瓢傻姆N類和原因也可能各不相同。因此選項(xiàng)C正確。
6.考查固定搭配。usedtobethecase意為“以前是這樣的”,根據(jù)句意應(yīng)為否定,句意:現(xiàn)在他們經(jīng)常帶著妻子或女朋友,而以前不是這樣的。因此選項(xiàng)B正確。
7.考查語(yǔ)義辨析。句意:事實(shí)上,典型的英國(guó)酒吧正在發(fā)生變化,部分原因是營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照法不像以前那么嚴(yán)格了。partly為副詞,這里表程度,用作狀語(yǔ)修飾becauseofthelicensinglawsnotbeingsostrict,營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照法沒(méi)有以前那么嚴(yán)格只是一部分原因,因此選項(xiàng)A正確。
8.考查語(yǔ)義辨析。句意:事實(shí)上,典型的英國(guó)酒吧正在發(fā)生變化,部分原因是營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照法不像以前那么嚴(yán)格了。由此可知選項(xiàng)C正確。
9.考查語(yǔ)義辨析。句意:事實(shí)上,典型的英國(guó)酒吧正在發(fā)生變化,部分原因是營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照法不像以前那么嚴(yán)格了。這里為as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,由此可知選項(xiàng)B正確。
10.考查固定搭配。makeway讓路;takeaway帶走、消除、減去;moveaway離開(kāi)、搬走。句意:也是因?yàn)榫瓢衫习鍌兿胍淖兙瓢稍械木S多利亞時(shí)代的形象,為情侶們提供一種雙方都能玩得開(kāi)心的氛圍。因此選項(xiàng)C正確。
11.考查名詞辨析。image“影像、想象”;view“觀察、視野”;drawing“圖畫”;painting“油畫、繪畫”。句意:也是因?yàn)榫瓢衫习鍌兿胍淖兙瓢稍械木S多利亞時(shí)代的形象,為情侶們提供一種雙方都能玩得開(kāi)心的氛圍。因此選項(xiàng)A正確。
12.考查語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。句意:也是因?yàn)榫瓢衫习鍌兿胍淖兙瓢稍械木S多利亞時(shí)代的形象,為情侶們提供一種雙方都能玩得開(kāi)心的氛圍。句中提到情侶,因此選項(xiàng)B正確。
13.考查固定搭配。atcertaintimes在某些時(shí)候,句意:酒館過(guò)去只在特定時(shí)間開(kāi)放。因此選項(xiàng)B正確。
14.考查固定搭配。句意:結(jié)果是,她們身邊的男性似乎在時(shí)間允許的情況下盡可能多地喝酒。seemtobe后接doing形式,因此選項(xiàng)C正確。
15.考查形容詞辨析。ideal“理想的”;free“自由的”;proper“適當(dāng)?shù)摹?;available“可獲得的”。句意:結(jié)果是,她們身邊的男性似乎在時(shí)間允許的情況下盡可能多地喝酒。選項(xiàng)D符合題意,因此選項(xiàng)D正確。
16.考查固定搭配。athingofthepast已成為過(guò)去,句意:但這種酒吧正迅速成為過(guò)去式。因此選項(xiàng)B正確。
17.考查冠詞辨析。句意:酒店的營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間仍然限制在一天8小時(shí)。一天表達(dá)為aday,表示泛指,因此選項(xiàng)A正確。
18.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:酒店的營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間仍然限制在每天8小時(shí),但酒店老板現(xiàn)在可以選擇最適合自己的營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間。hours為復(fù)數(shù)形式,因此選項(xiàng)D正確。
19.考查副詞辨析。句意:現(xiàn)在,如果你更喜歡咖啡而不是啤酒,你甚至可以喝一杯咖啡。因此選項(xiàng)D正確。
20.考查介詞辨析。句意:盡管如此,清教徒們卻從未想過(guò)承認(rèn),一家酒吧可以成為一個(gè)可復(fù)制的地方。dreamof夢(mèng)想、預(yù)見(jiàn),后接ing形式,因此選項(xiàng)A正確。
5.單選題
Awar,eveniffoughtforindividuallibertyanddemocraticrights,usuallyrequiresthattheseprinciplesbesuspended,fortheyare(
)theregimentationanddisciplinenecessaryformilitaryefficiency.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.contraryto
B.incompatiblewith
C.fulfilledthrough
D.disruptiveof
【答案】B
【解析】考查詞組辨析。becontraryto“與······相反”;befulfilledthrough“通過(guò)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)”;beincompatiblewith“與······不兼容”;bedisruptiveof“對(duì)······造成破壞的”。句意:即使是為了個(gè)人自由和民主權(quán)力而戰(zhàn),戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)通常要求這些原則被暫停,因?yàn)樗鼈兣c作戰(zhàn)效率所需的嚴(yán)格控制和紀(jì)律不相容。由theseprinciplesbesuspended可知這些原則與作戰(zhàn)紀(jì)律不相容,故B項(xiàng)正確。
6.單選題
Don’tloseheart!Youshould______yourcourageandovercomethedifficult.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.pullup
B.pluckup
C.holdup
D.setup
【答案】B
【解析】【試題解析】考查短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)pullup“停車;停下;(將椅子)挪近然后坐下”;B選項(xiàng)pluckup“振作;鼓起勇氣;發(fā)動(dòng)”,pluckupthecourage(todosth.);C選項(xiàng)holdup“舉起;耽擱;(在逆境中)保持良好狀況”;D選項(xiàng)setup“設(shè)置;成立;創(chuàng)建”。句意:別灰心!你應(yīng)該______勇氣克服困難。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,這里指要勇敢面對(duì)困難,B選項(xiàng)pluckup“振作;鼓起勇氣;發(fā)動(dòng)”符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
7.單選題
Itisnoneofyourbusiness;youhavenorightto().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.disturb
B.interfere
C.interrupt
D.obtain
【答案】B
【解析】近義詞解析。disturb“打擾,妨礙”;interfere“干涉”;interrupt“打斷”;obtain“獲得”。句意:不關(guān)你的事,你沒(méi)有權(quán)利干涉。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
8.單選題
Duringtheirfirstteachertrainingyear,thestudentsoftenvisitedlocalschoolsforthe___oflessons.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.observation
B.investigation
C.inspection
D.examination
【答案】A
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.observation觀察;監(jiān)視B.investigation調(diào)查;調(diào)查研究
C.inspection視察;檢查D.examination考試;檢查
【考查點(diǎn)】形近詞辨析。
【解題思路】根據(jù)句意,在他們第一年教師實(shí)習(xí)中,學(xué)生經(jīng)常去學(xué)校參加培訓(xùn)。培訓(xùn)的內(nèi)容就是觀察老師如何上課。因此A選項(xiàng)observation“觀察”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)investigation多指(正式的)調(diào)查,偵查;科學(xué)研究;學(xué)術(shù)研究;
C選項(xiàng)inspection多指工廠、學(xué)校的檢查;
D選項(xiàng)examination多指考試測(cè)試。
【句意】在他們的第一個(gè)教師培訓(xùn)年,學(xué)生們經(jīng)常去當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校觀察課程。
9.單選題
Theaccountant(
)thousandsofdollarsfromthecharitywhileappearingtobeitsbestfunderraiser.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.donated
B.validated
C.embezzled
D.certify
【答案】C
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。donate捐贈(zèng);validate證實(shí),驗(yàn)證;embezzled盜用,挪用;certify證明,保證。句意:那個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)盜用善款幾千美元,卻表現(xiàn)出自己是最佳的捐助者。由while可知,前后兩句關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折,后半句提到“最佳捐贈(zèng)者”,那么前半句句意應(yīng)與之相反。故C項(xiàng)符合題意,答案C
10.翻譯題
Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver—smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Theman,who,inoldage,canseehislifeinthisway,willnotsufferfromthefearofdeath,sincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue.Andif,withthedecayofvitality,wearinessincreases,thethoughtofrestwillnotbeunwelcome.Ishouldwishtodiewhilestillatwork,knowingthatotherswillcarryonwhatIcannolongerdoandcontentinthethoughtthatwhatwaspossiblehasbeendone.
【答案】參考譯文:
一個(gè)人的存在應(yīng)該像一條河流——開(kāi)始是涓涓細(xì)流,被限制在狹窄的河岸之間,然后熱情奔放地沖過(guò)巖石,越過(guò)瀑布。漸漸地,河面變寬了,河岸也遠(yuǎn)去,河水流動(dòng)得更加平靜。最后,它沒(méi)有間斷地融入了大海,而后便毫無(wú)痛苦地消失了自我。能夠這樣理解自己一生的老人,就不會(huì)因害怕死亡而痛苦,因?yàn)樗鋹?ài)的一切都會(huì)繼續(xù)存在下去。而且,隨著精力的衰退,倦意的增加,長(zhǎng)眠的想法并不是不受歡迎的。我希望死于尚能勞作之時(shí),知道別人會(huì)繼續(xù)我未竟的事業(yè),一想到能做的事都做了,就感到滿足。
11.單選題
TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.
Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,thecourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”,acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.
Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.
NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath”.
GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasgooddoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It’slikesurgery,hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”
Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.
JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.
Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospitals,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.
Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Alargenumberofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering”,totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse”.Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension”.
1.Welearnfromthepassagethat(
)
2.GeorgeAnnasmayagreethat(
).
3.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis(
).
4.What’sthepossiblemeaningof“aggressive”(Line3,Para.7)?
5.AccordingtoGeorgeAnnas,whichofthefollowingmedicalbehaviorsshouldbepunished?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.doctorsneverincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain
B.itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives
C.theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide
D.patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.adoctor’smedicationshouldn’tbejustifiedbyhisintentions
B.doctorscannotgivepatientslargedosagesofmedicationonanyaccount
C.high-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed
D.doctorsshouldbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.prolongedmedicalprocedures
B.inadequatetreatmentofpain
C.systematicdrugabuse
D.insufficienthospitalcare
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Bold.
B.Harmful.
C.Positive.
D.Energetic.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Treatingpatientimpatiently.
B.Givingpatientsmoremedicinethanneeded.
C.Reducingdrugdosagesforpatients.
D.Prolongingtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:D
【解析】1.文章第一段和第二段的第一句話提到最高法院關(guān)于醫(yī)生協(xié)助自殺的裁決有重要的意義,最高法院支持流傳了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的道德準(zhǔn)則,這說(shuō)明最高法院認(rèn)為醫(yī)生沒(méi)有協(xié)助病人自殺的權(quán)利,所以選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
2.文章在第五段和最后一段提到了GeorgeAnnas。在第五段中,他認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)生開(kāi)藥是出于合理的醫(yī)療目的,即使這些藥會(huì)加速病人的死亡,醫(yī)生也沒(méi)有違法。最后一段最后一句他提出如果病人痛苦死去是醫(yī)生護(hù)理不好的表現(xiàn),從兩段可以看出,他支持醫(yī)生大劑量用藥,所以選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
3.文章第七段第二句話提及臨終護(hù)理存在的問(wèn)題,一個(gè)是theundertreatmentofpain(沒(méi)有對(duì)病人的疼痛采取有效的措施),一個(gè)是ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying(強(qiáng)行使用無(wú)效的治療方法來(lái)延長(zhǎng)病人的生命,使其失去最后的尊嚴(yán))。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
4.單詞出現(xiàn)的句子是:Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.句意:對(duì)病人疼痛處理不力和_____無(wú)效的治療方法來(lái)延長(zhǎng)病人的生命,使其失去最后的尊嚴(yán)。由這句話中的ineffectual,forced,dishonor這些詞推出這樣的治療是沒(méi)有效果的,是不積極的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。harmful與use搭配不符合語(yǔ)意。
5.文章最后一段GeorgeAnnas否定了大量醫(yī)生無(wú)視病人的痛苦,用藥延長(zhǎng)病人痛苦這些做法。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
12.單選題
For150yearsscientistshavetriedtodeterminethesolarconstant,theamountofsolarenergythatreachestheEarth.Yet,eveninthemostcloud-freeregionsoftheplanet,thesolarconstantcannotbemeasuredprecisely.Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromeverreachingtheground.
Withtheadventofsatellites,however,scientistshavefinallybeenabletomeasuretheSun’soutputwithoutbeingimpededbytheEarth'satmosphere.SolarMax.asatellitefromthe
NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA),hasbeenmeasuringtheSun'soutputsinceFebruary1980.Althoughamalfunctioninthesatellite'scontrolsystemlimiteditsobservationforafewyears,thesatellitewasrepairedinorbitbyastronautsfromthespaceshufflein1984.Max’sobservationsindicatethatthesolarconstantisnotreallyconstantafterall.
Thesatellite'sinstrumentshavedetectedfrequent,smallvariationsintheSun’senergyoutputgenerallyamountingtonomorethan0.05percentoftheSun'smeanenergyoutputandlastingfromafewdaystoafewweeks.ScientistsbelievethesefluctuationscoincidewiththeappearanceanddisappearanceoflargegroupsofsunspotsonthesunspotsarerelativelydarkregionsontheSun’ssurfacethathavestrongmagneticfieldsandatemperatureabout2.000degreesFahrenheitcoolerthantherestoftheSun'ssurface.Particularlylargefluctuationsinthesolarconstanthavecoincidedwithsightingsoflargegroups,in1980,forexample.SolarMax'sinstrumentsregistereda0.3percentdropinthesolarenergyreachingtheEarth.Atthattimeasunspotgroupcoveredabout0.6percentofthesolardisk,anarea20timeslargerthantheEarth’ssurface.
Long-termvariationsinthesolarconstantaremoredifficulttodetermine.AlthoughSolarMax’sdatahaveindicatedsslowandsteadydeclineintheSun'soutput.Somescientistshavethoughtthatthesatellite'sagingdetectorsmighthavebecomelesssensitiveovertheyears,thusfalselyindicatingadrop,inthesolarconstant.Thispossibilitywasdismissed;however,bycomparingsolarMax'sobservationswithdatafromasimilarinstrumentoperatingonNASA’sNimbus7weathersatellitesince1978.
1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?
2.Whydoestheauthormention“gas"and“dust”inline3?
3.Accordingtothepassage,scientistsbelievevariationsinthesolarconstantarerelatedto().
4.WhydidscientiststhinkthatSolarMaxmightbegivingunreliableinformation?
5.Theattempttodescribethesolarconstantcanbestbedescribedas().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Thelaunchingofaweathersatellite.
B.ThecomponentsoftheEarth’satmosphere.
C.Themeasurementofvariationsinthesolarconstant.
D.Theinteractionofsunlightandairpollution.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.Theymagnifythesolarconstant.
B.Theyarefoundinvaryingconcentrations.
C.Scientificequipmentisminedbygasanddust
D.Theyinterferewithaccuratemeasurementofthesolarconstant.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.sunspotactivity
B.unusualweatherpatterns
C.increasedlevelsofdust
D.fluctuationsintheEarth'stemperature
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.SolarMaxdidnotworkforthefirstfewyears.
B.ThespaceshuttlecouldnotfixSolarMax'sinstruments.
C.SolarMax’sinstrumentwasgettingold.
D.Nimbus7interferedwithSolar.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.anongoingresearcheffort
B.anissuethathasbeenresolved
C.aquestionthatcanneverbeanswered
D.historicallyinteresting,butirrelevanttocontemporaryconcerns
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:C
第5題:A
【解析】1.主旨大意題。由第一段“For150yearsscientistshavetriedtodeterminethesolarconstant,theamountofsolarenergythatreachestheEarth.Yet,eveninthemostcloud-freeregionsoftheplanet,thesolarconstantcannotbemeasuredprecisely.150年來(lái),科學(xué)家們一直試圖確定太陽(yáng)常數(shù),即到達(dá)地球的太陽(yáng)能總量。然而,即使在地球上最無(wú)云的地區(qū),太陽(yáng)常數(shù)也無(wú)法精確測(cè)量?!笨芍疚牡闹黝}是solarconstant太陽(yáng)常數(shù),主要討論太陽(yáng)常數(shù)的測(cè)量問(wèn)題。故C項(xiàng)正確。
2.判斷推理題。Yet,eveninthemostcloud-freeregionsoftheplanet,thesolarconstantcannotbemeasuredprecisely.Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromeverreachingtheground.而,即使在地球上最無(wú)云的地區(qū),太陽(yáng)常數(shù)也無(wú)法精確測(cè)量。大氣中的氣體分子和塵埃顆粒吸收和散射陽(yáng)光,阻止某些波長(zhǎng)的光到達(dá)地面。所以作者提到氣體分子和塵埃顆粒是想說(shuō)明這兩者阻礙了對(duì)太陽(yáng)常數(shù)的精確測(cè)量。故D項(xiàng)正確。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第三段“ScientistsbelievethesefluctuationscoincidewiththeappearanceanddisappearanceoflargegroupsofsunspotsonthesunspotsarerelativelydarkregionsontheSun’ssurfacethathavestrongmagneticfieldsandatemperatureabout2,000degreesFahrenheitcoolerthantherestoftheSun'ssurface.科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為,這些波動(dòng)與太陽(yáng)黑子上大群太陽(yáng)黑子的出現(xiàn)和消失相吻合。太陽(yáng)黑子是太陽(yáng)表面上相對(duì)黑暗的區(qū)域,具有很強(qiáng)的磁場(chǎng),溫度比太陽(yáng)表面的其他部分低2000華氏度。可知太陽(yáng)常數(shù)的波動(dòng)與太陽(yáng)黑子的活動(dòng)有關(guān),故A項(xiàng)正確。
4.判斷推理題。由最后一段“AlthoughSolarMax’sdatahaveindica
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